1
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Thomson LM, Mancuso CA, Wolfe KR, Khailova L, Niemiec S, Ali E, DiMaria M, Mitchell M, Twite M, Morgan G, Frank BS, Davidson JA. The proteomic fingerprint in infants with single ventricle heart disease in the interstage period: evidence of chronic inflammation and widespread activation of biological networks. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1308700. [PMID: 38143535 PMCID: PMC10748388 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1308700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children with single ventricle heart disease (SVHD) experience significant morbidity across systems and time, with 70% of patients experiencing acute kidney injury, 33% neurodevelopmental impairment, 14% growth failure, and 5.5% of patients suffering necrotizing enterocolitis. Proteomics is a method to identify new biomarkers and mechanisms of injury in complex physiologic states. Methods Infants with SVHD in the interstage period were compared to similar-age healthy controls. Serum samples were collected, stored at -80°C, and run on a panel of 1,500 proteins in single batch analysis (Somalogic Inc., CO). Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) was used to compare the proteomic profile of cases and controls and t-tests to detect differences in individual proteins (FDR <0.05). Protein network analysis with functional enrichment was performed in STRING and Cytoscape. Results PLS-DA readily discriminated between SVHD cases (n = 33) and controls (n = 24) based on their proteomic pattern alone (Accuracy = 0.96, R2 = 0.97, Q2 = 0.80). 568 proteins differed between groups (FDR <0.05). We identified 25 up-regulated functional clusters and 13 down-regulated. Active biological systems fell into six key groups: angiogenesis and cell proliferation/turnover, immune system activation and inflammation, altered metabolism, neural development, gastrointestinal system, and cardiac physiology and development. Conclusions We report a clear differentiation in the circulating proteome of patients with SVHD and healthy controls with >500 circulating proteins distinguishing the groups. These proteomic data identify widespread protein dysregulation across multiple biologic systems with promising biological plausibility as drivers of SVHD morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M. Thomson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher A. Mancuso
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kelly R. Wolfe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ludmila Khailova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sierra Niemiec
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eiman Ali
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael DiMaria
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Max Mitchell
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mark Twite
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Benjamin S. Frank
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jesse A. Davidson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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2
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Wen B, Liao H, Lin W, Li Z, Ma X, Xu Q, Yu F. The Role of TGF-β during Pregnancy and Pregnancy Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16882. [PMID: 38069201 PMCID: PMC10706464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, is one of the most important inflammatory cytokines closely related to pregnancy. It plays significant roles in hormone secretion, placental development, and embryonic growth during pregnancy. TGF-β is implicated in embryo implantation and inhibits the invasion of extraepithelial trophoblast cells. It also moderates the mother-fetus interaction by adjusting the secretion pattern of immunomodulatory factors in the placenta, consequently influencing the mother's immune cells. The TGF-β family regulates the development of the nervous, respiratory, and cardiovascular systems by regulating gene expression. Furthermore, TGF-β has been associated with various pregnancy complications. An increase in TGF-β levels can induce the occurrences of pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus, while a decrease can lead to recurrent miscarriage due to the interference of the immune tolerance environment. This review focuses on the role of TGF-β in embryo implantation and development, providing new insights for the clinical prevention and treatment of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Wen
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Huixin Liao
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Weilin Lin
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Zhikai Li
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Qian Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Feiyuan Yu
- Basic Medical Experiment Teaching Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; (B.W.); (H.L.); (W.L.); (Z.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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3
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Lozano-Velasco E, Garcia-Padilla C, del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo M, Martinez-Amaro FJ, Caño-Carrillo S, Castillo-Casas JM, Sanchez-Fernandez C, Aranega AE, Franco D. Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Molecular Determinants during Cardiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052839. [PMID: 35269981 PMCID: PMC8911333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is initiated soon after gastrulation as bilateral precardiac mesoderm is progressively symmetrically determined at both sides of the developing embryo. The precardiac mesoderm subsequently fused at the embryonic midline constituting an embryonic linear heart tube. As development progress, the embryonic heart displays the first sign of left-right asymmetric morphology by the invariably rightward looping of the initial heart tube and prospective embryonic ventricular and atrial chambers emerged. As cardiac development progresses, the atrial and ventricular chambers enlarged and distinct left and right compartments emerge as consequence of the formation of the interatrial and interventricular septa, respectively. The last steps of cardiac morphogenesis are represented by the completion of atrial and ventricular septation, resulting in the configuration of a double circuitry with distinct systemic and pulmonary chambers, each of them with distinct inlets and outlets connections. Over the last decade, our understanding of the contribution of multiple growth factor signaling cascades such as Tgf-beta, Bmp and Wnt signaling as well as of transcriptional regulators to cardiac morphogenesis have greatly enlarged. Recently, a novel layer of complexity has emerged with the discovery of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and lncRNAs. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art review of the contribution of non-coding RNAs during cardiac development. microRNAs and lncRNAs have been reported to functional modulate all stages of cardiac morphogenesis, spanning from lateral plate mesoderm formation to outflow tract septation, by modulating major growth factor signaling pathways as well as those transcriptional regulators involved in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Lozano-Velasco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Carlos Garcia-Padilla
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Zoology, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria del Mar Muñoz-Gallardo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Francisco Jose Martinez-Amaro
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Sheila Caño-Carrillo
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Juan Manuel Castillo-Casas
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Cristina Sanchez-Fernandez
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Amelia E. Aranega
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, Spain; (E.L.-V.); (C.G.-P.); (M.d.M.M.-G.); (F.J.M.-A.); (S.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-C.); (C.S.-F.); (A.E.A.)
