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Ramkumar A, Rajendran G, Mahalingam S, Elanjeran R, Gopalan M. Lactate as an early prognostic indicator in yellow phosphorus rodenticide-induced acute hepatic failure: a retrospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39132751 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2381594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute hepatic failure due to yellow phosphorus rodenticide ingestion is often lethal. This study aimed to analyze demographic characteristics and prognostic indicators, focusing on hyperlactataemia as a potential early indicator of mortality in patients poisoned with yellow phosphorus rodenticide. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective study of 96 patients poisoned with a yellow phosphorus-containing rodenticide (Ratol paste, which contains 3% yellow phosphorus). We examined demographic details, clinical symptoms, and biochemical markers to identify prognostic indicators. RESULTS Demographics were similar among survivors and non-survivors. Mortality (36.5%) correlated with a higher ingested dose and treatment delays, with a mean (±SD) of 5.26 ± 2.2 survival days among those who died. Symptoms, including gastrointestinal and neurological features, typically appeared 48 h after ingestion. Non-survivors developed increased aminotransferase activities (74.3%), prolonged prothrombin time (65.7%), and hyperbilirubinaemia (65.7%) during hospitalization, significantly more commonly compared to survivors (P < 0.0001). Hyperlactataemia (lactate concentration >2 mmol/L) was present in 97.1% of non-survivors, with increased serial lactate concentrations observed in 88.6%. The median (interquartile range) admission lactate concentration among non-survivors was 4.6 mmol/L (3.36-7.53 mmol/L), and their peak median (interquartile range) lactate concentration was 6.1 mmol/L (8.74-10.6 mmol/L). In non-survivors, an increased lactate concentration preceded increased aminotransferase activities and prolonged prothrombin time. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis confirmed that a 24 h lactate concentration ≥2.67 mmol/L predicted death with 94.3% sensitivity and 91.8% specificity. DISCUSSION The majority of patients who ingest yellow phosphorus remain asymptomatic initially and typically present to hospital following the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms, usually a day later. As progression to death occurs within a week of yellow phosphorus ingestion in most cases, determining prognosis as early as possible enables swift referral to a liver transplant centre. Based on our study, a 24 h lactate concentration ≥2.67 mmol/L appears to be an early prognostic indicator of death. In another study, a lactate concentration >5.8 mmol/L was found to be a poor prognostic indicator. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlactataemia on admission and increased serial lactate concentrations appear to be early poor prognostic signs in patients with yellow phosphorus-induced liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitha Ramkumar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Puducherry, India
| | - Gunaseelan Rajendran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Puducherry, India
| | - Sasikumar Mahalingam
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sri Lakshmi Narayana Institute of Medical Science, Medical College and Hospital, Puducherry, India
| | - Rajkumar Elanjeran
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aarupadai Veedu Medical College and Hospital, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (DU), Puducherry, India
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Krishnan SK, Ramakrishna SH, Malleeswaran S, Kasala MB, Patcha R, Gopal P, Varghese J, Mouleeswaran KS, Appusamy E, Reddy MS. Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Is a Safe and Effective Option for Yellow Phosphorus Toxin-induced Acute Liver Failure. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00825. [PMID: 39044318 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000005163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ingestion of yellow phosphorus-containing rodenticides (YPR) or firecrackers is an important cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in young adults and children, particularly in South and South-East Asia and South America. Emergency liver transplantation is indicated in cases refractory to intensive supportive therapy, including low-volume plasma exchange. There are no published reports on the feasibility of auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) for YPR-induced ALF. METHODS Clinical details of patients undergoing APOLT for YPR-induced ALF in 1 unit are reported. Details of postoperative follow-up, native remnant regeneration, and immunosuppression withdrawal are also reported. RESULTS Between January 2021 and December 2023, 3 patients (4 y, 1.5 y, and 26 y) underwent emergency living donor liver transplantation for YPR-induced ALF. All patients were refractory to supportive therapies, including therapeutic plasma exchange, and demonstrated progression of liver injury in the form of severe encephalopathy needing intubation, ventilation, and organ support. APOLT was considered because of their young age and minimal intraoperative inotropic requirement. All explants showed confluent parenchymal necrosis with microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis. Patients were initially maintained on standard immunosuppression. Good remnant regeneration was noted on follow-up imaging in all cases, enabling gradual withdrawal of immunosuppression. Currently, 1 child has been off immunosuppression for 15 mo and 2 others are on reduced doses of immunosuppression. All patients demonstrated good liver function. CONCLUSIONS APOLT procedure can be an appropriate transplant option in YPR-related ALF for children and young adults without severe hemodynamic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Kumar Krishnan
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | | | - Selvakumar Malleeswaran
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Mohan Babu Kasala
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Rajanikanth Patcha
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Prasanna Gopal
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Karattupalayam Sampath Mouleeswaran
- Department of Histopathology and Transplant Immunology, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Ellango Appusamy
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- Department of HPB and Liver Transplantation Surgery, Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Gleneagles Health City, Chennai, India
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Alexander V, Chellaiya GK, Gnanadeepam S, David VG, James E, Kandasamy S, Abhilash KPP, Varughese S, Nair SC, Kumar S, Bharadwaj PK, Akilesh S, Kumar SE, Daniel D, Jayaraman S, Zachariah U, Eapen CE, Goel A. On-treatment decline in MELD score predicts one-month transplant-free survival in rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients treated with low-volume plasma exchange. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-024-01585-3. [PMID: 39001974 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01585-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Plasma exchange (PLEX) improves survival in patients with rodenticidal hepatotoxicity. However, predictors of treatment response are unknown. We aimed at assessing predictors of response to PLEX treatment in these patients. METHODS Patients with rodenticidal hepatotoxicity from 2014 to 2023 managed in our department were included in this study. Kochi criteria (model for end-stage liver disease [MELD] score ≥ 36 or international normalized ratio [INR] ≥ 6 with hepatic encephalopathy [HE]) derived specifically for rodenticidal hepatotoxicity (PubMed IDentifier [PMID]: 26310868) were used to assess need for liver transplantation. We analyzed predictors of survival at one month. ∆Bilirubin, ∆MELD score and ∆INR were calculated as percentage change of the parameter after third PLEX session (or after last PLEX if < 3 PLEX sessions done) from baseline pre-PLEX value. RESULTS Of 200 patients with rodenticidal hepatotoxicity, 114 patients were treated with low-volume PLEX (PLEX-LV). No patient had liver transplantation. Of 78 patients who fulfilled Kochi criteria, 32 patients were PLEX-LV eligible and underwent PLEX-LV (M: 10; age: 20.5, 7-70 years; median, range; acute liver failure: 24). Twenty-two (69%; acute liver failure: 14) of the 32 patients were alive at one month. Presence of HE (p = 0.03) and ∆MELD (p < 0.001) were significant predictors on univariate analysis, while ∆MELD (aOR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.98, p = 0.01) was the only significant independent predictor of one-month transplant-free survival. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) for ∆MELD was 0.93 (95% CI:0.85-1.00) and a decrease of ≥ 20% in MELD score while on PLEX-LV had 90% sensitivity and 90% specificity in predicting one-month survival. CONCLUSIONS Decline in MELD while on PLEX-LV independently predicted one-month transplant-free survival in rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients. This may help guide decision on stopping PLEX-LV in patients predicted to respond to treatment and to consider alternate treatment options in non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Alexander
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | | | - S Gnanadeepam
- Nursing Services, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Vinoi George David
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Ebor James
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Subramani Kandasamy
- Division of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | | | - Santosh Varughese
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Sukesh Chandran Nair
- Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - P Krishna Bharadwaj
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - S Akilesh
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Santhosh E Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Sumathy Jayaraman
- Nursing Services, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Uday Zachariah
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | | | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India.
