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Gong D, Prusky D, Long D, Bi Y, Zhang Y. Moldy odors in food - a review. Food Chem 2024; 458:140210. [PMID: 38943948 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Food products are susceptible to mold contamination, releasing moldy odors. These moldy odors not only affect the flavor of food, but also pose a risk to human health. Moldy odors are a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by the fungi themselves, which are the main source of moldy odors in moldy foods. These VOCs are secondary metabolites of fungi and are synthesized through various biosynthetic pathways. Both the fungi themselves and environmental factors affect the release of moldy odors. This review summarized the main components of musty odors in moldy foods and their producing fungi. In addition, this review focused on the functions of moldy volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and the biosynthetic pathways of the major MVOCs, and summarized the factors affecting the release of MVOCs as well as the detection methods. It expected to provide a basis for ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- Department of Postharvest and Food Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Danfeng Long
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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2
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Abreu T, Jasmins G, Bettencourt C, Teixeira J, Câmara JS, Perestrelo R. Tracing the volatilomic fingerprint of grape pomace as a powerful approach for its valorization. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100608. [PMID: 37840700 PMCID: PMC10570008 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The huge amount of grape pomace (GP) generated every year worldwide, particularly in Europe, creates negative impacts at the economic and environmental levels. As far as we know, scarce research has been done on the volatilomic fingerprint of GP. To meet consumer demand for healthy foods, there is a growing interest in the characterization of particular volatile organic metabolites (VOMS) in GP that can be used for industrial applications, including the food industry. In this study, the volatilomic fingerprint of GP obtained from different Vitis vinifera L. grapes was established by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), to explore the properties of most dominant VOMs in a context of its application on marketable products. A total of 52 VOMs belonging to different chemical families were identified. Alcohols, carbonyl compounds, and esters, are the most dominant, representing 38.8, 29.3, and 24.2% of the total volatile profile of the investigated GP, respectively. Esters (e.g., isoamyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate) and alcohols (e.g., 3-methyl butan-2-ol, hexan-1-ol) can be used as flavoring agents with potential use in the food industry, and in the cosmetic industry, for fragrances production. In addition, the identified terpenoids (e.g., menthol, ylangene, limonene) exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer, biological properties, among others, boosting their potential application in the pharmaceutical industry. The obtained results revealed the potential of some VOMs from GP to replace synthetic antioxidants, colorants, and antimicrobials used in the food industry, and in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, meeting the increasing consumer demand for natural alternative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Abreu
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Jasmins
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bettencourt
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Juan Teixeira
- Justino's Madeira Wines, S.A., Parque Industrial Da Cancela, Caniço, 9125-042, Santa Cruz, Portugal
| | - José S. Câmara
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e Engenharia, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Rosa Perestrelo
- CQM – Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105, Funchal, Portugal
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Liu Y, Ge D, Zhou J, Chu Y, Zheng X, Ke L, Li P, Lu Y, Zou X, Xia L, Liu Y, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. HS-SPME-GC-MS Untargeted Analysis of Normal Rat Organs Ex Vivo: Differential VOC Discrimination and Fingerprint VOC Identification. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37392185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in human metabolites has been a topic of interest as it holds the potential for the development of non-invasive technologies to screen for organ lesions in vivo. However, it remains unclear whether VOCs differ among healthy organs. Consequently, a study was conducted to analyze VOCs in ex vivo organ tissues obtained from 16 Wistar rats, comprising 12 different organs. The VOCs released from each organ tissue were detected by the headspace-solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. In the untargeted analysis of 147 chromatographic peaks, the differential volatiles of rat organs were explored based on the Mann-Whitney U test and fold change (FC > 2.0) compared with other organs. It was found that there were differential VOCs in seven organs. A discussion on the possible metabolic pathways and related biomarkers of organ differential VOCs was conducted. Based on the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve, we found that differential VOCs in the liver, cecum, spleen, and kidney can be used as the unique identification of the corresponding organ. In this study, differential VOCs of organs in rats were systematically reported for the first time. Profiles of VOCs produced by healthy organs can serve as a reference or baseline that may indicate the presence of disease or abnormalities in the organ's function. Differential VOCs can be used as the fingerprint of organs, and future integration with metabolic research may contribute to the development of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Dianlong Ge
