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Zhu S, Li J, Li Z, Wang Z, Wei Q, Shi F. Effects of non-nutritive sweeteners on growth and intestinal health by regulating hypothalamic RNA profile and ileum microbiota in guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4342-4353. [PMID: 38328855 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are commonly used in sweetened foods and beverages; however their role in metabolic regulation is still not clear. In this experiment, we used guinea pigs as an animal model to study the effect of NNS on body growth and intestinal health by modifying gut microbiota and hypothalamus-related proteins. RESULTS For a 28-day feeding experiment a total of 40 guinea pigs were randomly divided into four groups, one control (CN) group and three treatments, in which three NNS were added to the diet: rebaudioside A (RA, 330 mg kg-1), sodium saccharin (SS, 800 mg kg-1), and sucralose (TGS, 167 mg kg-1), respectively. The TGS group exhibited significantly reduced food consumption in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05) whereas the RA group showed increased food consumption in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05). Notably, Taste receptor type 1 subunit 2 (T1R2) expression in the hypothalamus was significantly higher in the RA group than in the CN group (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of appetite-stimulated genes arouti-related neuropeptide (AGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSHB) were significantly higher than those in the CN group (P < 0.05) but mRNA expressions of appetite-suppressed genes tryptophan hydroxylase 2(THP2) were significantly lower in the TGS group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NNS in the guinea pig diets (RA, SS, TGS) significantly increased the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae but decreased the relative abundance of Clostridia_vadin BB60 in comparison with the CN group (P < 0.05). We also found that dietary supplementation with RA also significantly altered the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. CONCLUSION Our finding confirmed that dietary supplementation with RA and TGS affected body growth and intestinal health by modulating hypothalamic RNA profiles and ileum microbiota, suggesting that NNS should be included in guinea-pig feeding. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanli Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Junrong Li
- College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua, China
| | - Ziqing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quanwei Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangxiong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Power ME, Fernandez NR, Oni OP, Kalia A, Rourke JL. The non-nutritive sweetener sucralose increases β-arrestin signaling at the constitutively active orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR52. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:116-127. [PMID: 37748201 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners are popular food additives owing to their low caloric density and powerful sweetness relative to natural sugars. Their lack of metabolism contributes to evidence proclaiming their safety, yet several studies contradict this, demonstrating that sweeteners activate sweet taste G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and elicit deleterious metabolic functions through unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that activation of GPCRs, particularly orphan receptors due to their abundance in metabolically active tissues, contributes to the biological activity of sweeteners. We quantified the response of 64 orphans to the sweeteners saccharin and sucralose using a high-throughput β-arrestin-2 recruitment assay (PRESTO-Tango). GPR52 was the sole receptor that significantly responded to a mixture of sucralose and saccharin. Subsequent experiments revealed sucralose as the activating sweetener. Activation of GPR52 was concentration-dependent, with an EC50 of 0.23 mmol/L and an Emax of 3.43 ± 0.24 fold change at 4 mmol/L. GPR52 constitutively activates CRE pathways; however, we show that sucralose-induced activation of GPR52 does not further activate this pathway. Identification of this novel sucralose-GPCR interaction supports the notion that sucralose elicits off-target signaling through the activation of GPR52, calling into question sucralose's assumed lack of bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline E Power
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Nicholas R Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Olaiya Peter Oni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Aditaya Kalia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
| | - Jillian L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada
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3
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Zhang Y, Chen L, Gao J, Cheng Y, Luo F, Bai X, Ding H. Nutritive/non-nutritive sweeteners and high fat diet contribute to dysregulation of sweet taste receptors and metabolic derangements in oral, intestinal and central nervous tissues. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:3149-3159. [PMID: 37537344 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Overconsumption of non-nutritive sweeteners is associated with obesity, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of long-term consumption of nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners with or without high fat diet on sweet taste receptor expression in nutrient-sensing tissues and energy regulation dependent on sweet-sensing. METHODS 50 Male Sprague-Dawley rats (140-160 g) were assigned to 10 groups (n = 5/group). All received fructose at 2.5% or 10%, sucralose at 0.01% or 0.015% or water with a normal chow diet or high fat diet for 12 weeks. Food and drink intake were monitored daily. Oral glucose tolerance test and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test were performed at week 10 and 11 respectively. Serum was obtained for measurement of biochemical parameters. Tongue, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon and hypothalamus were rapidly removed to assess gene expression. RESULTS Long-term consumption of sweeteners impaired glucose tolerance, increased calorie intake and body weight. A significant upregulation of sweet taste receptor expression was observed in all the four intestinal segments in groups fed 0.01% sucralose or 0.015% sucralose, most strikingly in the ileum, accompanied