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Satish SP, Narayanasamy K, Sambandam MT, Raghunanthan S, Johnson J, Mangaiyarkarasi A, Paranthakan C, Narayanan S, Chandrasekar S, Sureshkanna S, Dhus U, Venkatraman J, Alexander V, Kumar SE, David V, Varughese S, Daniel D, Goel A, Zachariah U, Eapen CE. The "Hub and Spoke" model: a pathway for urgent plasma exchange to treat patients with rodenticide ingestion induced acute liver failure in Tamil Nadu, India. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. SOUTHEAST ASIA 2024; 25:100405. [PMID: 38638507 PMCID: PMC11024643 DOI: 10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Prabhakar Satish
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnasamy Narayanasamy
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
- The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R. Medical University, Chennai, India
- Tamil Nadu Chapter - Indian Society of Gastroenterology (TN-ISG), Chennai, India
| | - Maruthu Thurai Sambandam
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Raghunanthan
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Jeyalydia Johnson
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Amirthalingam Mangaiyarkarasi
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Chellian Paranthakan
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Suresh Narayanan
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Selvaraj Chandrasekar
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Singaram Sureshkanna
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
| | - Ubal Dhus
- Tamil Nadu Chapter - Indian Society of Gastroenterology (TN-ISG), Chennai, India
| | - Jayanthi Venkatraman
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
- Tamil Nadu Chapter - Indian Society of Gastroenterology (TN-ISG), Chennai, India
| | - Vijay Alexander
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Santhosh E. Kumar
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Vinoi David
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Santosh Varughese
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Uday Zachariah
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
| | - Chundamannil Eapen Eapen
- Tamil Nadu Accident and Emergency Care Initiative - National Health Mission (TAEI-NHM) Working Group on Rodenticide Poison, Chennai, India
- Tamil Nadu Chapter - Indian Society of Gastroenterology (TN-ISG), Chennai, India
- Christian Medical College (CMC) Vellore Collaborative Group for PLEX to Treat Liver Failure, Vellore, India
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5
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Rao PN, Madan K. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology-March-April 2024 issue highlights. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:281-284. [PMID: 38748382 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01602-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- P N Rao
- Department of Hepatology, Asian Institute of Gastroenterology-AIG Hospitals, Hyderabad, 500 082, India.
| | - Kaushal Madan
- Department of Clinical Hepatology, Max Hospitals, Saket, New Delhi, 110 017, India
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Sithamparapillai K, Zachariah U, Eapen CE, Goel A. Plasma exchange improves survival in acute liver failure - An updated systematic review and meta-analysis focussed on comparing within single etiology. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:397-406. [PMID: 38691239 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Therapeutic plasma exchange (PLEX) is increasingly used in patients with acute liver failure (ALF) as either stand-alone therapy or bridge to liver transplantation. Etiology plays a major role in prognosis of these patients and benefit of PLEX may consequently differ across etiologies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the efficacy of PLEX in treating ALF, focussing on studies with single etiology. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search and identified studies comparing PLEX vs. standard medical therapy (SMT) for patients with ALF across all age groups. The protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42023442383). Pooled risk-ratios were determined by Mantel-Haenszel method within a random effect model. Primary outcome was mortality at ≤ 60-days and 90 days. Secondary outcome was adverse events attributable to PLEX. RESULTS Eight studies (pooled sample size in PLEX arm: 284; randomized trials: 2; Comparative cohorts: 6) with retrievable data on ALF were included in this systematic review. Analysis showed that PLEX was associated with significant reduction in mortality at ≤ 60-days (RR 0.64; CI, 0.51-0.80; P < 0.001) and at 90-days (RR 0.67; CI, 0.50-0.90; P = 0.008) as compared to SMT. On sub-group analysis, the survival benefit was noted irrespective of the volume of plasma exchanged during PLEX. Three studies (pooled sample size in PLEX arm: 110; all comparative cohorts) were identified, which included patients with a single etiology for ALF. These studies included patients with Wilson's disease, rodenticidal hepatotoxicity and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Pooled analysis of studies with single etiology ALF showed better reduction in ≤ 90-day mortality with PLEX (RR 0.53; CI, 0.37-0.74; P < 0.001). Studies reported no major side-effects attributable to PLEX. CONCLUSION PLEX is safe and improves survival, independent of the volumes utilized, in patients with ALF as compared to standard medical treatment. The survival benefit is especially pronounced in studies restricted to single etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uday Zachariah
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - C E Eapen
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore 632 004, India.
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Pahari H, Raj A, Sonavane A, Sawant A, Gupta DK, Gharat A, Raut V. Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure Due to Yellow Phosphorus Poisoning - A Comprehensive Review. Transplant Proc 2023; 55:2450-2455. [PMID: 37880024 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Yellow phosphorus or metal phosphide (YP-MP) rodenticide poisoning has been a known cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in many countries of Asia and North and South America over the last decade. It is a highly toxic compound and is a well-known cause of intentional or accidental poisoning in both adults and children. In lower doses, it causes gastrointestinal symptoms and mild hepatic injury, and patients may spontaneously recover. In higher doses, hepatic necrosis and fatty infiltration may cause significant injury and may even lead to ALF, characterized by hepatic encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and lactic acidosis. Cardiotoxicity, rhabdomyolysis, and neutropenia are other well-documented complications. If untreated, it may lead to multi-organ dysfunction and death. Plasmapheresis and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) have been used with limited success in patients who do not recover spontaneously. However, patients who develop ALF often need liver transplantation (LT). Liver transplantation has been successfully performed in ALF due to YP-MP poisoning in several countries, with good results in both adult and pediatric patients. Separate criteria for LT are important to ensure early and rapid listing of critical patients on the waiting list. The success rates of LT for ALF due to YP-MP rodenticide poisoning are very promising, provided there are no contra-indications to transplant. Plasma exchange, CRRT, or cytosorb can be used as a bridge to transplant in selected patients. In the long term, only with an increase in public awareness and sale restrictions can we prevent the intentional and accidental poisoning caused by this easily available, highly toxic compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirak Pahari
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Amruth Raj
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Amey Sonavane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ambreen Sawant
- Department of Liver Transplant Anaesthesia, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Gupta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Amit Gharat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vikram Raut
- Department of Liver Transplant and HPB Surgery, Medicover Hospitals, Navi Mumbai, India
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Vento S, Cainelli F. Acute liver failure in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 8:1035-1045. [PMID: 37837969 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Acute liver failure is a rare condition involving the rapid development, progression, and worsening of liver dysfunction, characterised by coagulopathy and encephalopathy, and has a high mortality unless liver transplantation is performed. Population-based studies are scarce, and most published data are from high-income countries, where the main cause of acute liver failure is paracetamol overdose. This Review provides an overview of the scanty literature on acute liver failure in low-income and middle-income countries, where patients are often admitted to primary care hospitals and viral hepatitis (especially hepatitis E), tropical infections (eg, dengue), traditional medicines, and drugs (especially anti-tuberculosis drugs) have an important role. We discuss incidence, cause, occurrence in children and pregnant women, prognostic factors and scores, treatment, and mortality. To conclude, we advocate for international collaboration, the establishment of central registries for the condition, and better diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.
