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Gates-Tanzer L, Millesi E, Vijayasekaran A, Harless C. Impact of Policy Changes and Program Support on Family Planning Goals among Plastic Surgery Trainees. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2024; 12:e6158. [PMID: 39281088 PMCID: PMC11398757 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000006158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Background In 2020, the American Board of Plastic Surgeons announced an update in the leave policy for plastic surgery trainees, extending personal leave to 12 weeks without delay in graduation. Simultaneously, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education announced their update in lactation policy. This study sought to understand the influence of the policy change on plastic surgery trainees' goals for family planning and lactation. Methods An online 32-question survey was developed to evaluate plastic surgery trainees' perceptions of family planning and perceived program support in the United States. The survey was approved by the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons Research Committee and sent out to a total of 216 plastic surgery programs. Results One hundred thirty plastic surgery trainees completed the survey. Most respondents were women, between the ages of 30 and 34 years, and married. Forty-five (34.6%) respondents or their partners had experienced pregnancy or live birth during their training. More than 70% did not feel that they had adequate time for leave. Female trainees faced more barriers than men, including having a partner in training, concern for their pregnancy, and burdening their co-residents during leave. The majority stated that their decision to apply to plastic surgery residency was influenced by program support for family planning compared with policy changes. Conclusions This survey highlighted that the new policies benefit trainees who consider starting a family during training. Despite this, there are still challenges that need to be addressed to help foster a fair environment for trainees to work and have a family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gates-Tanzer
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Elena Millesi
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Aparna Vijayasekaran
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
| | - Christin Harless
- From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn
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Dixon A, Bansal N, Nicholas SB, Ostrow A, Kendrick J. A National Survey of Pregnancy and Parenthood among Nephrology Trainees: A Focus on Nephrology Fellowship. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024; 19:984-994. [PMID: 38728092 PMCID: PMC11321740 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.0000000000000486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Key Points Parental leave policies for physician trainees are inconsistent. Nephrology fellows are largely unaware of parental leave policies and pregnancy accommodations in their programs. Individual nephrology programs should improve awareness about national and local program policies among trainees. Background National and international policies on parental leave for physician trainees are inconsistent. Physician trainees, including nephrology fellows, may be at higher risk of pregnancy complications. Physician trainees face barriers in meeting their breastfeeding goals and in finding childcare because of nontraditional work hours with extended or unpredictable shifts. We examine awareness of current policies in US nephrology fellowship programs regarding parental leave, pregnancy/breastfeeding accommodations, and fellows' perspectives on family planning. Methods An anonymous, online survey of US nephrology fellows was undertaken from June 9 to August 24, 2023. Results One hundred twenty nephrology fellows submitted the survey. Most of the fellow respondents were unaware of parental leave policies of their training programs (63%), the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (75%), and/or the American Board of Medical Specialties (75%). Forty-two percent were unaware of the duration of parental leave at their program. Nearly 45% of all respondents were unsure if their program limited night shifts or shifts >24 hours for pregnant trainees. Forty-three percent reported they were unsure of lactation accommodations, and 40% were unsure of access to subsidized childcare. When fellows received work accommodations for pregnancy or parenthood, their work obligations were largely covered by co-fellows (60%) or attendings (38%). Over 60% of fellows agreed or strongly agreed that they would avoid a pregnancy in fellowship because of concern that they would have to extend their training. Of the 40 fellows who chose to pursue pregnancy or parenthood during medical training, 75% did not change their career plans as a result. Conclusions Most nephrology fellows were unaware of parental leave policies and pregnancy/lactation accommodations. While the topic itself has a broad effect to all physician trainees, there is a need for improved awareness about national and local program policies among trainees across individual nephrology programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Dixon
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Nisha Bansal
- Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susanne B. Nicholas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anna Ostrow
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jessica Kendrick
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Conway SE, Wang W, Prasad S. Barriers to increasing paid parental leave in U.S. neurology residencies: a survey of program directors. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:387. [PMID: 38594709 PMCID: PMC11003009 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology (ABPN) and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) require that residency programs allow at least 6 weeks of parental leave. The American Medical Association (AMA) recommends 12 weeks of paid parental leave. Despite these recommendations, there is little information about parental leave policies across U.S. neurology residencies. The objective of our study was to assess parental leave policies in U.S. adult neurology residencies and barriers to increasing the duration of leave. METHODS We distributed an anonymous online survey to U.S. adult neurology program directors (PDs) to assess demographics, components and length of parental leave, perceived impact on residents' clinical training and academic development, and barriers to increasing the length of leave. RESULTS We contacted 163 PDs and received 54 responses (response rate of 33%). 87% reported policies for both childbearing and non-childbearing residents. The average maximal length of leave allowed without extension of training was 8.5 weeks (range 0-13) for childbearing and 6.2 weeks (range 0-13) for non-childbearing residents. Most PDs felt that parental leave had a positive impact on resident wellness and neutral impact on clinical competency, academic opportunities, and career development. The most common barriers to providing a 12-week paid policy were concerns about equity in the program (82%), staffing of clinical services (80%), and impact on clinical training (78%). CONCLUSIONS Although most programs in our study have parental leave policies, there is significant variability. Policies to improve parental leave should focus on addressing common barriers, such as additional solutions to staffing clinical services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Conway