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Jijuan Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xiangxue Zheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li Ke
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Lei Xia
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
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Wu L, Li S, Tang Y, Liang X, Xu Z, Hu T, Liu X, Cai M, Liu X. Quality of life: Seasonal fluctuation in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2023; 13:1035721. [PMID: 36686501 PMCID: PMC9846796 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1035721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although the seasonal variation of motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported, the association between seasonal change and quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease remains to be explored. Methods We recruited 1,036 patients with PD in this cross-sectional retrospective study. The patients were divided into four groups based on their date of assessment, according to the classical four seasons: group 1: March to May (n = 241); group 2: June to August (n = 259); group 3: September to November(n = 273); group 4: December to February (n = 263). The 39-item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) and other clinical evaluation scales for motor and non-motor symptoms were administered. The determinants of the quality of life (QoL) were analyzed by multiple stepwise regression analyses. Results A significant difference in PDQ-39 was found between group 1 (spring months) and group 3 (autumn months) after correction (p = 0.002). The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) score was higher in group 1 (spring months) than in group 3 (the autumn months) (p = 0.033). The most severe determinant of QoL was the UPDRS-III score in group 1 and the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) score in groups 2, 3, and 4. Interpretation The current study reported seasonal fluctuation of QoL in patients with PD, with higher scores during the spring months and lower scores in the autumn months. Since the determinants for QoL also vary by season, clinicians might need to focus on specific factors across seasons before initiating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, National Research Center for Aging and Medicine and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Hospital, Hangzhou, China,Miao Cai ✉
| | - Xuedong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China,*Correspondence: Xuedong Liu ✉
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Macedo GE, Vieira PDB, Rodrigues NR, Gomes KK, Rodrigues JF, Franco JL, Posser T. Effect of fungal indoor air pollutant 1-octen-3-ol on levels of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as well as dehydrogenases activities in drosophila melanogaster males. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:573-585. [PMID: 35354383 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2054887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pollution of indoor environments contributes to several allergic symptoms and represents a public health problem. It is well-established that 1-octen-3-ol, also known as mushroom alcohol, is a fungal volatile organic compound (VOC) commonly found in damp indoor spaces and responsible for the typical musty odor. Previously it was reported that exposure to 1-octen-3-ol induced inflammations and disrupted mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetic rate in Drosophila melanogaster. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of 1-octen-3-ol on dehydrogenase activity, apoptotic biomarkers, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as antioxidant enzymes activities. D. melanogaster flies were exposed to an atmosphere containing 1-octen-3-ol (2.5 or ∞l/L) for 24 hr. Data demonstrated that 1-octen-3-ol decreased dehydrogenases activity and NO levels but increased ROS levels accompanied by stimulation of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities without altering caspase 3/7 activation. These findings indicate that adverse mitochondrial activity effects following exposure of D. melanogaster to 1-octen-3-ol, a fungal VOC, may be attributed to oxidant stress. The underlying mechanisms involved in adverse consequences of indoor fungal exposure appear to be related to necrotic but not apoptotic mechanisms. The adverse consequences were sex-dependent with males displaying higher sensitivity to 1-octen-3-ol. Based upon on the fact that the fly genome shares nearly 75% of disease-related genes to human exposure to this fungus may explain the adverse human responses to mold especially for males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Karen Kich Gomes
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Ferreira Rodrigues
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, São Gabriel, Brazil