- Fundación Medina, 18007 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Yuzhalin AE. Parallels between the extracellular matrix roles in developmental biology and cancer biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 128:90-102. [PMID: 34556419 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of a tumor with its microenvironment is an emerging field of investigation, and the crosstalk between cancer cells and the extracellular matrix is of particular interest, since cancer patients with abundant and stiff extracellular matrices display a poorer prognosis. At the post-juvenile stage, the extracellular matrix plays predominantly a structural role by providing support to cells and tissues; however, during development, matrix proteins exert a plethora of diverse signals to guide the movement and determine the fate of pluripotent cells. Taking a closer look at the communication between the extracellular matrix and cells of a developing body may bring new insights into cancer biology and identify cancer weaknesses. This review discusses parallels between the extracellular matrix roles during development and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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5
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Savorani C, Malinverno M, Seccia R, Maderna C, Giannotta M, Terreran L, Mastrapasqua E, Campaner S, Dejana E, Giampietro C. A dual role of YAP in driving TGFβ-mediated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:271139. [PMID: 34338295 PMCID: PMC8353525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the biological process through which endothelial cells transdifferentiate into mesenchymal cells. During embryo development, EndMT regulates endocardial cushion formation via TGFβ/BMP signaling. In adults, EndMT is mainly activated during pathological conditions. Hence, it is necessary to characterize molecular regulators cooperating with TGFβ signaling in driving EndMT, to identify potential novel therapeutic targets to treat these pathologies. Here, we studied YAP, a transcriptional co-regulator involved in several biological processes, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As EndMT is the endothelial-specific form of EMT, and YAP (herein referring to YAP1) and TGFβ signaling cross-talk in other contexts, we hypothesized that YAP contributes to EndMT by modulating TGFβ signaling. We demonstrate that YAP is required to trigger TGFβ-induced EndMT response, specifically contributing to SMAD3-driven EndMT early gene transcription. We provide novel evidence that YAP acts as SMAD3 transcriptional co-factor and prevents GSK3β-mediated SMAD3 phosphorylation, thus protecting SMAD3 from degradation. YAP is therefore emerging as a possible candidate target to inhibit pathological TGFβ-induced EndMT at early stages. Summary: A new crucial role for YAP as a co-activator of early pathological TGFβ-mediated endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition program and characterization of the underlying molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Savorani
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Matteo Malinverno
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Roberta Seccia
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Claudio Maderna
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Monica Giannotta
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Linda Terreran
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mastrapasqua
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Stefano Campaner
- Center for Genomic Science of IIT@SEMM, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Milan 20139, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.,Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Vascular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Institute of Molecular Oncology (IFOM), The Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro (FIRC) Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan 20139, Italy.,Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland.,Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
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6
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Jiang X, Li T, Li B, Wei W, Li F, Chen S, Xu R, Sun K. SOX7 suppresses endothelial-to-mesenchymal transitions by enhancing VE-cadherin expression during outflow tract development. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:829-846. [PMID: 33720353 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a critical process that occurs during the development of the outflow tract (OFT). Malformations of the OFT can lead to the occurrence of conotruncal defect (CTD). SOX7 duplication has been reported in patients with congenital CTD, but its specific role in OFT development remains poorly understood. To decipher this, histological analysis showed that SRY-related HMG-box 7 (SOX7) was regionally expressed in the endocardial endothelial cells and in the mesenchymal cells of the OFT, where EndMT occurs. Experiments, using in vitro collagen gel culture system, revealed that SOX7 was a negative regulator of EndMT that inhibited endocardial cell (EC) migration and resulted in decreased number of mesenchymal cells. Forced expression of SOX7 in endothelial cells blocked further migration and improved the expression of the adhesion protein vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin (VE-cadherin). Moreover, a VE-cadherin knockdown could partly reverse the SOX7-mediated repression of cell migration. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated that SOX7 up-regulated VE-cadherin by directly binding to the gene's promoter in endothelial cells. The coding exons and splicing regions of the SOX7 gene were also scanned in the 536 sporadic CTD patients and in 300 unaffected controls, which revealed four heterozygous SOX7 mutations. Luciferase assays revealed that two SOX7 variants weakened the transactivation of the VE-cadherin promoter. In conclusion, SOX7 inhibited EndMT during OFT development by directly up-regulating the endothelial-specific adhesion molecule VE-cadherin. SOX7 mutations can lead to impaired EndMT by regulating VE-cadherin, which may give rise to the molecular mechanisms associated with SOX7 in CTD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Jiang
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bojian Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fen Li
