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Elford JD, Becht N, Garssen J, Kraneveld AD, Perez-Pardo P. Buty and the beast: the complex role of butyrate in Parkinson's disease. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1388401. [PMID: 38694925 PMCID: PMC11061429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1388401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease which is often associated with gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction. The GI tract is home to a wide range of microorganisms, among which bacteria, that can influence the host through various mechanisms. Products produced by these bacteria can act in the gut but can also exert effects in the brain via what is now well established to be the microbiota-gut-brain axis. In those with PD the gut-bacteria composition is often found to be different to that of non-PD individuals. In addition to compositional changes, the metabolic activity of the gut-microbiota is also changed in PD. Specifically, it is often reported that key producers of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as well as the concentration of SCFAs themselves are altered in the stool and blood of those with PD. These SCFAs, among which butyrate, are essential nutrients for the host and are a major energy source for epithelial cells of the GI tract. Additionally, butyrate plays a key role in regulating various host responses particularly in relation to inflammation. Studies have demonstrated that a reduction in butyrate levels can have a critical role in the onset and progression of PD. Furthermore, it has been shown that restoring butyrate levels in those with PD through methods such as probiotics, prebiotics, sodium butyrate supplementation, and fecal transplantation can have a beneficial effect on both motor and non-motor outcomes of the disease. This review presents an overview of evidence for the altered gut-bacteria composition and corresponding metabolite production in those with PD, with a particular focus on the SCFA butyrate. In addition to presenting current studies regarding SCFA in clinical and preclinical reports, evidence for the possibility to target butyrate production using microbiome based approaches in a therapeutic context is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Elford
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nanette Becht
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aletta D. Kraneveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paula Perez-Pardo
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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2
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Duan WX, Wang F, Liu JY, Liu CF. Relationship Between Short-chain Fatty Acids and Parkinson's Disease: A Review from Pathology to Clinic. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:500-516. [PMID: 37755674 PMCID: PMC11003953 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease, characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and neurites, and massive loss of midbrain dopamine neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota and microbial metabolites are involved in the development of PD. Among these, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), the most abundant microbial metabolites, have been proven to play a key role in brain-gut communication. In this review, we analyze the role of SCFAs in the pathology of PD from multiple dimensions and summarize the alterations of SCFAs in PD patients as well as their correlation with motor and non-motor symptoms. Future research should focus on further elucidating the role of SCFAs in neuroinflammation, as well as developing novel strategies employing SCFAs and their derivatives to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Duan
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun-Yi Liu
- Department of Neurology, Dushu Lake Hospital affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, 215125, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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3
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Soares ÉN, Costa ACDS, Ferrolho GDJ, Ureshino RP, Getachew B, Costa SL, da Silva VDA, Tizabi Y. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2024; 13:474. [PMID: 38534318 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that also includes non-motor symptoms such as mood dysregulation. Dopamine (DA) is the primary neurotransmitter involved in this disease, but cholinergic imbalance has also been implicated. Current intervention in PD is focused on replenishing central DA, which provides remarkable temporary symptomatic relief but does not address neuronal loss and the progression of the disease. It has been well established that neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChRs) can regulate DA release and that nicotine itself may have neuroprotective effects. Recent studies identified nAChRs in nonneuronal cell types, including glial cells, where they may regulate inflammatory responses. Given the crucial role of neuroinflammation in dopaminergic degeneration and the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in this response, glial nAChRs may provide a novel therapeutic target in the prevention and/or treatment of PD. In this review, following a brief discussion of PD, we focus on the role of glial cells and, specifically, their nAChRs in PD pathology and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Novaes Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Dos Santos Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Jesus Ferrolho
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Portes Ureshino
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema 09961-400, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cell Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-902, BA, Brazil
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA