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Macedo GE, de Brum Vieira P, Rodrigues NR, Gomes KK, Martins IK, Franco JL, Posser T. Fungal compound 1-octen-3-ol induces mitochondrial morphological alterations and respiration dysfunctions in Drosophila melanogaster. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111232. [PMID: 32890927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fungal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) comprise a group of compounds commonly found in damp or water-damaged indoor places affecting air quality. Indoor fungal pollution is a severe threat to human health, contributing to the onset of allergic diseases. The compound 1-octen-3-ol, known as "mushroom alcohol", is the most abundant VOC and confers the characteristic mold odor. Exposure to 1-octen-3-ol induces inflammatory markers and episodes of allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis; however, the effects of this compound towards mitochondria are fairly known. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of 1-octen-3-ol on inflammatory targets and on mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetic rate in D. melanogaster. Drosophilas were exposed by inhalation to 2.5 μL/L and 5 μL/L of 1-octen-3-ol for 24 h. Observation showed a decreasing in the survival and locomotor ability of flies. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was induced whereas Catalase (CAT) activity was inhibited. Analysis of the mitochondria respiration, detected inhibition of complex I and II in the electron transport chain and a decreased bioenergetic rate. Electronic microscopy provided morphological insights of the mitochondrial status in which a disarrangement in mitochondrial cristae profile was observed. 1-Octen-3-ol induced increased activity of caspase 3/7 and ERK phosphorylation. The mRNA relative steady-state levels of p38MAPK and JNK were down-regulated, whereas NF-κB and p53 were up-regulated. In parallel, nitrite levels were induced in relation to the non-exposed group. These findings point to the mitochondria as a crucial target for the toxicity of 1-octen-3-ol in parallel with activation of pro-inflammatory factors and apoptotic signaling pathway cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia de Brum Vieira
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Karen Kich Gomes
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Illana Kemmerich Martins
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Posser
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar Em Biotecnologia - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal Do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97307-020, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
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Identification of distinct blood-based biomarkers in early stage of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:893-901. [PMID: 31828678 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive geriatric disease, which can be one of the leading causes of serious socioeconomic burden in the aging society. Clinical trials suggest that prompt treatment of early-stage Parkinson's disease (EPD) may slow down the disease progress and have a better response. Therefore, conducting proteomics study to identify biomarkers for the diagnosis and disease-modifying therapies of EPD is vital. We aimed at identifying distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD by using the database of GSE62283 based on the platform GPL13669 downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the EPD group (n = 103) and the normal control (NC) group (n = 111) were identified by protein-specific t test. Cluster analysis of DEPs was conducted by protein-protein interaction network to detect hub proteins. The hub proteins were then evaluated to determine the distinct biomarkers by principal component analysis, as well as functional and pathway enrichment analysis. Their biological functions were confirmed by gene ontology functional (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment (KEGG). Two biomarkers, mitochondrial ribosome recycling factor (MRRF) and ribosomal protein S18 (RPS18), distinguished the EPD samples from the NC samples, and they were regarded as high-confidence distinct protein autoantibody biomarkers of EPD. The most significant GO function was protein serine/threonine kinase activity (GO: 0004674) and most of DEPs were enriched in ATP binding in molecular function category (GO: 0005524). These results may help in establishing the prompt and accurate diagnosis of EPD and may also contribute to develop mechanism-based treatments.
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8
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Al-Maliki HS, Martinez S, Piszczatowski P, Bennett JW. Drosophila melanogaster as a Model for Studying Aspergillus fumigatus. MYCOBIOLOGY 2017; 45:233-239. [PMID: 29371791 PMCID: PMC5780355 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2017.45.4.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model organism that offers essential insights into developmental and cellular processes shared with humans, which has been adapted for large scale analysis of medically important microbes and to test the toxicity of heavy metals, industrial solvents and other poisonous substances. We here give a brief review of the use of the Drosophila model in medical mycology, discuss the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the opportunistic human pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, and give a brief summary of what is known about the toxicity of some common fungal VOCs. Further, we discuss the use of VOC detection as an indirect indicator of fungal growth, including for early diagnosis of aspergillosis. Finally, we hypothesize that D. melanogaster has promise for investigating the role of VOCs synthesized by A. fumigatus as possible virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Saeed Al-Maliki