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Yamagishi T, Narematsu M, Nakajima Y. Msx1 upregulates p27 expression to control cellular proliferation during valvuloseptal endocardial cushion formation in the chick embryonic heart. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1732-1744. [PMID: 33191650 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cushion tissues, the primordia of valves and septa of the adult heart, are formed in the atrioventricular (AV) and outflow tract (OFT) regions of the embryonic heart. The cushion tissues are generated by the endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), involving many soluble factors, extracellular matrix, and transcription factors. Moreover, neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells also migrate into the OFT cushion. The transcription factor Msx1 is known to be expressed in the endothelial and mesenchymal cells during cushion tissue formation. However, its exact role in EMT during cushion tissue formation is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of Msx1 mRNA and protein during chick heart development. Msx1 mRNA was localized in endothelial cells of the AV region at Stage 14, and its protein was first detected at Stage 15. Thereafter, Msx1 mRNA and protein were observed in the endothelial and mesenchymal cells of the OFT and AV regions. in vitro assays showed that ectopic Msx1 expression in endothelial cells induced p27, a cell-cycle inhibitor, expression and inhibited fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4)-induced cell proliferation. Although the FGF signal reduced the EMT-inducing activities of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), ectopic Msx1 expression in endothelial cells enhanced TGFβ signaling-induced αSMA, an EMT marker, expression. These results suggest that Msx1 may support the transformation of endothelial cells due to a TGFβ signal in EMT during cushion tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagishi
- School of Medical Technology, Faculty of Health and Medical Care, Saitama Medical University, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayu Narematsu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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8
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Hulshoff MS, Del Monte-Nieto G, Kovacic J, Krenning G. Non-coding RNA in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:1716-1731. [PMID: 31504268 PMCID: PMC6755356 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is the process wherein endothelial cells lose their typical endothelial cell markers and functions and adopt a mesenchymal-like phenotype. EndMT is required for development of the cardiac valves, the pulmonary and dorsal aorta, and arterial maturation, but activation of the EndMT programme during adulthood is believed to contribute to several pathologies including organ fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, modulate EndMT during development and disease. Here, we review the mechanisms by which non-coding RNAs facilitate or inhibit EndMT during development and disease and provide a perspective on the therapeutic application of non-coding RNAs to treat fibroproliferative cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie S Hulshoff
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Jason Kovacic
- Dept. Cardiology, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guido Krenning
- Laboratory for Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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NOX2 Is Critical to Endocardial to Mesenchymal Transition and Heart Development. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:1679045. [PMID: 32655758 PMCID: PMC7320281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1679045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the heart. ROS signaling regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. However, the role of NOX2 in embryonic heart development remains elusive. We hypothesized that deficiency of Nox2 disrupts endocardial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and results in congenital septal and valvular defects. Our data show that 34% of Nox2−/− neonatal mice had various congenital heart defects (CHDs) including atrial septal defects (ASD), ventricular septal defects (VSD), atrioventricular canal defects (AVCD), and malformation of atrioventricular and aortic valves. Notably, Nox2−/− embryonic hearts show abnormal development of the endocardial cushion as evidenced by decreased cell proliferation and an increased rate of apoptosis. Additionally, Nox2 deficiency disrupted EndMT of atrioventricular cushion explants ex vivo. Furthermore, treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to reduce ROS levels in the wild-type endocardial cushion explants decreased the number of cells undergoing EndMT. Importantly, deficiency of Nox2 was associated with reduced expression of Gata4, Tgfβ2, Bmp2, Bmp4, and Snail1, which are critical to endocardial cushion and valvoseptal development. We conclude that NOX2 is critical to EndMT, endocardial cushion cell proliferation, and normal embryonic heart development.
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10
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Bensimon-Brito A, Ramkumar S, Boezio GLM, Guenther S, Kuenne C, Helker CSM, Sánchez-Iranzo H, Iloska D, Piesker J, Pullamsetti S, Mercader N, Beis D, Stainier DYR. TGF-β Signaling Promotes Tissue Formation during Cardiac Valve Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 52:9-20.e7. [PMID: 31786069 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease can lead to severe cardiac dysfunction and is thus a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Its main treatment is valve replacement, which is currently greatly limited by the poor recellularization and tissue formation potential of the implanted valves. As we still lack suitable animal models to identify modulators of these processes, here we used adult zebrafish and found that, upon valve decellularization, they initiate a rapid regenerative program that leads to the formation of new functional valves. After injury, endothelial and kidney marrow-derived cells undergo cell cycle re-entry and differentiate into new extracellular matrix-secreting valve cells. The TGF-β signaling pathway promotes the regenerative process by enhancing progenitor cell proliferation as well as valve cell differentiation. These findings reveal a key role for TGF-β signaling in cardiac valve regeneration and establish the zebrafish as a model to identify and test factors promoting cardiac valve recellularization and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Bensimon-Brito
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
| | - Srinath Ramkumar
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Giulia L M Boezio
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Stefan Guenther
- Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Bioinformatics Core Unit, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Christian S M Helker
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Héctor Sánchez-Iranzo
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Research Unit, EMBL Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Dijana Iloska
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Janett Piesker
- Scientific Service Group Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Soni Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dimitris Beis
- Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Didier Y R Stainier
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim 61231, Germany.