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Carvalho FV, Landis HE, Getachew B, Silva VDA, Ribeiro PR, Aschner M, Tizabi Y. Iron toxicity, ferroptosis and microbiota in Parkinson's disease: Implications for novel targets. ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2024; 11:105-132. [PMID: 38770370 PMCID: PMC11105119 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Iron (Fe)-dependent programmed cell death known as ferroptosis, plays a crucial role in the etiology and progression of PD. Since SNpc is particularly vulnerable to Fe toxicity, a central role for ferroptosis in the etiology and progression of PD is envisioned. Ferroptosis, characterized by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxides, is tightly regulated by a variety of intracellular metabolic processes. Moreover, the recently characterized bi-directional interactions between ferroptosis and the gut microbiota, not only provides another window into the mechanistic underpinnings of PD but could also suggest novel interventions in this devastating disease. Here, following a brief discussion of PD, we focus on how our expanding knowledge of Fe-induced ferroptosis and its interaction with the gut microbiota may contribute to the pathophysiology of PD and how this knowledge may be exploited to provide novel interventions in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harold E. Landis
- Integrative Medicine Fellow, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Paulo R. Ribeiro
- Metabolomics Research Group, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia, Brazil
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S, Zhou JR. Gut microbiota defined epigenomes of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases reveal novel targets for therapy. Epigenomics 2024; 16:57-77. [PMID: 38088063 PMCID: PMC10804213 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The origins of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, neurotoxin exposure and gut microbiota dysregulation. The gut microbiota's dynamic composition and its metabolites influence intestinal and blood-brain barrier integrity, contributing to AD and PD development. This review explores protein misfolding, aggregation and epigenetic links in AD and PD pathogenesis. It also highlights the role of a leaky gut and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in promoting these diseases through inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations. In addition, we investigate the potential of diet, probiotics and microbiota transplantation for preventing and treating AD and PD via epigenetic modifications, along with a discussion related to current challenges and future considerations. These approaches offer promise for translating research findings into practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
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6
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Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Aschner M. Butyrate Protects and Synergizes with Nicotine against Iron- and Manganese-induced Toxicities in Cell Culture. Neurotox Res 2023; 42:3. [PMID: 38095760 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Toxic exposures to heavy metals, such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), can result in long-range neurological diseases and are therefore of significant environmental and medical concerns. We have previously reported that damage to neuroblastoma-derived dopaminergic cells (SH-SY5Y) by both Fe and Mn could be prevented by pre-treatment with nicotine. Moreover, butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) provided protection against salsolinol, a selective dopaminergic toxin, in the same cell line. Here, we broadened the investigation to determine whether butyrate might also protect against Fe and/or Mn, and whether, if combined with nicotine, an additive or synergistic effect might be observed. Both butyrate and nicotine concentration-dependently blocked Fe and Mn toxicities. Ineffective concentrations of nicotine and butyrate, when combined, provided full protection against both Fe and Mn. Moreover, the effects of nicotine but not butyrate could be blocked by mecamylamine, a non-selective nicotinic antagonist. On the other hand, the effects of butyrate, but not nicotine, could be blocked by beta-hydroxy butyrate, a fatty acid-3 receptor antagonist. These results not only provide further support for neuroprotective effects of both nicotine and butyrate but also indicate distinct mechanisms of action for each one. Furthermore, potential utility of butyrate and nicotine combination against heavy metal toxicities is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
| | - Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Tizabi Y, Getachew B, Aschner M. Butyrate protects and synergizes with nicotine against iron- and manganese-induced toxicities in cell culture: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3389904. [PMID: 37886507 PMCID: PMC10602090 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3389904/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Toxic exposures to heavy metals, such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn), can result in long-range neurological diseases and are therefore of significant environmental and medical concerns. We have previously reported that damage to neuroblastoma-derived dopaminergic cells (SH-SY5Y) by both Fe and Mn could be prevented by pre-treatment with nicotine. Moreover, butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) provided protection against salsolinol, a selective dopaminergic toxin, in the same cell line. Here, we broadened the investigation to determine whether butyrate might also protect against Fe and/or Mn, and whether, if combined with nicotine, an additive or synergistic effect might be observed. Both butyrate and nicotine concentration-dependently blocked Fe and Mn toxicities. The ineffective concentrations of nicotine and butyrate, when combined, provided full protection against both Fe and Mn. Moreover, the effects of nicotine but not butyrate could be blocked by mecamylamine, a non-selective nicotinic antagonist. On the other hand, the effects of butyrate, but not nicotine, could be blocked by beta-hydroxy butyrate, a fatty acid-3 receptor antagonist. These results not only provide further support for neuroprotective effects of both nicotine and butyrate but indicate distinct mechanisms of action for each one. Furthermore, potential utility of the combination of butyrate and nicotine against heavy metal toxicities is suggested.