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9
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Goel A, Zachariah U, Daniel D, Eapen CE. Growing Evidence for Survival Benefit with Plasma Exchange to Treat Liver Failure. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:1061-1073. [PMID: 37975044 PMCID: PMC10643514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma exchange (PLEX) to treat liver failure patients is gaining increasing momentum in recent years. Most reports have used PLEX to treat patients with acute liver failure (ALF) or acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF). Etiology of liver disease has an important bearing on the prognosis of the illness in these patients. The accruing data suggest survival benefit with PLEX compared with standard medical treatment to treat ALF and ACLF patients, in randomised controlled trials done world-over. The American College of Apheresis now recommends high-volume PLEX as first-line treatment for ALF patients. Most matched cohort studies done from India which recruited patients with a specific etiology of ALF or ACLF report survival benefit with PLEX compared to standard medical treatment. The survival benefit with PLEX appears more pronounced in ALF patients rather than in ACLF patients. Systematic analysis of the efficacy of PLEX to treat ALF and ACLF patients is needed. There is also a need to identify dynamic predictive scores to assess which patients with ALF or ACLF will respond to PLEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goel
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uday Zachariah
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chundamannil E. Eapen
- Departments of Hepatology and Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Gopal P, Krishnan SK, Malleswaran S, Srinivas S, Mouleeswaran S, Patcha R, Varghese J, Reddy MS. Novel radiological technique to recognize acute liver failure caused by yellow phosphorous containing rodenticides. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023; 42:425-430. [PMID: 37145234 PMCID: PMC10161160 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Yellow phosphorous rodenticide (YPR) poisoning is the commonest cause for acute liver failure (ALF) in southern and western India. Due to medicolegal issues, history of YPR ingestion may not be available. As early recognition of YPR poisoning is important and there are no specific biochemical assays, other early predictors to identify this entity is necessary. We evaluated the diagnostic role of plain computed tomography (CT) in identifying YPR-induced ALF. All patients admitted to the liver unit with a diagnosis of ALF underwent a plain CT scan abdomen. Demographic details, clinical history, laboratory parameters, liver attenuation index (LAI) calculated on CT scan, treatment details, need for liver transplantation and clinical outcome were analyzed. Parameters for YPR-induced ALF (ALF-YPR) and other causes (ALF-OTH) were compared. Ability of LAI to distinguish ALF-YPR and ALF-OTH was analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Twenty-four patients (15 female [62.5%]) were included in the study. Thirteen patients (54%) had YPR poisoning, while the rest formed the ALF-OTH group (11,46%). ALF-YPR patients had higher transaminase levels, lower peak serum bilirubin levels. ALF-YPR livers had significantly lower LAI as compared to ALF-OTH (- 30 vs. - 8, p = 0.001). On ROC curve analysis, an LAI greater than - 18 ruled out YPR as the cause for ALF with 91% sensitivity and 85% specificity. On regression analysis, LAI was the only independent factor predicting ALF-YPR (odds ratio - 0.86, [0.76, 0.96] p = 0.008). Our data shows that LAI on plain abdominal CT scan can be used to quickly recognize ALF-YPR in unclear cases so that necessary treatment protocol can be activated, or patient transfer arranged. Our analysis shows that an LAI greater than - 18 can reliably rule out YPR ingestion as the cause for ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Gopal
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Krishnan
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Selvakumar Malleswaran
- Department of Liver Anesthesia and Critical Care, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Sripriya Srinivas
- Department of Radiology, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | | | - Rajanikanth Patcha
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- Liver Transplantation and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai, 600 100, India.
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11
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Thomas L, Chandran J, Goel A, Jacob E, Chacko B, Subramani K, Agarwal I, Varughese S, David VG, Daniel D, Mammen J, Balakrishnan V, Balasubramanian KA, Lionel AP, Adhikari DD, Abhilash KP, Elias E, Eapen CE, Zachariah U. Improving Transplant-free Survival With Low-volume Plasma Exchange to Treat Children With Rodenticide Induced Hepatotoxicity. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:252-258. [PMID: 36950489 PMCID: PMC10025587 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a prior report, no patient with rodenticidal hepatotoxicity who met Kochi criteria (MELD score ≥36 or baseline INR ≥6 with hepatic encephalopathy) (PMID: 26310868) for urgent liver transplantation survived with medical management alone. Plasma exchange (PLEX) may improve survival in these patients. Objectives We describe our experience with low-volume PLEX (PLEX-LV) in treating rodenticide ingestion induced hepatotoxicity in children. Methods From prospectively collected database of rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients managed as in-patient with department of Hepatology from December 2017 to August 2021, we retrospectively studied outcomes in children (≤18 years). Hepatotoxicity was categorized as acute liver injury (ALI, coagulopathy alone) or acute liver failure (ALF, coagulopathy and encephalopathy). Kochi criteria was used to assess need for urgent liver transplantation. The primary study outcome was one-month survival. Results Of the 110 rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients, 32 children (females: 56%; age: 16 [4.7-18] years; median, range) constituted the study patients. The study patients presented 4 (1-8) days after poison consumption (impulsive suicidal intent:31, accidental:1). Twenty children (62%) had ALI [MELD: 18 (8-36)] and 12 (38%) had ALF [MELD: 37 (24-45)].All children received standard medical care, including N-acetyl cysteine; ALF patients also received anti-cerebral edema measures. None of the patient families opted for liver transplantation. Seventeen children (ALI: 6, ALF: 11) were treated with PLEX-LV (3 [1-5] sessions, volume of plasma exchanged per session: 26 [13-38] ml/kg body weight) and peri-procedure low dose prednisolone.At 1 month, 28 of the 32 children (87.5%) were alive (4 ALF patients died). Of 10 children who met Kochi listing criteria for urgent liver transplantation, two children were ineligible for PLEX-LV (due to hemodynamic instability) and of the remaining 8 children treated by PLEX-LV, 6 (75%) survived. Conclusions PLEX-LV shows promise as an effective non-liver transplant treatment in children with rodenticidal hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leenath Thomas
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Jolly Chandran
- Department of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Ebor Jacob
- Department of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Binila Chacko
- Department of Critical Care, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Indira Agarwal
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Vinoi G. David
- Department of Nephrology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Dolly Daniel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Joy Mammen
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Arul P. Lionel
- Department of Child Health, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Debasis D. Adhikari
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | - Elwyn Elias
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
- Liver Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Uday Zachariah
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
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12
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Reddy MS, Mathur SK, Sudhindran S, Gupta S, Rela M, Soin AS, Mirza D, Asthana S, Chinthakindi M, Jacob M, Kumaran V, Modi P, Mohanka R, Narasimhan G, Pal S, Pamecha V, Rastogi A, Saigal S, Wadhawan M. National Liver Allocation Policy-Consensus Document by the Liver Transplantation Society of India for a Nationally Uniform System of Allocation of Deceased Donor Liver Grafts. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2023; 13:303-318. [PMID: 36950486 PMCID: PMC10025588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) is increasing in India and now constitutes nearly one-third of all liver transplantation procedures performed in the country. There is currently no uniform national system of allocation of deceased donor livers. Methods A national task force consisting of 19 clinicians involved in liver transplantation from across the country was constituted under the aegis of the Liver Transplantation Society of India to develop a consensus document addressing the above issues using a modified Delphi process of consensus development. Results The National Liver Allocation Policy consensus document includes 46 statements covering all aspects of DDLT, including minimum listing criteria, listing for acute liver failure, DDLT wait-list management, system of prioritisation based on clinical urgency for adults and children, guidelines for allocation of paediatric organs and allocation priorities for liver grafts recovered from public sector hospitals. Conclusion This document is the first step in the setting up of a nationally consistent policy of deceased donor liver allocation.