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sashank Prasad
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Torres Acosta MA, Chandra S, Li S, Yoon E, Selgrade D, Quinn J, Ardehali H. The impact of underrepresented minority or marginalized identity status on training outcomes of MD-PhD students. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:428. [PMID: 37291579 PMCID: PMC10251672 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-degree MD-PhD programs have historically lacked diversity of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and other facets of identity. Like MD- and PhD-granting programs, MD-PhD program training environments are also marked by structural barriers that negatively impact measurable academic outcomes of underrepresented and/or marginalized students in academic medicine (racial and ethnic minority groups considered underrepresented by the National Institute of Health, sexual and gender minorities, individuals with disabilities, and individuals of low socioeconomic status). In this article, we review the existing literature on MD-PhD program disparities affecting students from these groups and provide recommendations grounded on the reviewed evidence. Our literature review identified four generalizable barriers that can impact the training outcomes of students from these marginalized and/or underrepresented groups: 1) discrimination and bias, 2) impostor syndrome and stereotype threat, 3) lack of identity-similar mentors, and 4) suboptimal institutional policies and procedures. We propose goal-oriented interventions that may begin to ameliorate the disparities present in MD-PhD program training environments that affect students from marginalized and/or underrepresented groups in academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A Torres Acosta
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University's Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Sidhanth Chandra
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sophia Li
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University's Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Esther Yoon
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel Selgrade
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University's Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jeanne Quinn
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Northwestern University's Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hossein Ardehali
- Northwestern University's Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, SQBRC 8-521, 303 E Superior Ave, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- The Ken and Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Romero CS, Maimeri N, Bonaccorso A, Baiardo-Redaelli M, Lombardi G, Iwuchukwu OF, Ortalda A, Schmid B, Fleming M, Landoni G. Gender-gap in randomized clinical trials reporting mortality in the perioperative setting and critical care: 20 years behind the scenes. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2023; 33:101117. [PMID: 37091504 PMCID: PMC10119706 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Women researchers might experience obstacles in academic environments and might be underrepresented in the authorship of articles published in peer-reviewed journals. Material and Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of female-led RCTs describing all interventions reducing mortality in critically ill and perioperative patients from 1981 to December 31, 2020. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE with the keywords RCTs and mortality. The gender of the first author was extracted and descriptive analysis was performed including the year of publication, impact factor, country of the first author, and methodological aspects. Results We analyzed 340 RCTs, of which 42 (12%) were led by female researchers. The presence of women increased from 8% (14/172) until 2010 up to 17% (28/168) in 2010 and beyond. The United States, the United Kingdom, and Brazil were the main countries of origin of female researchers. Women authors conducted mainly single-center and single-nation studies as compared to male authors. The median impact factor of the target journal was 6 (3-27) in women vs. 7 (3-28) in men, with a p-value of 0.67; Critical Care Medicine, JAMA, and The New England Journal of Medicine were the most frequent target journals for both women and men. Conclusion In the last 40 years, only one out of eight RCTs had a woman as the first author but the presence of women increased up to 17% by 2010 and beyond. The impact factor of publication target journals was high and not different between genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S. Romero
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Unit, University General Hospital, Spain
- Department of Methods in Research, European University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Corresponding author. Department of Methods in Research, Universidad Europea de Valencia (Spain). Avenida General Elio 2, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Nicolò Maimeri
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bonaccorso
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Lombardi
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Otito Frances Iwuchukwu
- American College of Clinical Pharmacology, Fairleigh Dickinson University School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, New Jersey, United States
| | - Alessandro Ortalda
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedikt Schmid
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care, Emergency and Pain Medicine, University Hospital Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Fleming
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Czerniakowski Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Center for Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (CARE) San Raffaele Hospital Head of SIAARTI Clinical Research Committee, Milan, Italy
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Gisselbaek M, Barreto Chang OL, Saxena S. Gender equity in anesthesia: is it time to rock the boat? BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:67. [PMID: 36882715 PMCID: PMC9991878 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-01987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Gisselbaek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Acute Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - O L Barreto Chang
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Saxena
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, AZ Sint-Jan Brugge Oostende AV, Brugge, Belgium.