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8
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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Parra I, Martínez I, Vásquez-Celaya L, Gongora-Alfaro JL, Tizabi Y, Mendieta L. Neuroprotective and Immunomodulatory Effects of Probiotics in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:187-200. [PMID: 36662412 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00627-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It is now well recognized that a bidirectional relationship between gut microbiota and the brain, referred to as the gut-brain axis, plays a prominent role in maintaining homeostasis and that a disruption in this axis can result in neuroinflammatory response and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The protective action of probiotics such as Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in various animal models of PD has been reported. Therefore, in this study, we used an inflammatory model of PD to assess the effects of a combination of these two probiotics (Microbiot®) on motor behavior as well as on the response of microglia, including microglia morphology, to gain a better understanding of their mechanism of action. Microbiot® (300 µL) was administered orally once daily for 15 days in a lipopolysaccharide-induced PD model using male Wistar rats. Although LPS-induced motor asymmetry in cylinder test was not affected by Microbiot®, impairment of motor coordination in the narrow-beam test was significantly reduced by this probiotic. Moreover, Microbiot® treatment reduced microglial activation suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect. While further mechanistic investigation of Microbiot® in neurodegenerative diseases is warranted, our results support the potential utility of probiotics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Parra
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Claudio CU, 14 Sur Y AvCol. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Isabel Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Claudio CU, 14 Sur Y AvCol. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Lizbeth Vásquez-Celaya
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr, Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jose L Gongora-Alfaro
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr, Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Liliana Mendieta
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, San Claudio CU, 14 Sur Y AvCol. San Manuel, 72570, Puebla, Mexico.
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10
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Copeland RL, Manaye KF, Tizabi Y. Dihydromyricetin Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in Dopaminergic Cell Line: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:141-148. [PMID: 36585544 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although aging is the primary cause, environmental and genetic factors have also been implicated in its etiology. In fact, the sporadic nature of PD (i.e., unknown etiology) renders the uncovering of the exact pathogenic mechanism(s) or development of effective pharmacotherapies challenging. In search of novel neuroprotectants, we showed that butyrate (BUT), a short-chain fatty acid, protects against salsolinol (SALS)-induced toxicity in human neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells, which are considered an in-vitro model of PD. Dihydromyricetin (DHM), a flavonoid derived from Asian medicinal plant, has also shown effectiveness against oxidative damage and neuroinflammation, hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we show that pretreatment of SH-SY5Y cells with DHM concentration-dependently prevented SALS-induced toxicity and that a combination of DHM and BUT resulted in a synergistic protection. The effects of both DHM and BUT in turn could be completely blocked by flumazenil (FLU), a GABAA antagonist acting at benzodiazepine receptor site, and by bicuculline (BIC), a GABAA antagonist acting at orthosteric site. Beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), a free fatty acid 3 (FA3) receptor antagonist, also fully blocked the protective effect of DHM. BHB was shown previously to only partially block the protective effect of BUT. Thus, there are some overlaps and some distinct differences in protective mechanisms of DHM and BUT against SALS-induced toxicity. It is suggested that a combination of DHM and BUT may have therapeutic potential in PD. However, further in-vivo verifications are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, Washington, NWDC, 20059, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, Washington, NWDC, 20059, USA
| | - Kebreten F Manaye
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street, Washington, NWDC, 20059, USA.
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Berberine-Based Carbon Quantum Dots Improve Intestinal Barrier Injury and Alleviate Oxidative Stress in C57BL/6 Mice with 5-Fluorouracil-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Enhancing Gut-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids Contents. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052148. [PMID: 36903391 PMCID: PMC10004514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effect of berberine-based carbon quantum dots (Ber-CDs) on improving 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis in C57BL/6 mice, and explored the mechanisms behind this effect. Thirty-two C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: normal control (NC), 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis model (5-FU), 5-FU + Ber-CDs intervention (Ber-CDs), and 5-FU + native berberine intervention (Con-CDs). The Ber-CDs improved body weight loss in 5-FU-induced mice with intestinal mucositis compared to the 5-FU group. The expressions of IL-1β and NLRP3 in spleen and serum in Ber-CDs and Con-Ber groups were significantly lower than those in the 5-FU group, and the decrease was more significant in the Ber-CDs group. The expressions of IgA and IL-10 in the Ber-CDs and Con-Ber groups were higher than those in the 5-FU group, but the up-regulation was more significant in the Ber-CDs group. Compared with the 5-FU group, the relative contents of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and the three main SCFAs in the colon contents were significantly increased the Ber-CDs and Con-Ber groups. Compared with the Con-Ber group, the concentrations of the three main short-chain fatty acids in the Ber-CDs group were significantly increased. The expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 in intestinal mucosa in the Ber-CDs and Con-Ber groups were higher than those in the 5-FU group, and the expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 in the Ber-CDs group were more higher than that in the Con-Ber group. In addition, compared with the 5-FU group, the damage of intestinal mucosa tissue in the Ber-CDs and Con-Ber groups were recovered. In conclusion, berberine can attenuate intestinal barrier injury and oxidative stress in mice to mitigate 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis, moreover, the above effects of Ber-CDs were more significant than those of native berberine. These results suggest that Ber-CDs may be a highly effective substitute for natural berberine.