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Key Words
- ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure
- ALF, acute liver failure
- CLD, chronic liver disease
- CSS, Clinical Severity Score
- CSS-P, Clinical Severity Score for Paediatric Recipients
- DD, deceased donation
- DDLG, deceased donor liver grafts
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplantation
- Delphi process
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- N-LAP, National Liver Allocation Policy
- NABL, National Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories
- PELD, Paediatric Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- PuSH, Public Sector Hospital
- WL, waiting list
- acute liver failure
- paediatric
- public sector hospital
- variant syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mohamed Rela
- Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pranjal Modi
- Dr HL Trivedi Institute of Transplantation Sciences, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ravi Mohanka
- Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital & Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Sujoy Pal
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | - Manav Wadhawan
- BL Kapoor-MAX Super Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
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13
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Abstract
Content available: Audio Recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra S. Choudhary
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative MedicineMedanta The MedicityGurugramIndia
| | - Prashant Bhangui
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative MedicineMedanta The MedicityGurugramIndia
| | - Arvinder S. Soin
- Medanta Institute of Liver Transplantation and Regenerative MedicineMedanta The MedicityGurugramIndia
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14
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Devarbhavi H. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Unique to India. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2021; 18:108-110. [PMID: 34691395 PMCID: PMC8518348 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Devarbhavi
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologySt. John’s Medical College HospitalBangaloreIndia
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15
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Nekoukar Z, Moghimi M, Rasouli K, Hoseini A, Zakariaei Z, Tabaripour R, Fakhar M, Banimostafavi ES. Suicide attempt using zinc phosphide rodenticide: A case report and literature review. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04932. [PMID: 34631097 PMCID: PMC8493368 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The patients with a history of intentional or unintentional consumption of rodenticide compounds, especially ZnP, it is necessary to assess ABG and abdominal radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nekoukar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Minoo Moghimi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Faculty of Pharmacy Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Kimia Rasouli
- Student Research Committee Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Aref Hoseini
- Student Research Committee Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Zakaria Zakariaei
- Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Division Orthopedic Research Center Imam Khomeini Hospital Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Rabeeh Tabaripour
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Elham Sadat Banimostafavi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Department of Radiology Imam Khomeini Hospital Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
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16
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Dawra S, Kumar A, Kumar D, Ari B, Srivastava S, Manrai M. Rodenticide-induced acute liver failure - Uncommon presentation of commonly available poison. Trop Doct 2021; 51:561-565. [PMID: 34340627 DOI: 10.1177/00494755211031019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rodenticide or 'rat poison' is easily available in a predominantly agrarian economy such as India. Metal phosphides or yellow phosphorous are two common rodenticides. Acute liver failure caused by accidental or suicidal poisoning with rodenticides has been infrequently reported in literature. Liver transplantation offers the best chances of survival in severe intoxication. However, the availability of liver transplantation in resource-limited settings presents a challenge. N-acetyl cysteine has been successfully used in paracetamol poisoning. Its use in rodenticide-induced acute liver failure is not so well known. We report three cases of rodenticide-related acute liver failure, one of them being a pregnant lady. All three patients were given N-acetyl cysteine and two patients improved. It is possible that the administration of N-acetyl cysteine contributed to the improvement in these two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Dawra
- Assistant Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Command Hospital, Southern Command, Pune, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Resident, Internal Medicine, Command Hospital, Southern Command, Pune, India
| | - Dharmender Kumar
- Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterologist, Command Hospital, Southern Command, Pune, India
| | - Balakrishnan Ari
- Resident, Internal Medicine, Command Hospital, Air Force, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sharad Srivastava
- Associate Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterologist, Command Hospital, Southern Command, Pune, India
| | - Manish Manrai
- Professor, Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterologist, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, India
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17
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Govindarajan R, Ramamoorthy G, Shanmugam RM, Bavanandam S, Murugesan M, Shanmugam C, Arumugam A, Chellamuthu VP, Venkatraj RK, Sampathkumar K, Rejoice P, Kumar KA, Adamali S, Mariappan K, Rathnavel R, Manivasagam VSC, Velusamy A, Arumugam S, Elikkottil TT, Dev AV, Sen M, Palaniappan A, Dorairaj AJ, Kedarisetty CK, Venkataraman J, Karthikeyan M, Somasundaram A, Ramakrishnan A, Madesh VP, Varghese J, Anupa DK, Leelakrishnan V, Swaminathan M, Kantamaneni R, Dhus JU, Murugan N, Natarajan K, Selvi C, Saithanyamurthi HV, Nadaraj A, Jeyaseelan L, Eapen CE. Rodenticide ingestion is an important cause of acute hepatotoxicity in Tamil Nadu, southern India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2021; 40:373-379. [PMID: 34189713 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-021-01178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Though rodenticidal hepatotoxicity is reported from India, there is no systematic study to assess its magnitude. This study aimed to assess exposure to rodenticide as a risk factor for acute hepatotoxicity in Tamil Nadu, India. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed acute hepatotoxicity caused by ingestion of hepatotoxin or potentially hepatotoxic drug overdose across 15 hospitals in 6 districts of Tamil Nadu from 1 January 2019 to 30 June 2019. Study exclusion criteria were idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury and chronic liver diseases. RESULTS Of the 702 patients, 685 gave history of consuming rodenticide; hepatotoxicity in the other patients resulted from paracetamol overdose (n=10) and due to other drugs (n=7); 97% patients had a suicidal intent. Of 671 patients with complete data, ratio of number of patients with hepatotoxicity due to rodenticide to paracetamol overdose was 450:6 (i.e. 75:1). The 451 rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients (255 males, 75% were 15-34 years old) underwent conservative management (n=396), plasma exchange (n=54) and plasma exchange followed by liver transplant (n=1); 159 patients (35%) had poor outcome (131 died, 28 discharged in moribund state). Based on our observations, we estimate a case burden of 1584 rodenticidal hepatotoxicity patients (95% CI: 265-6119) with poor outcome in 554 patients in Tamil Nadu from January 2019 to June 2019. Population attributable risk for rodenticide as cause of hepatotoxicity was 22.7%. CONCLUSION Rodenticide ingestion was an important cause of acute hepatotoxicity in Tamil Nadu. Most patients were young and one-third had poor outcome. Public health interventions are needed to address this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Govindarajan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, 613 004, India
| | - Ganesan Ramamoorthy
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, 613 004, India
| | | | - Sumathi Bavanandam
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, 600 001, India
| | - Manimaran Murugesan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, 600 001, India
| | - Chitra Shanmugam
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Stanley Medical College, Chennai, 600 001, India
| | - Aravind Arumugam
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India.,Department of Digestive Health and Diseases, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India
| | - Vaishnavi Priyaa Chellamuthu
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India.,Department of Digestive Health and Diseases, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India
| | | | - Kavitha Sampathkumar
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India.,Department of Digestive Health and Diseases, Government Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India
| | - Poppy Rejoice
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli, 627 011, India
| | - Kandasamy Alias Kumar
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli, 627 011, India
| | - Shafique Adamali
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Tirunelveli Medical College, Tirunelveli, 627 011, India
| | - Kannan Mariappan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, 625 020, India
| | - Ramani Rathnavel
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai Medical College, Madurai, 625 020, India
| | | | - Arulselvan Velusamy
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Coimbatore, 641 018, India
| | - Senthilvadivu Arumugam
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Coimbatore, 641 018, India
| | - Thasneem Taj Elikkottil
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Coimbatore, 641 018, India
| | - Anand Vimal Dev
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Mousumi Sen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Alagammai Palaniappan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai, 625 107, India
| | - Allwin James Dorairaj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Meenakshi Mission Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai, 625 107, India
| | - Chandan Kumar Kedarisetty
- Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Jayanthi Venkataraman
- Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Mugilan Karthikeyan
- Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Aravindh Somasundaram
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kovai Medical Center Hospital, Coimbatore, 641 014, India
| | - Arulraj Ramakrishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kovai Medical Center Hospital, Coimbatore, 641 014, India
| | - Vijaya Prakash Madesh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kovai Medical Center Hospital, Coimbatore, 641 014, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Gleneagles Global Health City Hospital, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Dheeraj Kumar Anupa
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Gleneagles Global Health City Hospital, Chennai, 600 100, India
| | - Venkatakrishnan Leelakrishnan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Mukundan Swaminathan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Ravindra Kantamaneni
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, 641 004, India
| | - Jeyaraj Ubal Dhus
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Natarajan Murugan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Kartik Natarajan
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, 600 006, India
| | - Caroline Selvi
- Department of Medical Gastroenterology, Government Royapettah Hospital, Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, 600 010, India
| | | | - Ambily Nadaraj
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
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18
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Reddy MS, Rajakumar A, Mathew JS, Venkatakrishnan L, Jothimani D, Sudhindran S, Jacob M, Narayanasamy K, Venugopal R, Mohanka R, Kaliamoorthy I, Varghese J, Panackel C, Mohamed Z, Vij M, Sachan D, Pillay V, Saigal S, Dhiman R, Soin AS, Gupta S, Wendon J, Rela M, Sarin SK. Liver Transplantation Society of India Guidelines for the Management of Acute Liver Injury Secondary to Yellow Phosphorus-Containing Rodenticide Poisoning Using the Modified Delphi Technique of Consensus Development. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:475-483. [PMID: 34276154 PMCID: PMC8267358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure caused by the ingestion of yellow phosphorus-containing rodenticide has been increasing in incidence over the last decade and is a common indication for emergency liver transplantation in Southern and Western India and other countries. Clear guidelines for its management are necessary, given its unpredictable course, potential for rapid deterioration and variation in clinical practice. METHODS A modified Delphi approach was used for developing consensus guidelines under the aegis of the Liver Transplantation Society of India. A detailed review of the published literature was performed. Recommendations for three areas of clinical practice, assessment and initial management, intensive care unit (ICU) management and liver transplantation, were developed. RESULTS The expert panel consisted of 16 clinicians, 3 nonclinical specialists and 5 senior advisory members from 11 centres. Thirty-one recommendations with regard to criteria for hospital admission and discharge, role of medical therapies, ICU management, evidence for extracorporeal therapies such as renal replacement therapy and therapeutic plasma exchange, early predictors of need for liver transplantation and perioperative care were developed based on published evidence and combined clinical experience. CONCLUSION Development of these guidelines should help standardise care for patients with yellow phosphorus poisoning and identify areas for collaborative research.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- ALI, acute liver injury
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplantation
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INR, international normalised ratio
- KCC, Kings College Criteria
- LDLT, living donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- LTSI, Liver Transplantation Society of India
- MELD, model for end-stage liver disease
- RRT, renal replacement therapy
- TPE, therapeutic plasma exchange
- YP, yellow phosphorus
- acute liver failure
- consensus guidelines
- liver transplantation
- rat killer poison
- yellow phosphorus
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Affiliation(s)
- Mettu S. Reddy
- Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Akila Rajakumar
- Department of Liver Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Johns S. Mathew
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amrita Hospitals, Kochi, India
| | | | - Dinesh Jothimani
- Department of Hepatology, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - S. Sudhindran
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Gastrointestinal Surgery, Amrita Hospitals, Kochi, India
| | - Mathew Jacob
- Multiorgan Transplantation & Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aster Medicity, Kochi, India
| | | | - Radhika Venugopal
- Department of Hepatology, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Ravi Mohanka
- Department of Liver Transplantation & HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ilankumaran Kaliamoorthy
- Department of Liver Anesthesia & Intensive Care, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Hospital & Health City, Chennai, India
| | - Charles Panackel
- Department of Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Aster Medicity, Kochi, India
| | - Zubair Mohamed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Amrita Hospitals, Kochi, India
| | - Mukul Vij
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Deepti Sachan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - V.V. Pillay
- Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Amrita Hospitals, Kochi, India
| | - Sanjiv Saigal
- Department of Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Radhakrishna Dhiman
- Department of Hepatology & Liver Transplantation, Post-graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arvinder S. Soin
- Department of Liver Transplantation & Regenerative Medicine, Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon, India
| | - Subhash Gupta
- Centre for Liver & Biliary Sciences, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Saket, Delhi, India
| | - Julia Wendon
- Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mohamed Rela
- Institute of Liver Disease & Transplantation, Dr Rela Institute & Medical Center, Chennai, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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19
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Eapen CE, Venkataraman J. Rodenticide (Yellow Phosphorus Poison)-Induced Hepatotoxicity in India: Constraints During Management. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 11:414-417. [PMID: 34276149 PMCID: PMC8267345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Key Words
- ALF, Acute Liver Failure
- ALI, Acute Liver Injury
- HDU, High Dependency Unit
- ICU, Intensive Care Unit
- INASL, Indian National Association for the study of Liver
- KCH, King's College Hospital
- LT, Liver transplantation
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- PLEX, Plasma Exchange
- TN, Tamil Nadu
- YPP, Yellow Phosphorus Poison
- vWF, von Willebrand Factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayanthi Venkataraman
- Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, India
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20
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Jasper S, Hakeem AR, Vij M, Sachan D, Rajakumar A, Jothimani D, Kaliamoorthy I, Reddy MS, Rela M. A Report of Toxin-Induced Graft Injury Following Liver Transplantation for Yellow Phosphorus Poisoning. Hepatology 2021; 73:2071-2074. [PMID: 32935865 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Jasper
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Abdul Rahman Hakeem
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Mukul Vij
- Department of Histopathology, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Deepti Sachan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Akila Rajakumar
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Dinesh Jothimani
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Ilankumaran Kaliamoorthy
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Mettu Srinivas Reddy
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Mohamed Rela
- The Institute of Liver Disease and Transplantation, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Vij M, Sankaranarayanan S. Accidental ingestion of zinc phosphide leading to paediatric acute liver failure. Liver Int 2021; 41:863-864. [PMID: 33448599 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Vij
- Department of Pathology, Dr Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Parhizgar P, Forouzanfar R, Hadeiy SK, Zamani N, Hassanian-Moghaddam H. Sudden Cardiac Arrest in an Asymptomatic Zinc Phosphide-Poisoned Patient: A Case Report. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 20:525-530. [PMID: 32451765 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-020-09578-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Zinc phosphide is a gray to black powder mainly used as a rodenticide. In contact with gastric fluid, it releases phosphine which is the main toxic material of this compound. Phosphine interferes with oxidative respiratory cycle of the cells, but is generally expected to manifest its toxicity with prodromal signs and symptoms including abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and increased liver function tests. A 64-year-old man was referred to our center with the history of ingestion of three full table spoons of zinc phosphide powder with only a mild GI discomfort. Abdominal X-ray revealed radiopaque material in epigastric and abdominal right upper quadrant. Despite treatment with polyethylene glycol and completely normal vital signs and lab tests, he experienced sudden cardiac arrest 19 h after admission. Autopsy showed clues of focal myopathy and fibrosis with evidences of ischemia and congestion in cardiac tissue, pulmonary edema, shrunken bilateral kidneys, and nutmeg yellow liver. Toxicology panel confirmed the presence of phosphine and zinc phosphide in the gastric fluid. The patient deteriorated suddenly despite being completely symptom-free during the hours preceding cardiovascular arrest. Since the cardiopulmonary injury is the most rampant cause of early death, checking of the cardiac enzymes and cardiac monitoring could be beneficial for early detection and efficient management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Parhizgar
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Forouzanfar
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kaveh Hadeiy
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Zamani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, South Karegar Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Clinical Toxicology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, South Karegar Street, Tehran, Iran.