by elevated serum glucagon-like peptide-1 levels and up-regulated expression of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 and glucose transporter 2. A significant down-regulation in the tongue and hypothalamus was observed in groups fed 10% fructose or 0.015% sucralose, with alterations in hypothalamic appetite signals. The presence of high fat diet differentially modulates sweet taste perception in nutrient-sensing tissues. CONCLUSIONS Long-term consumption of whether nutritive sweeteners or non-nutritive sweeteners combined with high fat diet contribute to dysregulation of sweet taste receptor expression in oral, intestinal and central nervous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jiefang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yahong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Xinying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Yunker AG, Chakravartti SP, Kullmann S, Veit R, Angelo B, Jann K, Monterosso JR, Page KA. Sweet taste preference is associated with greater hypothalamic response to glucose and longitudinal weight gain. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114292. [PMID: 37442357 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus has an abundant expression of sweet taste receptors that play a role in glucose sensing and energy homeostasis. Evidence suggests that liking "sweets" can be associated with weight gain, but the relationship between sweet taste preference and hypothalamic regulation of appetite is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that sweet taste preference is associated with increased hypothalamic activation in response to glucose (a purported neural marker for weight gain risk) and greater longitudinal increases in body mass index (BMI). Fifty-four adults aged 18-35 years with a mean (± SD) BMI of 27.99 ± 5.32 kg/m2 completed the study. Height and weight were measured at baseline and 6-12 months later in a subset of 36 participants. Sweet taste preference was assessed via the Monell 2-series, forced-choice tracking procedure. Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after oral glucose ingestion to determine hypothalamic blood flow response to glucose. Linear models were used to examine relationships between sweet taste preference and the hypothalamic response to glucose and longitudinal changes in BMI, adjusting for age, sex, and baseline BMI. Sweet taste preference was positively associated with glucose-linked hypothalamic blood flow (beta = 0.017, p = 0.043), adjusted for age, sex and BMI. We also observed a positive association between sweet taste preference and longitudinal change in BMI (beta = 0.088, p = 0.015), adjusted for age, sex and baseline BMI. These findings suggest that heightened sweet taste preference is associated with glucose-linked hypothalamic activation and may be linked to increased susceptibility for weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Yunker
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sandhya P Chakravartti
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stephanie Kullmann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Veit
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kay Jann
- Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles CA 90033, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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Akishino M, Aoki Y, Baba H, Asakawa M, Hama Y, Mitsutake S. Red algae-derived isofloridoside activates the sweet taste receptor T1R2/T1R3. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Yoshida Y, Nishimura S, Tabata S, Kawabata F. Chicken taste receptors and perception: recent advances in our understanding of poultry nutrient-sensing systems. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2022.2007437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Yoshida
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ami, Japan
| | - Shotaro Nishimura
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Tabata
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Kawabata
- Physiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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von Molitor E, Riedel K, Krohn M, Hafner M, Rudolf R, Cesetti T. Sweet Taste Is Complex: Signaling Cascades and Circuits Involved in Sweet Sensation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:667709. [PMID: 34239428 PMCID: PMC8258107 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.667709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweetness is the preferred taste of humans and many animals, likely because sugars are a primary source of energy. In many mammals, sweet compounds are sensed in the tongue by the gustatory organ, the taste buds. Here, a group of taste bud cells expresses a canonical sweet taste receptor, whose activation induces Ca2+ rise, cell depolarization and ATP release to communicate with afferent gustatory nerves. The discovery of the sweet taste receptor, 20 years ago, was a milestone in the understanding of sweet signal transduction and is described here from a historical perspective. Our review briefly summarizes the major findings of the canonical sweet taste pathway, and then focuses on molecular details, about the related downstream signaling, that are still elusive or have been neglected. In this context, we discuss evidence supporting the existence of an alternative pathway, independent of the sweet taste receptor, to sense sugars and its proposed role in glucose homeostasis. Further, given that sweet taste receptor expression has been reported in many other organs, the physiological role of these extraoral receptors is addressed. Finally, and along these lines, we expand on the multiple direct and indirect effects of sugars on the brain. In summary, the review tries to stimulate a comprehensive understanding of how sweet compounds signal to the brain upon taste bud cells activation, and how this gustatory process is integrated with gastro-intestinal sugar sensing to create a hedonic and metabolic representation of sugars, which finally drives our behavior. Understanding of this is indeed a crucial step in developing new strategies to prevent obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena von Molitor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cesetti