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Li M, Zhang C, Xiao X, Zhu M, Quan W, Liu X, Zhang S, Liu Z. Theaflavins in Black Tea Mitigate Aging-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2356-2369. [PMID: 36718846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aging-associated cognitive dysfunction has a great influence on the lifespan and healthspan of the elderly. Theaflavins (TFs), a mixture of ingredients formed from enzymatic oxidation of catechins during the manufacture of tea, have a positive contribution to the qualities and antiaging activities of black tea. However, the role of TFs in mitigating aging-induced cognitive dysfunction and the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we find that TFs effectively improve behavioral impairment via the microbiota-gut-brain axis: TFs maintain gut homeostasis by improving antioxidant ability, strengthening the immune response, increasing the expression of tight junction proteins, restructuring the gut microbiota, and altering core microbiota metabolites, i.e., short-chain fatty acids and essential amino acids (SCFAs and AAs), and upregulating brain neurotrophic factors. Removing the gut microbiota with antibiotics partly abolishes the neuroprotective effects of TFs. Besides, correlation analysis indicates that the decrease in gut microbiota, such as Bacteroidetes and Lachnospiraceae, and the increase in microbiota metabolites' levels are positively correlated with behavioral improvements. Taken together, our findings reveal a potential role of TFs in mitigating aging-driven cognitive dysfunction via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The intake of TFs can be translated into a novel dietary intervention approach against aging-induced cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiquan Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Can Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xing Xiao
- Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wei Quan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xia Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Science and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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13
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Aggregation of alpha-synuclein in enteric neurons does not impact function in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22211. [PMID: 36564445 PMCID: PMC9789045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence implicates a gut-first pathogenesis in the enteric nervous system (ENS) within a portion of PD patients, yet in vitro investigations have primarily focused on the central nervous system. Here, the preformed fibril (PFF) PD model is applied with co-administered groups of butyrate and lipopolysaccharide to model the effects of the local gut microbiome. Significant PFF uptake and retention occur in isolated rat enteric neurons compared to untreated controls resulting in increasing immunostained aggregate conformation-specific, alpha-synuclein (a-Syn) average intensity between 6 µg PFF and untreated controls. Cortical neurons significantly retain PFFs with an increase in aggregated a-Syn average intensity within all dosages. Differences in growth cone morphology but not dynamics in PFF-treated ENS cultures occur. Electrophysiological recordings via a microelectrode array (MEA) indicate no overall difference in spontaneous spike rate. However, only untreated controls respond to PD-relevant dopamine stimulus, while 1 µg PFF and control populations respond to stimulus with ENS-abundant acetylcholine. Finally, no differences in substance P levels-correlated with PD and neurodegeneration-are observed. Overall, these findings suggest the ENS retains PFF dosage absent acute loss in function, however, does experience changes in growth cone morphology and dopamine-stimulated activity.
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14
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Zhang Y, Liu K, Li Y, Ma Y, Wang Y, Fan Z, Li Y, Qi J. D-beta-hydroxybutyrate protects against microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice and BV-2 cells. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 38:1115-1126. [PMID: 36543978 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation is a key event in neuroinflammation, which, in turn, is a central process in neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) against microglial activation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice and BV-2 cells. The effects of BHB in mice were assessed using behavioral testing, morphological analysis and immunofluorescence labeling for the microglial marker ionizing calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) and the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus. Moreover, we examined the levels of the inflammatory IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as those of the neuroprotective brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the brain. In addition, we examined the effects of BHB on IL-6, TNF-α, BDNF, TGF-β, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and cell viability in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. BHB treatments attenuated behavioral abnormalities, reduced the number of IBA-1-positive cells and the intensity of IL-6 fluorescence in the hippocampus, with amelioration of microglia morphological changes in the LPS-treated mice. Furthermore, BHB inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α generation, but promoted BDNF and TGF-β production in the brain of LPS-treated mice. In vitro, BHB inhibited IL-6 and TNF-α generation, increased BDNF and TGF-β production, reduced ROS level, ameliorated morphological changes and elevated cell viability of LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Together, our findings suggest that BHB exerts protective effects against microglial activation in vitro and in vivo, thereby reducing neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zihan Fan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanning Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Science, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinsheng Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hebei Medical University, No. 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Chan DG, Ventura K, Villeneuve A, Du Bois P, Holahan MR. Exploring the Connection Between the Gut Microbiome and Parkinson's Disease Symptom Progression and Pathology: Implications for Supplementary Treatment Options. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:2339-2352. [PMID: 36278360 PMCID: PMC9837702 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the microbiota to induce gastrointestinal inflammation is hypothesized to be a key component of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in the pathological progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). The function of the GI tract is governed by a system of neurons that form part of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The ENS hosts 100-500 million nerve cells within two thin layers lining the GI tract. The gut-brain axis (GBA) is the major communication pathway between the ENS and the central nervous system. It has become increasingly clear that the microbiota in the gut are key regulators of GBA function and help to maintain homeostasis in the immune and endocrine systems. The GBA may act as a possible etiological launching pad for the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD, because of an imbalance in the gut microbiota. PD is a multi-faceted illness with multiple biological, immunological, and environmental factors contributing to its pathological progression. Interestingly, individuals with PD have an altered gut microbiota compared to healthy individuals. However, there is a lack of literature describing the relationship between microbiota composition in the gut and symptom progression in PD patients. This review article examines how the pathology and symptomology of PD may originate from dysregulated signaling in the ENS. We then discuss by targeting the imbalance within the gut microbiota such as prebiotics and probiotics, some of the prodromal symptoms might be alleviated, possibly curtailing the pathological spread of aSyn and ensuing debilitating motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis G. Chan