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Mashali AA, Salama NH, Elsobky HA, Sobh ZK. Prediction of zinc phosphide-induced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity from clinical, laboratory, and radiological indicators. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39547-39559. [PMID: 32651786 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10020-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) is a phosphine-generating pesticide. Serious hepatotoxicity or cardiotoxicity might develop late in initially stable patients. The current prospective study aimed to predict Zn3P2-induced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. This prospective cross-sectional study included 150 patients admitted to the Alexandria Poison Center (APC) for over 6 months (from August 2018 to January 2019). The recorded patients' data included personal data, poisoning, medical history, clinical assessment using the poisoning severity score (PSS), investigations, and the outcome. The mean age of the patients was 23.36 ± 13.53 years. Females constituted 68.7%, and 76% of the patients ingested Zn3P2 deliberately. Only two cases that ingested the highest amount of Zn3P2 had radio-opaque shadows in the abdominal plain X-ray. The peak of clinical manifestations was in 12 h, whereas the peak liver transaminases (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) and cardiac enzymes (creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase-muscle/brain (CK-MB), troponin) were in 24 h. No fatalities were reported, 56.7% are completely cured, 37.3% are discharged on consent, and 6% are discharged with elevated liver and/or cardiac enzymes. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied. Persistent elevation of liver enzymes after 72 h could be predicted if the ingested amount > 3.5 (accuracy 86.2%), time till hospitalization > 5 h (accuracy 85.9%), PSS > 1 with (accuracy 58.9%), AST > 50 U/L (accuracy 86.2%), or ALT > 82 U/L (accuracy 86.3%). Elevation of cardiac enzymes could be predicted if the ingested amount > 2.5 sachets (accuracy 99.5%), time till hospitalization > 5 h (accuracy 99.7%), PSS > 1 with (accuracy 61.2%), CPK > 260 U/L (accuracy 99.9%), CK-MB > 6 ng/mL (accuracy 99.7%), or troponin > 0.9 ng/mL (accuracy 99.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdelrazek Mashali
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nagla Hasan Salama
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heidi Ali Elsobky
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Zahraa Khalifa Sobh
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
- Faculty of Medicine, Champollion street, Alexandria, Egypt.
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24
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Mohanka R, Rao P, Shah M, Gupte A, Nikam V, Vohra M, Kohli R, Shrimal A, Golhar A, Panchwagh A, Kamath S, Shukla A, Patel P, Chattopadhyay S, Chaubal G, Shaikh Y, Dedhia V, Sarmalkar SS, Maghade R, Shinde K, Bhilare P, Nalawade R, As J, Shah S. Acute liver failure secondary to yellow phosphorus rodenticide poisoning: Outcomes at a center with dedicated liver intensive care and transplant unit. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 11:S0973-6883(20)30149-3. [PMID: 33052182 PMCID: PMC7543916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidental or suicidal poisoning with yellow phosphorus or metal phosphides (YPMP) such as aluminum (AlP) zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) commonly cause acute liver failure (ALF) and cardiotoxicity. These are used as household, agricultural and industrial rodenticides and in production of ammunitions, firecrackers and fertilizers. In absence of a clinically available laboratory test for diagnosis or toxin measurement or an antidote, managing their poisoning is challenging even at a tertiary care center with a dedicated liver intensive care unit (LICU) and liver transplant facility. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with YPMP related ALF were monitored using standardized clinical, hemodynamic, biochemical, metabolic, neurological, electrocardiography (ECG) and SOFA score and managed using uniform intensive care, treatment and transplant protocols in LICU. Socio-demographic characteristics, clinical and biochemical parameters and scores were summarized and compared between 3 groups i.e. spontaneous survivors, transplanted patients and non-survivors. Predictors of spontaneous survival and the need for liver transplant are also evaluated. RESULTS Nineteen patients with YPMP related ALF were about 32 years old (63.2% females) and presented to us at a median of 3 (0 - 10) days after poisoning. YPMP related cardiotoxicity was rapidly progressive and fatal whereas liver transplant was therapeutic for ALF. Spontaneous survivors had lower dose ingestion (<17.5 grams), absence of cardiotoxicity, < grade 3 HE, lactate < 5.8, SOFA score < 14.5, and increase in SOFA score by < 5.5. Patients with renal failure need for CVVHDF and KCC positivity on account of PT-INR > 6.5 had higher mortality risk. Patients undergoing liver transplant and with spontaneous recovery required longer ICU and hospital stay. At median follow-up of 3.4 (2.6 - 5.5) years, all spontaneous survivors and transplanted patients are well with normal liver function. CONCLUSIONS Early transfer to a specialized center, pre-emptive close monitoring, and intensive care and organ support with ventilation, CVVHDF, plasmapheresis and others may maximize their chances of spontaneous recovery, allow accurate prognostication and a timely liver transplant.