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Hochschule Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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Olvera Hernández S, Reyes Castro LA, Daher Abdi A, Mezo-González CE, Arredondo A, Zambrano E, Bolaños-Jiménez F. Adult rats from undernourished dams show sex-dependent impaired expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of genes responsible for sweet and fat detection and signalling. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2011-2022. [PMID: 33926365 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1920678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Individuals undernourished in utero or during early life are at high risk of developing obesity and metabolic disorders and show an increased preference for consuming sugary and fatty food. This study aimed at determining whether impaired taste detection and signalling in the lingual epithelium and the brain might contribute to this altered pattern of food intake. METHODS The preference for feeding fat and sweet food and the expression in circumvallate papillae and hypothalamus of genes coding for sweet and fat receptors and transducing pathways were evaluated in adult rats born to control or calorie-restricted dams. Expression in the hypothalamus and the brain's reward system of genes involved in the homeostatic and hedonic control of food intake was also determined. RESULTS Male and female undernourished animals exhibited increased expression in taste papillae and hypothalamus of T1R1, T1R2, CD36, gustducin, TRMP5 and PLC-β2 genes, all of which modulate sweet and fat detection and intracellular signalling. However, the severity of the effect was greater in females than in males. Moreover, male, but not female, undernourished rats consumed more standard and sweetened food than their control counterparts and presented increased hypothalamic AgRP and NPY mRNAs levels together with enhanced dopamine transporter and dopamine receptor D2 expression in the ventral tegmental area. CONCLUSIONS Maternal undernutrition induces sex-specific changes in food preferences and gene expression in taste papillae, hypothalamus and brain reward regions. The gene expression alterations in the male offspring are in line with their preference for consuming sugary and fatty food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Olvera Hernández
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | - Luis Antonio Reyes Castro
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France.,Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
| | - Amran Daher Abdi
- UMR Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, INRAE - Université de Nantes, 44096 Nantes France
| | | | | | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology Department, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, México
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Yoshida R, Yasumatsu K, Ninomiya Y. The sweet taste receptor, glucose transporters, and the ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel: sugar sensing for the regulation of energy homeostasis. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Moreira M, Sarraguça M. How can oral paediatric formulations be improved? A challenge for the XXI century. Int J Pharm 2020; 590:119905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Effects of Non-nutritive Sweeteners on Sweet Taste Processing and Neuroendocrine Regulation of Eating Behavior. Curr Nutr Rep 2020; 9:278-289. [PMID: 32588329 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-020-00323-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) are increasingly used as a replacement for nutritive sugars as means to quench the desire for "sweets" while contributing few or no dietary calories. However, there is concern that NNS may uncouple the evolved relationship between sweet taste and post-ingestive neuroendocrine signaling. In this review, we examine the effects of NNS exposure on neural and peripheral systems in humans. RECENT FINDINGS NNS exposure during early development may influence sweet taste preferences, and NNS consumption might increase motivation for sweet foods. Neuroimaging studies provide evidence that NNS elicit differential neuronal responsivity in areas related to reward and satiation, compared with caloric sweeteners. Findings are heterogenous regarding whether NNS affect physiological responses. Additional studies are warranted regarding the consequences of NNS on metabolic outcomes and neuroendocrine pathways. Given the widespread popularity of NNS, future studies are essential to establish their role in long-term health.
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Abstract
Pregastric fermentation along with production practices that are dependent on high-energy diets means ruminants rely heavily on starch and protein assimilation for a substantial portion of their nutrient needs. While the majority of dietary starch may be fermented in the rumen, significant portions can flow to the small intestine. The initial phase of small intestinal digestion requires pancreatic α-amylase. Numerous nutritional factors have been shown to influence pancreatic α-amylase secretion with starch producing negative effects and casein, certain amino acids and dietary energy having positive effects. To date, manipulation of α-amylase secretion has not resulted in substantial changes in digestibility. The second phase of digestion involves the actions of the brush border enzymes sucrase-isomaltase and maltase-glucoamylase. Genetically, ruminants appear to possess these enzymes; however, the absence of measurable sucrase activity and limited adaptation with changes in diet suggests a reduced capacity for this phase of digestion. The final phase of carbohydrate assimilation is glucose transport. Ruminants possess Na+-dependent glucose transport that has been shown to be inducible. Because of the nature of pregastric fermentation, ruminants see a near constant flow of microbial protein to the small intestine. This results in a nutrient supply, which places a high priority on protein digestion and utilization. Comparatively, little research has been conducted describing protein assimilation. Enzymes and processes appear consistent with non-ruminants and are likely not limiting for efficient digestion of most feedstuffs. The mechanisms regulating the nutritional modulation of digestive function in the small intestine are complex and coordinated via the substrate, neural and hormonal effects in the small intestine, pancreas, peripheral tissues and the pituitary-hypothalamic axis. More research is needed in ruminants to help unravel the complexities by which small intestinal digestion is regulated with the aim of developing approaches to enhance and improve the efficiency of small intestinal digestion.