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Correspondence to: Dennis G. Chan, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada. E-mail:
| | - Katelyn Ventura
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ally Villeneuve
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Du Bois
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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16
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Wang Y, Wu S, Li Q, Lang W, Li W, Jiang X, Wan Z, Sun H, Wang H. Salsolinol Induces Parkinson's Disease Through Activating NLRP3-Dependent Pyroptosis and the Neuroprotective Effect of Acteoside. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1948-1962. [PMID: 36454451 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous neurotoxin 1-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroiso-quinoline (Salsolinol, SAL) is a dopamine metabolite that is toxic to dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo, and is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the molecular mechanism by which SAL induces neurotoxicity in PD remains challenging for future investigations. This study found that SAL induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells and mice. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to detect differentially expressed genes in SAL-treated SH-SY5Y cells. We found that NLR family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-dependent pyroptosis was enriched by SAL, which was validated by in vitro and in vivo SAL models. Further, NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes (ASC, NLRP3, active caspase 1, IL-1β, and IL-18) were increased at the mRNA and protein level. Acteoside mitigates SAL-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-related pyroptosis in in vitro and in vivo PD models. In summary, the present study suggests for the first time that NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis plays a role in the pathogenesis of SAL-induced PD, and acteoside mitigates SAL-induced pyroptosis-dependent neurotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo PD models. The present results demonstrated a new mechanism whereby SAL mediates neurotoxicity by activating NLRP3-dependent pyroptosis, further highlighting SAL-induced pyroptosis-dependent neurotoxicity as a potential therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Weihong Lang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chifeng University, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Chifeng University Health Science Center, Chifeng, 024005, China
| | - Zhirong Wan
- Department of Neurology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Chifeng University Health Science Center, Chifeng, 024000, China.
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, 300060, China.
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17
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Abstract
The gut microbiome is a contributory factor in ageing-related health loss and in several non-communicable diseases in all age groups. Some age-linked and disease-linked compositional and functional changes overlap, while others are distinct. In this Review, we explore targeted studies of the gut microbiome of older individuals and general cohort studies across geographically distinct populations. We also address the promise of the targeted restoration of microorganisms associated with healthier ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarini Shankar Ghosh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fergus Shanahan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Medicine, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
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18
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Histone Deacetylases as Epigenetic Targets for Treating Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050672. [PMID: 35625059 PMCID: PMC9140162 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that is increasingly becoming a global threat to the health and life of the elderly worldwide. Although there are some drugs clinically available for treating PD, these treatments can only alleviate the symptoms of PD patients but cannot completely cure the disease. Therefore, exploring other potential mechanisms to develop more effective treatments that can modify the course of PD is still highly desirable. Over the last two decades, histone deacetylases, as an important group of epigenetic targets, have attracted much attention in drug discovery. This review focused on the current knowledge about histone deacetylases involved in PD pathophysiology and their inhibitors used in PD studies. Further perspectives related to small molecules that can inhibit or degrade histone deacetylases to treat PD were also discussed.
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19
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Tizabi Y. Dihydromyricetin Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cell Line: Role of GABA A Receptor. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:892-899. [PMID: 35386023 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00503-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity induced by binge alcohol drinking, particularly in adolescent and young adults, is of major medical and social consequence. Recently, we reported that butyrate, a short chain fatty acid, can protect against ethanol (ETOH)-induced toxicity in an in vitro model. In this study, we sought to evaluate the potential effectiveness of dihydromyricetin (DHM), a natural bioactive flavonoid, alone or in combination with butyrate in the same model. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to 500 mM ETOH resulted in approximately 40% reduction in cell viability, which was completely prevented by 0.1 μM DHM. Combinations of DHM and butyrate provided synergistic protection against alcohol toxicity. Whereas butyrate effect was shown to be mediated primarily through fatty acid receptor 3 activation, DHM protection appears to be mediated primarily via benzodiazepine receptor site of GABAA receptor. This is based on the finding that DHM's effect could be completely prevented by pretreatment with flumazenil, a selective antagonist at this site, but not by bicuculline, a selective antagonist at the actual GABAA receptor binding site. These findings suggest potential utility of DHM alone or in combination with butyrate against ETOH-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, USA.