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Key Words
- AKI, Acute kidney injury
- ALF, acute liver failure
- Acute Liver Failure
- CVVHDF, Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration
- Continuous Veno-Venous Hemodiafiltration
- DDLT, Deceased donor liver transplant
- IEH, Ingestion to encephalopathy interval
- KCC, King College criteria
- LDLT, living donor liver transplant
- Liver Transplant
- MELD, Model for end-stage liver disease
- MOF, Multi-Organ Failure
- Multi-Organ Failure
- Plasmapheresis
- Rodenticide
- SIRS, systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment
- YPMP, yellow phosphorus or metal phosphides
- Yellow Phosphorus
- Zinc Phosphide
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Mohanka
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Prashantha Rao
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Mitul Shah
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Amit Gupte
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinayak Nikam
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Mihir Vohra
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruhi Kohli
- Department of Liver Intensive Care, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anurag Shrimal
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Ankush Golhar
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Ameya Panchwagh
- Department of Liver Transplant Anesthesia, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurabh Kamath
- Department of Liver Transplant Anesthesia, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Akash Shukla
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyesh Patel
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Somnath Chattopadhyay
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Gaurav Chaubal
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Yasmin Shaikh
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Vidhi Dedhia
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Shivali S. Sarmalkar
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Ravikiran Maghade
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Shinde
- Department of Liver Intensive Care, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priyanka Bhilare
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Rohini Nalawade
- Department of Liver Transplantation and HPB Surgery, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Jacob As
- Department of Liver Intensive Care, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samir Shah
- Department of Hepatology, Global Hospital, 35, Dr. E Borges Road Opp. Shirodkar High School, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
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Bilics G, Héger J, Pozsgai É, Bajzik G, Nagy C, Somoskövi C, Varga C. Successful management of zinc phosphide poisoning-a Hungarian case. Int J Emerg Med 2020; 13:48. [PMID: 32948124 PMCID: PMC7501600 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-020-00307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc phosphide (ZnP) is the basic component of several insecticides easily accessible worldwide. Intentional or accidental intoxication may lead to severe complications and multiple organ failure, resulting in high mortality. No known antidote is currently available. The iron-chelation and the antioxidative effects are well-known features of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), although its use in the treatment of ZnP poisoning has not been documented previously. We describe the case of a patient with serious ZnP poisoning with multiple organ failure, where ALA was also included in the patient's supportive therapy. CASE PRESENTATION A 65-year-old man ingested 125 g of Arvalin® (containing 5 g ZnP) and presented to the Emergency Department, with respiratory insufficiency and decreased consciousness. He developed hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, low white blood cell count, elevated C-reactive protein level, mixed acidosis, hepatic and kidney damage, thickening of the jejunal wall, and lung atelectasis, which served as a basis for the ensuing bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics and adequate supportive therapy were provided. Laboratory tests indicated liver damage (slightly increased liver enzymes, low pseudocholinesterase levels; 706 U/L on day 2), possibly caused by the patient's chronic alcoholism or the ZnP poison itself, therefore, hepatoprotective agents, ALA (Thiogamma Turbo-Set®) with N-acetylcysteine were administered for six consecutive days. Pseudocholinesterase values increased sixfold until the end of the second week of care. Fifteen days after admission, the patient was relocated to the department of psychiatry with stable vital functions, clear consciousness, declining inflammatory markers, and improved liver function. He was discharged 1 month later, fully recovered. CONCLUSIONS Our case is the first documented voluntary and severe ZnP poisoning in Hungary. Our patient developed multiple organ failure and atelectasis, possibly resulting in the observed respiratory infection. The development of bacterial pneumonia highlighted the dangers of phosphine-induced atelectasis. The use of ALA in our patient's case, as an antioxidant and agent for metal chelation, suggested that this agent could be a promising tool in the prevention and treatment of ZnP-induced hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Bilics
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
| | - Júlia Héger
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
| | - Éva Pozsgai
- Institute of Primary Health Care, Medical School, University of Pécs, Rákóczi Street 2, Pécs, 7623 Hungary
- Department of Public Health, Medical School, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Gábor Bajzik
- Department of Radiology, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
| | - Csaba Nagy
- Department of Radiology, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Center, University of Pécs, Szigeti Street 12, Pécs, 7624 Hungary
| | - Csilla Somoskövi
- Center of Psychiatry and Addictology, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
| | - Csaba Varga
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Somogy County Kaposi Mór General Hospital, Tallián Gyula Street 20-32, Kaposvár, 7400 Hungary
- Institute of Emergency Care and Pedagogy of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pécs, Vörösmarty Mihály Street 4, Pécs, 7621 Hungary
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
The objective of this study is to examine the toxic effects of zinc on the liver of broiler chicks. For this purpose, twenty broiler chicks were taken for the experiment and their weight ranging from 35-45 g. They were divided into four groups: one control and three treated groups. All treated groups were supplemented with 300 mg/kgb.w (low dose, LD), 600 mg/kgb.w (intermediate dose, ID) and 900 mg/kgb.w. (high dose, HD) of Zinc and the control group was fed basal commercial starter diet for 21 days.
Results
Necrosis, liver cell hypertrophy, fuzzy liver cells and lymphocytic inflammation were found in birds exposed to the low and intermediate dose as compared to the controlled group. Broiler chicks exposed to high dose showed pronounced changes in the liver such as congestion of blood vessels, connective tissue hyperplasia, bile duct proliferation, dilation of sinusoids, damaged intercellular contacts between hepatocytes, liver cell hypertrophy and accumulation of inflammatory cells
Conclusion
After the careful analysis of the study, the results have been reported that if one can take zinc in higher amount as supplements or in their foods than it affects the normal structure of the liver and it will alter the functioning of the liver in both human and animals.
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Acute Pancreatitis Complicating Liver Transplantation in a Case of Fulminant Hepatic Failure Due to Yellow Phosphorus Poisoning. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 11:154-156. [PMID: 33679053 PMCID: PMC7897853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Yellow phosphorus (YP) is a general protoplasmic poison causing hepatic, cardiac, renal, and multiorgan failure. We report an unusual case of fulminant liver failure due to ratol (YP) poisoning complicated by acute pancreatitis postoperatively after liver transplantation. CASE REPORT A 25-yr-old man presented with alleged consumption of approximately 7 gm of Ratol paste. Serum amylase and lipase levels were 880 and 2423, respectively, and CT imaging of pancreas was normal. He developed fulminant liver failure, fulfilling King's college criteria and an living donor liver transplantation was performed. Intraoperatively fat saponification was seen at the root of mesentery. On postoperative day (POD) 13, he developed incisional wound dehiscence and he underwent laparotomy with extensive slough removal from the lateral aspect of wound. On POD 21, wound showed evidence of burst abdomen. CT abdomen revealed inflamed tail of pancreas with peripancreatic fat stranding and an exploratory laparotomy was performed again. Intraoperatively, walled-off necrotic collection was seen in the tail of the pancreas and necrosectomy was carried out. All the aforementioned re-explorations were carried out under steroid immunosuppression. He was restarted on tacrolimus on POD27. Graft function and cholestatic biochemistry improved progressively, and he was discharged and is on regular follow-up. DISCUSSION YP is very toxic with rapid absorption and gets accumulated in liver causing acute liver failure. Acute pancreatitis in a patient after liver transplantation for fulminant liver failure owing to Ratol poisoning has not been reported in published English literature. Although clinically relevant pancreatitis is rare in ratol poisoning, despite elevated pancreatic enzymes, it is prudent to meticulously image pancreas before embarking on liver transplantation. In those with pretransplant elevation of pancreatic enzymes, it is desirable to follow up the enzyme values postoperatively.