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11
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Functional Role of Non-Coding RNAs during Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. Noncoding RNA 2018; 4:ncrna4020014. [PMID: 29843425 PMCID: PMC6027143 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna4020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key biological process involved in a multitude of developmental and pathological events. It is characterized by the progressive loss of cell-to-cell contacts and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, leading to filopodia formation and the progressive up-regulation of a mesenchymal gene expression pattern enabling cell migration. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is already observed in early embryonic stages such as gastrulation, when the epiblast undergoes an EMT process and therefore leads to the formation of the third embryonic layer, the mesoderm. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is pivotal in multiple embryonic processes, such as for example during cardiovascular system development, as valve primordia are formed and the cardiac jelly is progressively invaded by endocardium-derived mesenchyme or as the external cardiac cell layer is established, i.e., the epicardium and cells detached migrate into the embryonic myocardial to form the cardiac fibrous skeleton and the coronary vasculature. Strikingly, the most important biological event in which EMT is pivotal is cancer development and metastasis. Over the last years, understanding of the transcriptional regulatory networks involved in EMT has greatly advanced. Several transcriptional factors such as Snail, Slug, Twist, Zeb1 and Zeb2 have been reported to play fundamental roles in EMT, leading in most cases to transcriptional repression of cell⁻cell interacting proteins such as ZO-1 and cadherins and activation of cytoskeletal markers such as vimentin. In recent years, a fundamental role for non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs and more recently long non-coding RNAs, has been identified in normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as in several oncogenic processes. In this study, we will provide a state-of-the-art review of the functional roles of non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in both developmental and pathological EMT.
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Lee HC, Lo HC, Lo DM, Su MY, Hu JR, Wu CC, Chang SN, Dai MS, Tsai C, Tsai HJ. Amiodarone Induces Overexpression of Similar to Versican b to Repress the EGFR/Gsk3b/Snail Signaling Axis during Cardiac Valve Formation of Zebrafish Embryos. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144751. [PMID: 26650936 PMCID: PMC4674151 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Amiodarone, a class III antiarrhythmic drug, inhibits zebrafish cardiac valve formation, the detailed molecular pathway is still unclear. Here, we proved that Amiodarone acts as an upstream regulator, stimulating similar to versican b (s-vcanb) overexpression at zebrafish embryonic heart and promoting cdh-5 overexpression by inhibiting snail1b at atrioventricular canal (AVC), thus blocking invagination of endocardial cells and, as a result, preventing the formation of cardiac valves. A closer investigation showed that an intricate set of signaling events ultimately caused the up-regulation of cdh5. In particular, we investigated the role of EGFR signaling and the activity of Gsk3b. It was found that knockdown of EGFR signaling resulted in phenotypes similar to those of Amiodarone-treated embryos. Since the reduced phosphorylation of EGFR was rescued by knockdown of s-vcanb, it was concluded that the inhibition of EGFR activity by Amiodarone is s-vcanb-dependent. Moreover, the activity of Gsk3b, a downstream effector of EGFR, was greatly increased in both Amiodarone-treated embryos and EGFR-inhibited embryos. Therefore, it was concluded that reduced EGFR signaling induced by Amiodarone treatment results in the inhibition of Snail functions through increased Gsk3b activity, which, in turn, reduces snail1b expression, leading to the up-regulation the cdh5 at the AVC, finally resulting in defective formation of valves. This signaling cascade implicates the EGFR/Gsk3b/Snail axis as the molecular basis for the inhibition of cardiac valve formation by Amiodarone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chieh Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chan Lo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dao-Ming Lo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mai-Yan Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Rung Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chieh Wu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Nan Chang
- Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital Yun Lin Branch, Yun Lin, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shen Dai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Ti Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-JT); (C-TT)
| | - Huai-Jen Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (H-JT); (C-TT)
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13
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Association of TGFBR2 rs6785358 Polymorphism with Increased Risk of Congenital Ventricular Septal Defect in a Chinese Population. Pediatr Cardiol 2015; 36:1476-82. [PMID: 26022443 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-015-1189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2) plays a central role in normal heart development, and we investigated whether TGFBR2 polymorphism confers the risk of congenital ventricular septal defect (CVSD). The case-control study included 115 CVSD children and 188 healthy children in a Chinese population. TGFBR2 rs6785358 polymorphism was genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to detect serum TGFBR2 levels. The genotype and allele frequency of TGFBR2 rs6785358 were significantly higher in the CVSD group than in the controls (all P < 0.05). The G allele carriers were associated with increased CVSD risk compared with the A allele carriers in CVSD group (OR 3.503, 95 % CI 2.670-4.596). Stratified analysis by gender revealed that the TGFBR2 rs6785358 genotype and allele frequency were significantly different between the CVSD case and controls, in both the male subgroup and the female subgroup (all P < 0.001). The G allele carriers were more susceptible to CVSD risk than the A allele carriers in both the male subgroup (OR 9.096, 95 % CI 5.398-15.33) and the female subgroup (OR 3.148, 95 % CI 1.764-5.618). Logistic regression analysis revealed that age, gender and genotype were associated with the risk of CVSD (all P < 0.05). The study findings revealed that TGFBR2 rs6785358 polymorphism contributes to CVSD susceptibility, and the G allele may increase the risk of CVSD.