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20
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Carving the senescent phenotype by the chemical reactivity of catecholamines: An integrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101570. [PMID: 35051644 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules damaged by covalent modifications produced by chemically reactive metabolites accumulate in the slowly renewable components of living bodies and compromise their functions. Among such metabolites, catecholamines (CA) are unique, compared with the ubiquitous oxygen, ROS, glucose and methylglyoxal, in that their high chemical reactivity is confined to a limited set of cell types, including the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurons and their direct targets, which suffer from CA propensities for autoxidation yielding toxic quinones, and for Pictet-Spengler reactions with carbonyl-containing compounds, which yield mitochondrial toxins. The functions progressively compromised because of that include motor performance, cognition, reward-driven behaviors, emotional tuning, and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. The phenotypic manifestations of the resulting disorders culminate in such conditions as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, hypertension, sarcopenia, and menopause. The reasons to suspect that CA play some special role in aging accumulated since early 1970-ies. Published reviews address the role of CA hazardousness in the development of specific aging-associated diseases. The present integrative review explores how the bizarre discrepancy between CA hazardousness and biological importance could have emerged in evolution, how much does the chemical reactivity of CA contribute to the senescent phenotype in mammals, and what can be done with it.
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21
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Hamamah S, Aghazarian A, Nazaryan A, Hajnal A, Covasa M. Role of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Dopaminergic Signaling. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020436. [PMID: 35203645 PMCID: PMC8962300 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and motivation. Optimal dopamine bioavailability is essential for normal brain functioning and protection against the development of neurological diseases. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbiota have significant roles in maintaining adequate concentrations of dopamine via intricate, bidirectional communication known as the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The vagus nerve, immune system, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, and microbial metabolites serve as important mediators of the reciprocal microbiota-gut-brain signaling. Furthermore, gut microbiota contain intrinsic enzymatic activity that is highly involved in dopamine metabolism, facilitating dopamine synthesis as well as its metabolite breakdown. This review examines the relationship between key genera of gut microbiota such as Prevotella, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Enterococcus, and Ruminococcus and their effects on dopamine. The effects of gut dysbiosis on dopamine bioavailability and the subsequent impact on dopamine-related pathological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease are also discussed. Understanding the role of gut microbiota in modulating dopamine activity and bioavailability both in the periphery and in the central nervous system can help identify new therapeutic targets as well as optimize available methods to prevent, delay, or restore dopaminergic deficits in neurologic and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevag Hamamah
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Armin Aghazarian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Anthony Nazaryan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
| | - Mihai Covasa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; (S.H.); (A.A.); (A.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Biological Science, University of Suceava, 7200229 Suceava, Romania
- Correspondence:
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22
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Garden AR, Copeland RL, Tizabi Y. Sodium Butyrate Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cell Line. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:2186-2193. [PMID: 34554410 PMCID: PMC8459139 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD), brought about by excessive alcohol use, is associated with damages to several organs including the brain. Chronic excessive use of alcohol can compromise intestinal integrity, leading to changes in gut microbiota (GM) composition known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis, by disruption of the gut-brain axis (GBA), further exacerbates the deleterious effects of alcohol. One of the fermentation by-products of GM is butyrate (BUT), a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the GBA. Alcohol metabolism results in formation of acetaldehyde, a highly reactive compound that reacts with dopamine in the brain to form toxic adducts such as salsolinol. Recent studies indicate potential neuro-protective effects of BUT against various toxicants including salsolinol. Here, we sought to investigate whether BUT can also protect against alcohol toxicity. Pretreatment of neuroblastoma-derived SH-SY5Y cells with 500 mM ethanol (ETOH) for 24 h resulted in approximately 40% reduction in cell viability, which was totally blocked by 10 µM of either BUT or AR 420,626 (AR), a selective fatty acid 3 receptor (FA3R) agonist. The neuro-protective effects of both BUT and AR were significantly (80%) attenuated by beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), a selective FA3R antagonist. Interestingly, combination of BUT and AR resulted in synergistic protection against ETOH, which was totally blocked by BHB. These findings suggest potential utility of butyrate and/or FA3R agonists against ETOH-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allison R Garden
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W Street NW, Washington, DC, 20059, USA.