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
- Technical institute of Samawa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Samawa, Iraq
| | - Suceti Martinez
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Patrick Piszczatowski
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, USA
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9
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Xiong C, Li Q, Li S, Chen C, Chen Z, Huang W. In vitro Antimicrobial Activities and Mechanism of 1-Octen-3-ol against Food-related Bacteria and Pathogenic Fungi. J Oleo Sci 2017; 66:1041-1049. [PMID: 28794307 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess16196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1-Octen-3-ol, known as mushroom alcohol, is a natural product extracted from fungi and plants. Its antimicrobial activities against five common food-related bacteria and two pathogenic fungi were evaluated in this paper, including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium tricinctum and Fusarium oxysporum. The results showed that 1-octen-3-ol had a strong antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria, especially against Gram-positive bacteria, and it can also inhibit fungal growth and spore germination. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were 1.0 and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were 4.0 and 8.0 mg/mL, respectively. The completely inhibitory concentrations for fungal growth and spore germination were 8.0 and 2.0 mg/ml, respectively. Cell constituents' leakage and scanning electron microscope assays indicated that 1-octen-3-ol changed the permeability of the cell membrane. Discrepant antimicrobial activity between 1-octen-3-ol and 1-octen-3-one indicated that hydroxyl may play a decisive role in antimicrobial activity. It is suggested that 1-octen-3-ol, with attractive mushroom aroma and antimicrobial activity, has potential applications in control of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xiong
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University.,Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University.,Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Shuhong Li
- Biotechnology & Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute of plant protection, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Zuqin Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan University
| | - Wenli Huang
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences
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10
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Zhao G, Yin G, Inamdar AA, Luo J, Zhang N, Yang I, Buckley B, Bennett JW. Volatile organic compounds emitted by filamentous fungi isolated from flooded homes after Hurricane Sandy show toxicity in a Drosophila bioassay. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:518-528. [PMID: 27748984 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Superstorm Sandy provided an opportunity to study filamentous fungi (molds) associated with winter storm damage. We collected 36 morphologically distinct fungal isolates from flooded buildings. By combining traditional morphological and cultural characters with an analysis of ITS sequences (the fungal DNA barcode), we identified 24 fungal species that belong to eight genera: Penicillium (11 species), Fusarium (four species), Aspergillus (three species), Trichoderma (two species), and one species each of Metarhizium, Mucor, Pestalotiopsis, and Umbelopsis. Then, we used a Drosophila larval assay to assess possible toxicity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by these molds. When cultured in a shared atmosphere with growing cultures of molds isolated after Hurricane Sandy, larval toxicity ranged from 15 to 80%. VOCs from Aspergillus niger 129B were the most toxic yielding 80% mortality to Drosophila after 12 days. The VOCs from Trichoderma longibrachiatum 117, Mucor racemosus 138a, and Metarhizium anisopliae 124 were relatively non-toxigenic. A preliminary analysis of VOCs was conducted using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from two of the most toxic, two of the least toxic, and two species of intermediate toxicity. The more toxic molds produced higher concentrations of 1-octen-3-ol, 3-octanone, 3-octanol, 2-octen-1-ol, and 2-nonanone; while the less toxic molds produced more 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol, or an overall lower amount of volatiles. Our data support the hypothesis that at certain concentrations, some VOCs emitted by indoor molds are toxigenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zhao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - G Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - A A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - J Luo
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - N Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - I Yang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - B Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - J W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Salin JT, Salkinoja-Salonen M, Salin PJ, Nelo K, Holma T, Ohtonen P, Syrjälä H. Building-related symptoms are linked to the in vitro toxicity of indoor dust and airborne microbial propagules in schools: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 154:234-239. [PMID: 28107741 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indoor microbial toxicity is suspected to cause some building-related symptoms, but supporting epidemiological data are lacking. OBJECTIVE We examined whether the in vitro toxicity of indoor samples from school buildings was associated with work-related