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14
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MacGrogan D, Luxán G, Driessen-Mol A, Bouten C, Baaijens F, de la Pompa JL. How to make a heart valve: from embryonic development to bioengineering of living valve substitutes. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013912. [PMID: 25368013 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac valve disease is a significant cause of ill health and death worldwide, and valve replacement remains one of the most common cardiac interventions in high-income economies. Despite major advances in surgical treatment, long-term therapy remains inadequate because none of the current valve substitutes have the potential for remodeling, regeneration, and growth of native structures. Valve development is coordinated by a complex interplay of signaling pathways and environmental cues that cause disease when perturbed. Cardiac valves develop from endocardial cushions that become populated by valve precursor mesenchyme formed by an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The mesenchymal precursors, subsequently, undergo directed growth, characterized by cellular compartmentalization and layering of a structured extracellular matrix (ECM). Knowledge gained from research into the development of cardiac valves is driving exploration into valve biomechanics and tissue engineering directed at creating novel valve substitutes endowed with native form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donal MacGrogan
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anita Driessen-Mol
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Bouten
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Baaijens
- Biomedical Engineering/Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Program of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Development and Repair, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Valvular heart disease occurs as either a congenital or acquired condition and advances in medical care have resulted in valve disease becoming increasingly prevalent. Unfortunately, treatments remain inadequate because of our limited understanding of the genetic and molecular etiology of diseases affecting the heart valves. Therefore, surgical repair or replacement remains the most effective option, which comes with additional complications and no guarantee of life-long success. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in our understanding of cardiac valve development and, not surprisingly, mutations in these developmental genes have been identified in humans with congenital valve malformations. Concurrently, there has been a greater realization that acquired valve disease is not simply a degenerative process. Molecular investigation of acquired valve disease has identified that numerous signaling pathways critical for normal valve development are re-expressed in diseased valves. This review will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of the heart valves, as well as the implications of these findings on the genetics of congenital and acquired valvular heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Lincoln
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital
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16
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Nitric oxide synthase-3 promotes embryonic development of atrioventricular valves. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77611. [PMID: 24204893 PMCID: PMC3812218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3) has recently been shown to promote endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in the developing atrioventricular (AV) canal. The present study was aimed to investigate the role of NOS3 in embryonic development of AV valves. We hypothesized that NOS3 promotes embryonic development of AV valves via EndMT. To test this hypothesis, morphological and functional analysis of AV valves were performed in wild-type (WT) and NOS3−/− mice at postnatal day 0. Our data show that the overall size and length of mitral and tricuspid valves were decreased in NOS3−/− compared with WT mice. Echocardiographic assessment showed significant regurgitation of mitral and tricuspid valves during systole in NOS3−/− mice. These phenotypes were all rescued by cardiac specific NOS3 overexpression. To assess EndMT, immunostaining of Snail1 was performed in the embryonic heart. Both total mesenchymal and Snail1+ cells in the AV cushion were decreased in NOS3−/− compared with WT mice at E10.5 and E12.5, which was completely restored by cardiac specific NOS3 overexpression. In cultured embryonic hearts, NOS3 promoted transforming growth factor (TGFβ), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2) and Snail1expression through cGMP. Furthermore, mesenchymal cell formation and migration from cultured AV cushion explants were decreased in the NOS3−/− compared with WT mice. We conclude that NOS3 promotes AV valve formation during embryonic heart development and deficiency in NOS3 results in AV valve insufficiency.