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23
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Kenna JE, Chua EG, Bakeberg M, Tay A, McGregor S, Gorecki A, Horne M, Marshall B, Mastaglia FL, Anderton RS. Changes in the Gut Microbiome and Predicted Functional Metabolic Effects in an Australian Parkinson's Disease Cohort. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756951. [PMID: 34776854 PMCID: PMC8588830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There has been increasing recognition of the importance of the gut microbiome in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the influence of geographic location has received little attention. The present study characterized the gut microbiota and associated changes in host metabolic pathways in an Australian cohort of people with PD (PwP). Methods: The study involved recruitment and assessment of 87 PwP from multiple Movement Disorders Clinics in Australia and 47 healthy controls. Illumina sequencing of the V3 and V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used to distinguish inter-cohort differences in gut microbiota; KEGG analysis was subsequently performed to predict functional changes in host metabolic pathways. Results: The current findings identified significant differences in relative abundance and diversity of microbial operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and specific bacterial taxa between PwP and control groups. Alpha diversity was significantly reduced in PwP when compared to controls. Differences were found in two phyla (Synergistetes and Proteobacteria; both increased in PwP), and five genera (Colidextribacter, Intestinibacter, Kineothrix, Agathobaculum, and Roseburia; all decreased in PwP). Within the PD cohort, there was no association identified between microbial composition and gender, constipation or use of gastrointestinal medication. Furthermore, KEGG analysis identified 15 upregulated and 11 downregulated metabolic pathways which were predicted to be significantly altered in PwP. Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of the gut microbiome and predicted functional metabolic effects in a southern hemisphere PD population, further exploring the possible mechanisms whereby the gut microbiota may exert their influence on this disease, and providing evidence for the incorporation of such data in future individualized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade E Kenna
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Megan Bakeberg
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Alfred Tay
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Sarah McGregor
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Anastazja Gorecki
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Malcolm Horne
- Centre for Clinical Neurosciences and Neurological Research, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Barry Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Frank L Mastaglia
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Ryan S Anderton
- Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.,Institute for Health Research, University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,School of Nursing, Midwifery, Health Sciences and Physiotherapy, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia
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24
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Mai R, Cao Y, Yu H, Zheng Y, Huang J. Protective Effect of Butylphthalide on Neuronal Apoptosis in Parkinson Rats and Its Effect on miR-146a-5p Expression and Phosphatidylinositide 3-Kinases/Protein Kinase B Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
80 male Wistar rats were stochastically assigned to Sham + Vehicle group, Sham + BUT group, PD + Vehicle group and PD + BUT group. Rotenone PD model rats were prepared by subcutaneous injection of rotenone sunflower oil emulsion 2 mg/(kg · d) for 5 consecutive weeks. Butylphthalide
80 mg/(kg · d) were given to the rats in Sham + BUT group and PD + BUT group by gavage from the first day of rotenone injection for 5 weeks. Subsequently, the motor retardation ability and the morphological changes of the substantia nigra (SN) of each group were evaluated. Meanwhile,
the levels of neuronal injury, apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in each group of rats were assayed. The impact of BUT treatment on miR-146a-5p expression and PI3K/AKT signal pathway in rat brain tissue was assayed. Finally, by constructing a PD cell model of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine
(6-OHDA)-treated human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y, the in vitro anti-PD pharmacological effect of BUT was further verified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkang Mai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Baoan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518101, China
| | - Yiyao Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Baoan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518101, China
| | - Huitian Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Baoan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518101, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Baoan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518101, China
| | - Juke Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Baoan District People’s Hospital, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, 518101, China
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25
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Parkinson's disease and the gut: Models of an emerging relationship. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:325-344. [PMID: 33857691 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of fine motor function that impacts 1-2 out of 1,000 people. PD occurs predominately late in life and lacks a definitive biomarker for early detection. Recent cross-disciplinary progress has implicated the gut as a potential origin of PD pathogenesis. The gut-origin hypothesis has motivated research on gut PD pathology and transmission to the brain, especially during the prodromal stage (10-20 years before motor symptom onset). Early findings have revealed several possible triggers for Lewy pathology - the pathological hallmark of PD - in the gut, suggesting that microbiome and epithelial interactions may play a greater than appreciated role. But the mechanisms driving Lewy pathology and gut-brain transmission in PD remain unknown. Development of artificial α-Synuclein aggregates (α-Syn preformed fibrils) and animal disease models have recapitulated features of PD progression, enabling for the first time, controlled investigation of the gut-origin hypothesis. However, the role of specific cells in PD transmission, such as neurons, remains limited and requires in vitro models for controlled evaluation and perturbation. Human cell populations, three-dimensional organoids, and microfluidics as discovery platforms inch us closer to improving existing treatment for patients by providing platforms for discovery and screening. This review includes a discussion of PD pathology, conventional treatments, in vivo and in vitro models, and future directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Parkinson's Disease remains a common neurodegenerative disease with palliative versus causal treatments. Recently, the gut-origin hypothesis, where Parkinson's disease is thought to originate and spread from the gut to the brain, has gained traction as a field of investigation. However, despite the wealth of studies and innovative approaches to accelerate the field, there remains a need for in vitro tools to enable fundamental biological understanding of disease progression, and compound screening and efficacy. In this review, we present a historical perspective of Parkinson's Disease pathogenesis, detection, and conventional therapy, animal and human models investigating the gut-origin hypothesis, in vitro models to enable controlled discovery, and future outlooks for this blossoming field.