health symptoms (building-related symptoms, BRS). METHODS Administrators of the Helsinki City Real Estate Department selected 15 schools for the study, and a questionnaire on symptoms connected to work was sent to the teachers in the selected schools for voluntary completion. The cellular toxicity of classroom samples was determined by testing substances extracted from wiped indoor dust and by testing microbial biomass that was cultured on fallout plates. Boar sperm cells were used as indicator cells, and motility loss was the indicator for toxic effects. The effects were expressed as the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) at which >50% of the exposed boar sperm cells were immobile compared to vehicle control. RESULTS Completed symptom questionnaires were received from 232 teachers [median age, 43 years; 190 (82.3%) women] with a median time of 6 years working at their school. Samples from their classrooms were available and were assessed for cellular toxicity. The Poisson regression model showed that the impact of extracts of surface-wiped school classroom dust on teacher work-related BRS was 2.8-fold (95% CI: 1.6-4.9) higher in classrooms with a toxic threshold EC50 of 6µgml-1 versus classrooms with insignificant EC50 values (EC50 >50µgml-1); P<0.001. The number of symptoms that were alleviated during vacation was higher in school classrooms with high sperm toxicity compared to less toxic sites; the RR was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.1-3.3, P=0.03) for wiped dust extracts. CONCLUSIONS Teachers working in classrooms where the samples showed high sperm toxicity had more BRS. The boar sperm cell motility inhibition assay appears promising as a tool for demonstrating the presence of indoor substances associated with BRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Salin
- Department of Infection Control, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - M Salkinoja-Salonen
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, FI 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - P J Salin
- Oulu University Hospital, Inspector Sec Oy Laboratories, Oulu, Finland; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, FI 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - K Nelo
- Oulu University Hospital, Inspector Sec Oy Laboratories, Oulu, Finland
| | - T Holma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Finland; PEDEGO Research Unit, University of Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, Finland
| | - P Ohtonen
- Division of Operative Care and Medical Research Center, Finland
| | - H Syrjälä
- Department of Infection Control, Oulu University Hospital, Finland.
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12
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eSNPO: An eQTL-based SNP Ontology and SNP functional enrichment analysis platform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30595. [PMID: 27470167 PMCID: PMC4965794 DOI: 10.1038/srep30595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have mined many common genetic variants associated with human complex traits like diseases. After that, the functional annotation and enrichment analysis of significant SNPs are important tasks. Classic methods are always based on physical positions of SNPs and genes. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are genomic loci that contribute to variation in gene expression levels and have been proven efficient to connect SNPs and genes. In this work, we integrated the eQTL data and Gene Ontology (GO), constructed associations between SNPs and GO terms, then performed functional enrichment analysis. Finally, we constructed an eQTL-based SNP Ontology and SNP functional enrichment analysis platform. Taking Parkinson Disease (PD) as an example, the proposed platform and method are efficient. We believe eSNPO will be a useful resource for SNP functional annotation and enrichment analysis after we have got significant disease related SNPs.
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13
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Are Some Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Mycotoxins? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:3785-804. [PMID: 26402705 PMCID: PMC4591661 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7093785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-compounds that easily evaporate at room temperature. Toxins are biologically produced poisons; mycotoxins are those toxins produced by microscopic fungi. All fungi emit blends of VOCs; the qualitative and quantitative composition of these volatile blends varies with the species of fungus and the environmental situation in which the fungus is grown. These fungal VOCs, produced as mixtures of alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ethers, esters, ketones, terpenes, thiols and their derivatives, are responsible for the characteristic moldy odors associated with damp indoor spaces. There is increasing experimental evidence that some of these VOCs have toxic properties. Laboratory tests in mammalian tissue culture and Drosophila melanogaster have shown that many single VOCs, as well as mixtures of VOCs emitted by growing fungi, have toxic effects. This paper describes the pros and cons of categorizing toxigenic fungal VOCs as mycotoxins, uses genomic data to expand on the definition of mycotoxin, and summarizes some of the linguistic and other conventions that can create barriers to communication between the scientists who study VOCs and those who study toxins. We propose that "volatoxin" might be a useful term to describe biogenic volatile compounds with toxigenic properties.