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17
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Garside VC, Chang AC, Karsan A, Hoodless PA. Co-ordinating Notch, BMP, and TGF-β signaling during heart valve development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:2899-917. [PMID: 23161060 PMCID: PMC4996658 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects affect approximately 1-5 % of human newborns each year, and of these cardiac defects 20-30 % are due to heart valve abnormalities. Recent literature indicates that the key factors and pathways that regulate valve development are also implicated in congenital heart defects and valve disease. Currently, there are limited options for treatment of valve disease, and therefore having a better understanding of valve development can contribute critical insight into congenital valve defects and disease. There are three major signaling pathways required for early specification and initiation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in the cardiac cushions: BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling. BMPs secreted from the myocardium set up the environment for the overlying endocardium to become activated; Notch signaling initiates EMT; and both BMP and TGF-β signaling synergize with Notch to promote the transition of endothelia to mesenchyme and the mesenchymal cell invasiveness. Together, these three essential signaling pathways help form the cardiac cushions and populate them with mesenchyme and, consequently, set off the cascade of events required to develop mature heart valves. Furthermore, integration and cross-talk between these pathways generate highly stratified and delicate valve leaflets and septa of the heart. Here, we discuss BMP, TGF-β, and Notch signaling pathways during mouse cardiac cushion formation and how they together produce a coordinated EMT response in the developing mouse valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C. Garside
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Alex C. Chang
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
| | - Aly Karsan
- Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Pamela A. Hoodless
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3 Canada
- Cell and Developmental Biology Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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18
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Li N, Goodwin RL, Potts JD. Zyxin regulates cell migration and differentiation in EMT during chicken AV valve morphogenesis. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:842-854. [PMID: 23742986 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During heart valve development, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) is a key process for valve formation. EMT leads to the generation of mesenchymal cells that will eventually become the interstitial cells (fibroblasts) of the mature valve. During EMT, cell architecture and motility change markedly; significant changes are also observed in various signaling pathways. Here we systematically examined the expression, localization, and function of zyxin, a focal adhesion protein, in EMT during atrioventricular (AV) valve morphogenesis. Expression and localization studies showed that zyxin was expressed in the AV canal region during crucial stages of valve development. An in vitro 3D collagen gel culture system was used to determine zyxin function either after siRNA gene knockdown or after overexpression. Our studies revealed that zyxin overexpression inhibited endocardial cell migration and cell differentiation and also led to a decrease in the number of migrating mesenchymal cells. Moreover, correlative cytoskeletal changes were apparent in response to both overexpression and knockdown treatments. Thus, zyxin appears to play a role as a regulator of cell migration and differentiation during EMT in chicken AV valve formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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19
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Hulin A, Deroanne C, Lambert C, Defraigne JO, Nusgens B, Radermecker M, Colige A. Emerging pathogenic mechanisms in human myxomatous mitral valve: lessons from past and novel data. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012; 22:245-50. [PMID: 23261354 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myxomatous mitral valve is one of the most common heart valves diseases in human and has been well characterized at a functional and morphological level. Diseased valves are thickened as a result of extracellular matrix remodeling and proteoglycans accumulation accompanied by the disruption of the stratified structures of the leaflets. METHODS Global transcriptomic analysis was used as a start-up to investigate potential pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of the human idiopathic myxomatous mitral valve, which have been elusive for many years. RESULTS These prospective analyses have highlighted the potential role of apparently unrelated molecules in myxomatous mitral valve such as members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, aggrecanases of the "a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats I" family, and a weakening of the protection against oxidative stress. We have integrated, in this review, recent transcriptomic data from our laboratory [A. Hulin, C.F. Deroanne, C.A. Lambert, B. Dumont, V. Castronovo, J.O. Defraigne, et al. Metallothionein-dependent up-regulation of TGF-beta2 participates in the remodelling of the myxomatous mitral valve. Cardiovasc Res 2012;93:480-489] and from the publication of Sainger et al. [R. Sainger, J.B. Grau, E. Branchetti, P. Poggio, W.F. Seefried, B.C. Field, et al. Human myxomatous mitral valve prolapse: role of bone morphogenetic protein 4 in valvular interstitial cell activation. J Cell Physiol 2012;227:2595-2604] with existing literature and information issued from the study of monogenic syndromes and animal models. CONCLUSION Understanding cellular alterations and molecular mechanisms involved in myxomatous mitral valve should help at identifying relevant targets for future effective pharmacological therapy to prevent or reduce its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hulin