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Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1381-1390. [PMID: 34003454 PMCID: PMC8129607 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related progressive neurodegenerative condition, is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which results in motor deficits characterized by the following: akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability, as well as nonmotor symptoms such as emotional changes, particularly depression, cognitive impairment, gastrointestinal, and autonomic dysfunction. The most common treatment for PD is focused on dopamine (DA) replacement (e.g., levodopa = L-Dopa), which unfortunately losses its efficacy over months or years and can induce severe dyskinesia. Hence, more efficacious interventions without such adverse effects are urgently needed. In this review, following a general description of PD, potential novel therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease are examined. Specifically, the focus is on nicotine and nicotinic cholinergic system, as well as butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fatty acid receptors.
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Neuroprotective Effect of 3-[(4-Chlorophenyl)selanyl]-1-methyl-1H-indole on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in SH-SY5Y Cells. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:535-549. [PMID: 33548035 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensive data have reported the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, prompting the pursuit of antioxidant molecules that could become adjuvant pharmacological agents for the management of oxidative stress-associated disorders. The 3-[(4-chlorophenyl)selanyl]-1-methyl-1H-indole (CMI) has been reported as an antioxidant and immunomodulatory compound that improves depression-like behavior and cognitive impairment in mice. However, the exact effect of CMI on specific brain cells is yet to be studied. In this context, the present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of CMI in H2O2-induced oxidative stress on human dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and to shed some light into its possible mechanism of action. Our results demonstrated that the treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with 4 µM CMI protected them against H2O2 (343 μM)-induced oxidative stress. Specifically, CMI prevented the increased number of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-positive cells induced by H2O2 exposure. Furthermore, CMI treatment increased the levels of reduced glutathione in SH-SY5Y cells. Molecular docking studies demonstrated that CMI might interact with enzymes involved in glutathione metabolism (i.e., glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase) and H2O2 scavenging (i.e., catalase). In silico pharmacokinetics analysis predicted that CMI might be well absorbed, metabolized, and excreted, and able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Also, CMI was not considered toxic overall. Taken together, our results suggest that CMI protects dopaminergic neurons from H2O2-induced stress by lowering ROS levels and boosting the glutathione system. These results will facilitate the clinical application of CMI to treat nervous system diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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28
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Amelio I, Bertolo R, Bove P, Candi E, Chiocchi M, Cipriani C, Di Daniele N, Ganini C, Juhl H, Mauriello A, Marani C, Marshall J, Montanaro M, Palmieri G, Piacentini M, Sica G, Tesauro M, Rovella V, Tisone G, Shi Y, Wang Y, Melino G. Cancer predictive studies. Biol Direct 2020; 15:18. [PMID: 33054808 PMCID: PMC7557058 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-020-00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of individual or clusters of predictive genetic alterations might help in defining the outcome of cancer treatment, allowing for the stratification of patients into distinct cohorts for selective therapeutic protocols. Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extracranial childhood tumour, clinically defined in five distinct stages (1–4 & 4S), where stages 3–4 define chemotherapy-resistant, highly aggressive disease phases. NB is a model for geneticists and molecular biologists to classify genetic abnormalities and identify causative disease genes. Despite highly intensive basic research, improvements on clinical outcome have been predominantly observed for less aggressive cancers, that is stages 1,2 and 4S. Therefore, stages 3–4 NB are still complicated at the therapeutic level and require more intense fundamental research. Using neuroblastoma as a model system, here we herein outline how cancer prediction studies can help at steering preclinical and clinical research toward the identification and exploitation of specific genetic landscape. This might result in maximising the therapeutic success and minimizing harmful effects in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Amelio
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Bertolo
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Bove
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Chiocchi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Cipriani
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Ganini
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mauriello
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Marani
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,San Carlo di Nancy Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - John Marshall
- Medstar Georgetown University Hospital, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Manuela Montanaro
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Palmieri
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sica
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Rovella
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tisone
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Yufang Shi
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.,CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Gerry Melino
- Torvergata Oncoscience Research Centre of Excellence, TOR, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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