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Sweet taste receptors as a tool for an amplifying pathway of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β cells. Pflugers Arch 2019; 471:655-657. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-019-02271-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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de-la-Cruz M, Millán-Aldaco D, Soriano-Nava DM, Drucker-Colín R, Murillo-Rodríguez E. The artificial sweetener Splenda intake promotes changes in expression of c-Fos and NeuN in hypothalamus and hippocampus of rats. Brain Res 2018; 1700:181-189. [PMID: 30201258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is the result of the interaction of multiple variables, including the excessive increase of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption. Diets aimed to treat obesity have suggested the use of artificial sweeteners. However, recent evidence has shown several health deficits after intake of artificial sweeteners, including effects in neuronal activity. Therefore, the influence of artificial sweeteners consumption such as Splenda, on the expression of c-Fos and neuronal nuclear protein (NeuN) in hypothalamus and hippocampus remains to be determined. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effects on c-Fos or NeuN expression in hypothalamus and hippocampus of Splenda-treated rats. METHODS Splenda was diluted in water (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL) and orally given to rats during 2 weeks ad libitum. Next, animals were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were collected for analysis of c-Fos or NeuN immunoreactivity. RESULTS Consumption of Splenda provoked an inverted U-shaped dose-effect in c-Fos expression in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus while similar findings were observed in dentate gyrus of hippocampus. In addition, NeuN immunoreactivity was enhanced in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus at 25 or 75 mg/100 mL of Splenda intake whereas an opposite effect was observed at 250 mg/100 mL of artificial sweetener consumption. Lastly, NeuN positive neurons were increased in CA2/CA3 fields of hippocampus from Splenda-treated rats (25, 75 or 250 mg/100 mL). CONCLUSION Consuming Splenda induced effects in neuronal biomarkers expression. To our knowledge, this study is the first description of the impact of intake Splenda on c-Fos and NeuN immunoreactivity in hypothalamus and hippocampus in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriel de-la-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - Diana Millán-Aldaco
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Daniela Marcia Soriano-Nava
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group
| | - René Drucker-Colín
- Depto. de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México, Mexico
| | - Eric Murillo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias Moleculares e Integrativas, Escuela de Medicina, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Anáhuac Mayab, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico; Intercontinental Neuroscience Research Group.
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Zhao X, Yan J, Chen K, Song L, Sun B, Wei X. Effects of saccharin supplementation on body weight, sweet receptor mRNA expression and appetite signals regulation in post-weanling rats. Peptides 2018; 107:32-38. [PMID: 30055207 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-nutritive sweeteners have been considered to promote diet healthfulness by delivering a pleasant sweet taste without calories. We investigated the effects of long term supplementation with drinks containing saccharin on body weight and possible mechanisms of the effects in post-weanling rats. Our results showed that saccharin solution intake increased food intake and energy intake in male rats. In males, saccharin solution intake increased TIR3 mRNA expression in the taste buds and ghrelin receptor mRNA expression both in the taste buds and hypothalamus, whereas no effects were observed in females. These results suggest the effects of saccharin solution exposure on food intake and body weight gain may be different in developmental males and females. In males, peripheral sweet taste receptors and both peripheral and central ghrelin receptors may be involved in the effect of saccharin solution intake to promote food intake and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhao
- Department of Neonatology, Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, 1616# Yanxiang Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Jianqun Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Xiaojing Wei
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, 76# W. Yanta Road, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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Emerging Concepts in Brain Glucose Metabolic Functions: From Glucose Sensing to How the Sweet Taste of Glucose Regulates Its Own Metabolism in Astrocytes and Neurons. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:281-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Soengas JL, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Delgado MJ. Central regulation of food intake in fish: an evolutionary perspective. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 60:R171-R199. [PMID: 29467140 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that central regulation of food intake is well conserved along the vertebrate lineage, at least between teleost fish and mammals. However, several differences arise in the comparison between both groups. In this review, we describe similarities and differences between teleost fish and mammals on an evolutionary perspective. We focussed on the existing knowledge of specific fish features conditioning food intake, anatomical homologies and analogies between both groups as well as the main signalling pathways of neuroendocrine and metabolic nature involved in the homeostatic and hedonic central regulation of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Soengas
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da SaúdeLaboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y BiotecnologíaInstituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - María Jesús Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II)Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Lee AA, Owyang C. Sugars, Sweet Taste Receptors, and Brain Responses. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070653. [PMID: 28672790 PMCID: PMC5537773 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweet taste receptors are composed of a heterodimer of taste 1 receptor member 2 (T1R2) and taste 1 receptor member 3 (T1R3). Accumulating evidence shows that sweet taste receptors are ubiquitous throughout the body, including in the gastrointestinal tract as well as the hypothalamus. These sweet taste receptors are heavily involved in nutrient sensing, monitoring changes in energy stores, and triggering metabolic and behavioral responses to maintain energy balance. Not surprisingly, these pathways are heavily regulated by external and internal factors. Dysfunction in one or more of these pathways may be important in the pathogenesis of common diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen A Lee
- 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
| | - Chung Owyang
- 3912 Taubman Center, SPC 5362, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5362, USA.
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