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Willis MS, Dyer LA, Ren R, Lockyer P, Moreno-Miralles I, Schisler JC, Patterson C. BMPER regulates cardiomyocyte size and vessel density in vivo. Cardiovasc Pathol 2012. [PMID: 23200275 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BMPER, an orthologue of Drosophila melanogaster Crossveinless-2, is a secreted factor that regulates bone morphogenetic protein activity in endothelial cell precursors and during early cardiomyocyte differentiation. Although previously described in the heart, the role of BMPER in cardiac development and function remain unknown. METHODS BMPER-deficient hearts were phenotyped histologically and functionally using echocardiography and Doppler analysis. Since BMPER -/- mice die perinatally, adult BMPER +/- mice were challenged to pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and hindlimb ischemia to determine changes in angiogenesis and regulation of cardiomyocyte size. RESULTS We identify for the first time the cardiac phenotype associated with BMPER haploinsufficiency. BMPER messenger RNA and protein are present in the heart during cardiac development through at least E14.5 but is lost by E18.5. BMPER +/- ventricles are thinner and less compact than sibling wild-type hearts. In the adult, BMPER +/- hearts present with decreased anterior and posterior wall thickness, decreased cardiomyocyte size and an increase in cardiac vessel density. Despite these changes, BMPER +/- mice respond to pressure-overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy challenge largely to the same extent as wild-type mice. CONCLUSION BMPER appears to play a role in regulating both vessel density and cardiac development in vivo; however, BMPER haploinsufficiency does not result in marked effects on cardiac function or adaptation to pressure overload hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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21
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Van Handel B, Montel-Hagen A, Sasidharan R, Nakano H, Ferrari R, Boogerd CJ, Schredelseker J, Wang Y, Hunter S, Org T, Zhou J, Li X, Pellegrini M, Chen JN, Orkin SH, Kurdistani SK, Evans SM, Nakano A, Mikkola HKA. Scl represses cardiomyogenesis in prospective hemogenic endothelium and endocardium. Cell 2012; 150:590-605. [PMID: 22863011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endothelium in embryonic hematopoietic tissues generates hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells; however, it is unknown how its unique potential is specified. We show that transcription factor Scl/Tal1 is essential for both establishing the hematopoietic transcriptional program in hemogenic endothelium and preventing its misspecification to a cardiomyogenic fate. Scl(-/-) embryos activated a cardiac transcriptional program in yolk sac endothelium, leading to the emergence of CD31+Pdgfrα+ cardiogenic precursors that generated spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes. Ectopic cardiogenesis was also observed in Scl(-/-) hearts, where the disorganized endocardium precociously differentiated into cardiomyocytes. Induction of mosaic deletion of Scl in Scl(fl/fl)Rosa26Cre-ER(T2) embryos revealed a cell-intrinsic, temporal requirement for Scl to prevent cardiomyogenesis from endothelium. Scl(-/-) endothelium also upregulated the expression of Wnt antagonists, which promoted rapid cardiomyocyte differentiation of ectopic cardiogenic cells. These results reveal unexpected plasticity in embryonic endothelium such that loss of a single master regulator can induce ectopic cardiomyogenesis from endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Van Handel
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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22
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Embryological origin of the endocardium and derived valve progenitor cells: from developmental biology to stem cell-based valve repair. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1833:917-22. [PMID: 23078978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac valves are targets of both congenital and acquired diseases. The formation of valves during embryogenesis (i.e., valvulogenesis) originates from endocardial cells lining the myocardium. These cells undergo an endothelial-mesenchymal transition, proliferate and migrate within an extracellular matrix. This leads to the formation of bilateral cardiac cushions in both the atrioventricular canal and the outflow tract. The embryonic origin of both the endocardium and prospective valve cells is still elusive. Endocardial and myocardial lineages are segregated early during embryogenesis and such a cell fate decision can be recapitulated in vitro by embryonic stem cells (ESC). Besides genetically modified mice and ex vivo heart explants, ESCs provide a cellular model to study the early steps of valve development and might constitute a human therapeutic cell source for decellularized tissue-engineered valves. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Cardiac Pathways of Differentiation, Metabolism and Contraction.
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von Gise A, Pu WT. Endocardial and epicardial epithelial to mesenchymal transitions in heart development and disease. Circ Res 2012; 110:1628-45. [PMID: 22679138 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.259960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) converts epithelial cells to mobile and developmentally plastic mesenchymal cells. All cells in the heart arise from one or more EMTs. Endocardial and epicardial EMTs produce most of the noncardiomyocyte lineages of the mature heart. Endocardial EMT generates valve progenitor cells and is necessary for formation of the cardiac valves and for complete cardiac septation. Epicardial EMT is required for myocardial growth and coronary vessel formation, and it generates cardiac fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, a subset of coronary endothelial cells, and possibly a subset of cardiomyocytes. Emerging studies suggest that these developmental mechanisms are redeployed in adult heart valve disease, in cardiac fibrosis, and in myocardial responses to ischemic injury. Redirection and amplification of disease-related EMTs offer potential new therapeutic strategies and approaches for treatment of heart disease. Here, we review the role and molecular regulation of endocardial and epicardial EMT in fetal heart development, and we summarize key literature implicating reactivation of endocardial and epicardial EMT in adult heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander von Gise
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Kruithof BPT, Duim SN, Moerkamp AT, Goumans MJ. TGFβ and BMP signaling in cardiac cushion formation: lessons from mice and chicken. Differentiation 2012; 84:89-102. [PMID: 22656450 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac cushion formation is crucial for both valvular and septal development. Disruption in this process can lead to valvular and septal malformations, which constitute the largest part of congenital heart defects. One of the signaling pathways that is important for cushion formation is the TGFβ superfamily. The involvement of TGFβ and BMP signaling pathways in cardiac cushion formation has been intensively studied using chicken in vitro explant assays and in genetically modified mice. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the role of TGFβ and BMP signaling components in cardiac cushion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boudewijn P T Kruithof