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Bennett JW. Silver linings: a personal memoir about Hurricane Katrina and fungal volatiles. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:206. [PMID: 25852666 PMCID: PMC4364291 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the levees protecting New Orleans, Louisiana failed. Because approximately 80% of the city was under sea level, widespread flooding ensued. As a resident of New Orleans who had evacuated before the storm and a life-long researcher on filamentous fungi, I had known what to expect. After the hurricane I traveled home with a suitcase full of Petri dishes and sampling equipment so as to study the fungi that were "eating my house." Not only were surfaces covered with fungal growth, the air itself was full of concentrated mold odor, a smell that was orders of magnitude more funky than any damp, musty basement I had ever encountered. The smell made me feel bad and I had to take regular breaks as I sampled. Being a mycotoxin expert, I knew a fair amount about "sick building syndrome" but believed that it was difficult to get enough respiratory exposure to toxins to cause the array of symptoms associated with the syndrome. So why was I feeling sick? Some Scandinavian experts had hypothesized that mold volatile organic compounds (VOCs) might be the fungal metabolites to blame for sick building syndrome and the time in my smelly, mold infested home made me think they might be right. After securing a new job and establishing a new laboratory, I endeavored to test the hypothesis that some volatile mold metabolites might be toxic. My laboratory at Rutgers University has interrogated the role of VOCs in possible interkingdom toxicity by developing controlled microcosms for exposing simple genetic model organisms to the vapor phase of growing fungi. Both Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster exhibit a range of toxic symptoms that vary with the species of fungus, the duration of exposure, and other experimental parameters. Moreover, low concentrations of chemical standards of individual fungal VOCs such as 1-octen-3-ol also exhibit varying toxicity and cause neurotoxicity in a Drosophila model. Collectively, these data suggest that fungal VOCs may contribute to some of the adverse health effects reported by people exposed to damp indoor environments and that biogenic gas phase molecules deserve increased attention by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan W. Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Plant Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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15
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Pennerman KK, Yin G, Bennett JW. Health effects of small volatile compounds from East asian medicinal mushrooms. MYCOBIOLOGY 2015; 43:9-13. [PMID: 25892909 PMCID: PMC4397387 DOI: 10.5941/myco.2015.43.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal fungi, taken whole or as various forms of extracts, have been used to alleviate, cure or prevent human ailments since pre-historic times. In particular, Asian cultures have incorporated a variety of mushrooms into their medical practices. Chemically pure, bioactive metabolites from fungi have been a mainstay of modern pharmacological research and in addition to antibiotics, include anticancer agents, immunosuppressants, enzyme inhibitors, antagonist and agonists of hormones, and a variety of psychotropic substances. However, to date not many studies have focused on the possible health benefits of odorant volatile organic compounds (i.e., gas phase compounds). An analysis of these compounds for their health related effects will expand the range of compounds available for the treatment of chronic and acute diseases. This review highlights phenolic acids and monoterpenes from Asian medicinal mushrooms (AMMs), which not only produce pleasant odors but also have antioxidant and antibacterial effects. Odorant bioactive volatile phase compounds from medicinal mushrooms remain an essentially untapped source for future medicines, and AMMs remain a promising resource for future pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla K Pennerman
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Guohua Yin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Joan Wennstrom Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Khatib S, Finberg J, Artoul F, Lavner Y, Mahmood S, Tisch U, Haick H, Aluf Y, Vaya J. Analysis of volatile organic compounds in rats with dopaminergic lesion: Possible application for early detection of Parkinson’s disease. Neurochem Int 2014; 76:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Inamdar AA, Bennett JW. A common fungal volatile organic compound induces a nitric oxide mediated inflammatory response in Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3833. [PMID: 24509902 PMCID: PMC3918926 DOI: 10.1038/srep03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a Drosophila model, we previously demonstrated truncated life span and neurotoxicity with exposure to 1-octen-3-ol, the volatile organic compound (VOC) responsible for much of the musty odor found in mold-contaminated indoor spaces. In this report, using biochemical and immunological assays, we show that exposure to 0.5 ppm 1-octen-3-ol induces a nitric oxide (NO) mediated inflammatory response in hemocytes, Drosophila innate immune cells. Moreover, exposed Drosophila brains show increased peroxynitrite expression. An increase in nitrite levels is observed with toluene and 1-octen-3-ol but not with 1-butanol. Pharmacological inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) namely, L-NAME, D-NAME and minocycline, and NOS mutants show improvements of life span among 1-octen-3-ol exposed flies. Exposure to 1-octen-3-ol also induces NOS expression in larval tracheal tissues and remodels tracheal epithelial lining. These findings suggest a possible mechanistic basis for some of the reported adverse health effects attributed to mold exposure and demonstrates the utility of this in vivo Drosophila model to complement existing model systems for understanding the role of inflammation in VOC-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arati A Inamdar
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
| | - Joan W Bennett
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901
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