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Huh DD, Wang J, Fliotsos MJ, Beal CJ, Boente CS, Wisely CE, De Andrade LM, Lorch AC, Ramanathan S, Reinoso MA, Swamy RN, Waxman EL, Woreta FA, Srikumaran D. Association Between Parental Leave and Ophthalmology Resident Physician Performance. JAMA Ophthalmol 2022; 140:1066-1075. [PMID: 36173610 PMCID: PMC9523550 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.3778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Although parental leave is essential in enhancing resident wellness and fostering inclusive workplace environments, residents may often feel discouraged from using parental leave owing to perceived stigma and concerns about possible negative effects on their training. Objective To examine parental leave usage across multiple institutions and compare residency performance metrics between residents who took parental leave vs their peers who did not take leave. Design, Setting, and Participants This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis conducted from April 1, 2020, to July 28, 2022, of educational records. Multicenter data were obtained from 10 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited ophthalmology programs across the US. Included ophthalmology residents graduated between 2015 and 2019. Data were analyzed from August 15, 2021, to July 25, 2022. Exposures Performance metrics of residents who used parental leave during residency were compared with those of residents who did not take parental leave. Main Outcomes and Measures Measures of performance included the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) scores, ACGME milestones scores, board examination pass rates, research activity, and surgical volumes. Results Of the 283 ophthalmology residents (149 male [52.7%]) included in the study, 44 (15.5%) took a median (IQR) parental leave of 4.5 (2-6) weeks. There were no differences in average OKAP percentiles, research activity, average ACGME milestones scores, or surgical volume between residents who took parental leave and those who did not. Residents who pursued fellowship were less likely to have taken parental leave (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% CI, 0.27-0.68; P < .001), and residents who practiced in private settings after residency were more likely to have taken parental leave (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.79-7.08; P < .001). When stratified by sex, no differences were identified in performance between female residents who took parental leave compared with residents who did not take leave, except a mild surgical number difference in 1 subspecialty category of keratorefractive procedures (difference in median values, -2; 95% CI, -3.7 to -0.3; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance In this multicenter cross-sectional study, no differences in performance metrics were identified between residents taking parental leave compared with their peers. These findings may provide reassurance to trainees and program directors regarding the unlikelihood, on average, that taking adequate parental leave will affect performance metrics adversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana D. Huh
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jiangxia Wang
- Johns Hopkins Biostatistics Center, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J. Fliotsos
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Casey J. Beal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Charline S. Boente
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - C. Ellis Wisely
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lindsay M. De Andrade
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics, Iowa City
| | - Alice C. Lorch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Saras Ramanathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Maria A. Reinoso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans
| | - Ramya N. Swamy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Evan L. Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Fasika A. Woreta
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Divya Srikumaran
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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8
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Kraus MB, Malinzak EB, Chandrabose R, Pearson AC, Ku C, Hartlage SE, Hanson AC, Schulte PJ, Sharpe EE. A Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey of Anesthesiology Fellowship Program Directors: Attitudes on Parental Leave in Residency and Fellowship Training. WOMEN'S HEALTH REPORTS (NEW ROCHELLE, N.Y.) 2022; 3:395-404. [PMID: 35652001 PMCID: PMC9148645 DOI: 10.1089/whr.2021.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the impact of parental leave on anesthesiology fellowship directors' perception of their fellows. In addition, use of parental leave during residency can result in "off-cycle" residents applying for a fellowship. This study sought to clarify fellowship directors' attitudes and beliefs on effects of parental leave on fellows and off-cycle fellowship applicants. Methods An online survey was sent to anesthesiology fellowship program directors through e-mail addresses obtained from websites of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and specialty societies. Descriptive statistical analysis was used. Results In total, 101 fellowship directors (31% response rate) completed the survey. Forty-one (41%) directors had a fellow who took maternity leave in the past 3 years. Among the programs, 49 (49%) have a written policy about maternity leave and 36 (36%) have a written paternity or partner leave policy. Overall, most fellowship directors believed that becoming a parent had no impact on fellow performance and professionalism; more respondents perceived a greater negative impact on scholarly activities, standardized test scores, and procedural volume for female trainees than male trainees. Some fellowship directors (10/94; 11%) reported they do not allow off-cycle residents in their program. Among programs that allow off-cycle residents, more directors perceived it a disadvantage rather than an advantage. Conclusions Fellowship directors perceive that anesthesiology residents who finish training outside the typical graduation cycle are at a disadvantage for fellowship training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly B. Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Rekha Chandrabose
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Amy C.S. Pearson
- Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Cindy Ku
- Department of Anesthesiology, Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Sarah E. Hartlage
- Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Andrew C. Hanson
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Phillip J. Schulte
- Division of Clinical Trials and Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emily E. Sharpe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Malinzak EB, Hertzberg LB, Doyle CA, Flood P, Kraus MB, Rebello E, Pai SL, Pease S. In Response. Anesth Analg 2022; 134:e23-e24. [PMID: 35299224 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Malinzak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Linda B Hertzberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | - Pamela Flood
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Molly B Kraus
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Elizabeth Rebello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sher-Lu Pai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida,
| | - Sonya Pease
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Stuart, Florida
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10
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Increasing the reproducibility of research will reduce the problem of apophenia (and more). Can J Anaesth 2021; 68:1120-1134. [PMID: 33963518 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-021-02006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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