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Yamagishi T, Ando K, Nakamura H, Nakajima Y. Expression of the Tgfβ2 gene during chick embryogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2011; 295:257-67. [PMID: 22190426 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We performed a comprehensive analysis of the expression of transforming growth factor (TGF) β2 during chick embryogenesis from stage 6 to 30 (Hamburger and Hamilton, J Morphol 1951;88:49-92) using in situ hybridization. During cardiogenesis, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the endothelial/mesenchymal cells of the valvulo-septal endocardial cushion tissue and in the epicardium until the end of embryogenesis. During the formation of major arteries, Tgfβ2 was localized in smooth muscle progenitors but not in the vascular endothelium. During limb development, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the mesenchymal cells in the presumptive limb regions at stage 16, and thereafter it was localized in the skeletal muscle progenitors. In addition, strong Tgfβ2 expression was seen in the mesenchymal cells in the pharyngeal arches. Tgfβ2 mRNA was also detected in other mesoderm-derived tissues, such as the developing bone and pleura. During ectoderm development, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the floor plate of the neural tube, lens, optic nerve, and otic vesicle. In addition, Tgfβ2 was expressed in the developing gut epithelium. Our results suggest that TGFβ2 plays an important role not only in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions but also in cell differentiation and migration and cell death during chick embryogenesis. We also found that chick and mouse Tgfβ2 RNA show very similar patterns of expression during embryogenesis. Chick embryos can serve as a useful model to increase our understanding in the roles of TGFβ2 in cell-cell interactions, cell differentiation, and proliferation during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yamagishi
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abenoku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
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Zhao Z. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in maternal diabetes-induced cardiac malformations during critical cardiogenesis period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 95:1-6. [PMID: 21922638 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac abnormalities, including atrioventricular (AV) septal defects (AVSDs), are the most common birth defects in diabetic embryopathy. The AV septum is derived from the endocardial cushions, which undergo development and remodeling during septation. The impact of maternal diabetes on these processes needs to be identified. Maternal diabetes disturbs the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The role of ER stress in cardiac malformation remains to be delineated to gain information for developing therapy. METHODS Female mice were induced diabetic via intravenous injection of streptozotocin. Pregnant mice were made hyperglycemic at desired embryonic (E) days. AVSDs were examined histologically at E15.5. ER stress-associated factors were examined and quantified using immunohistochemical and immunoblot assays at E10.5. The role of ER stress in endocardial cell migration was investigated by treating endocardial cushion explants that were cultured in high glucose with an organic chaperone molecule, sodium 4-phenylbutyrate. RESULTS The rate of AVSDs in the embryos that were exposed to maternal hyperglycemia during the period of endocardial cushion development was significantly higher than that in those during endocardial cushion remodeling. ER stress was increased in the hearts. Amelioration of ER stress restored endocardial cell migration under hyperglycemic conditions. CONCLUSIONS The development, rather than remodeling, of the endocardial cushions is the cardiomorphogenic process that is susceptible to the insult of maternal hyperglycemia in the formation of AVSDs. Maternal diabetes increases ER stress in the developing heart. ER stress plays an essential role in mediating the effect of hyperglycemia on endocardial cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Egorova AD, Khedoe PPSJ, Goumans MJTH, Yoder BK, Nauli SM, ten Dijke P, Poelmann RE, Hierck BP. Lack of primary cilia primes shear-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circ Res 2011; 108:1093-101. [PMID: 21393577 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.231860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Primary cilia are cellular protrusions that serve as mechanosensors for fluid flow. In endothelial cells (ECs), they function by transducing local blood flow information into functional responses, such as nitric oxide production and initiation of gene expression. Cilia are present on ECs in areas of low or disturbed flow and absent in areas of high flow. In the embryonic heart, high-flow regime applies to the endocardial cushion area, and the absence of cilia here coincides with the process of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of the primary cilium in defining the responses of ECs to fluid shear stress and in EndoMT. METHODS AND RESULTS Nonciliated mouse embryonic ECs with a mutation in Tg737/Ift88 were used to compare the response to fluid shear stress to that of ciliated ECs. In vitro, nonciliated ECs undergo shear-induced EndoMT, which is accompanied by downregulation of Klf4. This Tgfβ/Alk5-dependent transformation is prevented by blocking Tgfβ signaling, overexpression of Klf4, or rescue of the primary cilium. In the hearts of Tg737(orpk/orpk) embryos, Tgfβ/Alk5 signaling was activated in areas in which ECs would normally be ciliated but now lack cilia because of the mutation. In these areas, ECs show increased Smad2 phosphorylation and expression of α-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the central role of primary cilia in rendering ECs prone to shear-induced activation of Tgfβ/Alk5 signaling and EndoMT and thereby provides a functional link between primary cilia and flow-related endothelial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Egorova
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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VEGF signaling has distinct spatiotemporal roles during heart valve development. Dev Biol 2010; 347:325-36. [PMID: 20816797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart valve malformations are one of the most common types of birth defects, illustrating the complex nature of valve development. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is one pathway implicated in valve formation, however its specific spatial and temporal roles remain poorly defined. To decipher these contributions, we use two inducible dominant negative approaches in mice to disrupt VEGF signaling at different stages of embryogenesis. At an early step in valve development, VEGF signals are required for the full transformation of endocardial cells to mesenchymal cells (EMT) at the outflow tract (OFT) but not atrioventricular canal (AVC) endocardial cushions. This role likely involves signaling mediated by VEGF receptor 1 (VEGFR1), which is highly expressed in early cushion endocardium before becoming downregulated after EMT. In contrast, VEGFR2 does not exhibit robust cushion endocardium expression until after EMT is complete. At this point, VEGF signaling acts through VEGFR2 to direct the morphogenesis of the AVC cushions into mature, elongated valve leaflets. This latter role of VEGF requires the VEGF-modulating microRNA, miR-126. Thus, VEGF roles in the developing valves are dynamic, transitioning from a differentiation role directed by VEGFR1 in the OFT to a morphogenetic role through VEGFR2 primarily in the AVC-derived valves.
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