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Varghese J, Joshi V, Bollipalli MK, Malleeswaran S, Patcha R, Nair H, Vij V, Sachan D, Subramanian P, Jain M, Venkataraman J. Role of therapeutic plasma exchange in acute liver failure due to yellow phosphorus poisoning. Indian J Gastroenterol 2020; 39:544-549. [PMID: 33409946 PMCID: PMC7787244 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-020-01095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) has been utilized in various liver disorders. There is limited data on the efficacy of TPE in patients with acute liver failure (ALF). METHODS Study group consisted of patients who underwent TPE for ALF due to yellow phosphorous poisoning (YPP) between 2015 and 2019. Demographic data and biochemical parameters were recorded before and after TPE. Overall survival and transplant-free survival (based on King's College Hospital Criteria [KCHC]) were analyzed. RESULTS Forty-three patients underwent TPE for ALF due to YPP. Most of them were young males. Overall survival was 34 (79.06%). In our study population, 20 patients fulfilled KCHC (Group A) and 23 did not fulfill KCHC (Group B). Both the groups showed significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and international normalized ratio (INR) after TPE (p < 0.05). In Group B, there was significant improvement in ammonia after TPE (p < 0.05) and all 23 patients (100%) survived after TPE. In Group A, 4 underwent liver transplantation (LT), 7 survived without LT, and the remaining 9 died without LT. Mean survival after completing TPE was 41.2 ± 44.5 days in Group A and 90 days in Group B. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.001). There was statistically significant difference in post-TPE values of INR (p = 0.012) and ammonia (p = 0.011) between non-survivors and survivors. Adverse events such as hypotension (11.62%) and minor allergic reaction (4.65%) were managed conservatively. CONCLUSION TPE is an effective procedure in ALF due to YPP, not fulfilling KCHC for LT. In KCHC fulfilled group, though it shows LT-free survival benefit, there is requirement of prospective, large volume, multi-center study to assess its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Varghese
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Vivek Joshi
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | | | - Selvakumar Malleeswaran
- Department of Liver Anesthesia and ICU, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Rajinikanth Patcha
- Department of HPB and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Harikumar Nair
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Vivek Vij
- Department of HPB and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Deepti Sachan
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Dr. Rela Institute and Medical Centre, Chennai 600 044, India
| | - Pushkala Subramanian
- Department of Immunology, The Tamil Nadu Dr. MGR University, Chennai 600 032, India
| | - Mayank Jain
- Department of Hepatology and Transplant Hepatology, Institute of Liver Diseases and Transplantation, Gleneagles Global Health City, Chennai 600 100, India
| | - Jayanthi Venkataraman
- Department of Hepatology, Sri Ramachandra Institute for Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 116, India
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Mallick S, Nair K, Thillai M, Manikandan K, Sethi P, Madhusrinivasan D, Johns SM, Binoj ST, Mohammed Z, Ramachandran NM, Balakrishnan D, Unnikrishnan G, Dhar P, Sudheer OV, Sudhindran S. Liver Transplant in Acute Liver Failure - Looking Back Over 10 Years. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2020; 10:322-328. [PMID: 32655235 PMCID: PMC7335718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) is the leading cause for emergency liver transplantation (LT) all over the world. We looked at the profile of cases who required LT for ALF from a single centre to identify the possible predictors of poor outcomes. METHODOLOGY During the 10-year period starting from 2007, 320 cases of ALF were treated at our institution, of which 70 (median age 24 years, Male:Female 1:2) underwent LT. Retrospective analyses of these 70 patients were performed. RESULTS Etiology was identifiable in 73% (n = 51) of cases (yellow phosphorous [YP] poisoning [n = 16], Hepatitis A virus [HAV] [n = 15], Hepatitis B virus [HBV] [n = 5], Hepatitis E virus [HEV] [n = 1], anti-tubercular therapy [ATT] induced [n = 6], acute Wilson's [n = 3], and autoimmune [n = 5]]. Upon meeting King's College Hospital criteria, 69 had live donor LT (61 right lobe grafts, three left lobe grafts, five left lateral segment grafts) and one had deceased donor LT. Among these, there were five auxiliary partial orthotopic grafts and four ABO-incompatible transplants. Overall, 90-day mortality was 35.7% (n = 25), predominantly due to sepsis. Significant risk factors for mortality on multivariate analysis included indeterminate etiology, pre-op renal dysfunction, and Grade IV hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Cumulative 10-year survival of the remaining survivors was 95.6% (n = 45). CONCLUSION LT for ALF carries high perioperative mortality (35.7%) in those presenting with indeterminate etiology, pre-op renal dysfunction, and Grade IV HE. Nevertheless, if they survive the perioperative period, long-term survival is excellent.
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Key Words
- ALF, Acute Liver Failure
- ALI, Acute Liver Injury
- APOLT, Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplant
- ATT, Anti-Tubercular Treatment
- DDLT, Deceased Donor Liver Transplantation
- DILI, Drug-Induced Liver Injury
- GRWR, Graft Recipient Weight Ratio
- HAV, Hepatitis A Virus
- HBV, Hepatitis B Virus
- HE, Hepatic Encephalopathy
- HEV, Hepatitis E Virus
- INR, International Normalised Ratio
- LDLT, Living Donor Liver TransplantationPALF
- LT, Liver Transplantation
- MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease
- MODS, Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- PALF, Paediatric Acute Liver Failure
- YP, Yellow Phosphorous
- acute liver failure
- anti-tubercular treatment-induced acute liver failure
- auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplant
- emergency live donor living transplantation
- hepatitis a virus-related acute liver failure
- paediatric emergency liver transplant
- survival following liver transplant for acute liver failure
- yellow phosphorous poisoning
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Mallick
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India,Address for correspondence: Shweta Mallick, Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India.
| | - Krishnanunni Nair
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Manoj Thillai
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kathirvel Manikandan
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India,Department of Transplant Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pulkit Sethi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Durrairaj Madhusrinivasan
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shaji M. Johns
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Sivasankara T. Binoj
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Zubair Mohammed
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Narayana M. Ramachandran
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Dinesh Balakrishnan
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Gopalakrishnan Unnikrishnan
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Puneet Dhar
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Othiyil V. Sudheer
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Surendran Sudhindran
- Department of GI Surgery and Solid Organ Transplantation, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Ponekkara, Kochi, 682041, Kerala, India
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Rodenticidal hepatotoxicity: Raised plasma Von Willebrand factor levels predict in-hospital survival and preliminary report of the outcome of Von Willebrand factor reducing management protocol. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38:527-533. [PMID: 32077040 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-019-00989-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High Von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels may predispose to multi-organ failure in acute liver failure (ALF). In rodenticide-induced hepatotoxicity patients, we analyzed if plasma VWF levels predicted survival and also the outcome of VWF lowering by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), fresh frozen plasma (FFP) infusions, and plasma exchange (PLEX). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed prospectively collected data. Hepatotoxicity was classified as uncomplicated acute hepatitis (UAH), acute liver injury (ALI), and ALF. ALF patients, if not opting for liver transplantation, had PLEX and NAC; ALI patients received NAC ± FFP (PLEX, if worsening); UAH patients had NAC. Plasma VWF antigen was measured (normal, 50% to 150%). In-hospital survival was analyzed as discharged alive or died/discharged in a terminal condition (poor outcome). RESULTS Twenty-four consecutive rodenticide-induced hepatotoxicity patients (UAH in 1, ALI in 20, ALF in 3) from December 2017 to January 2019 were studied. Baseline VWF levels were 153%, 423 (146-890)% median (range), and 448 (414-555)% in UAH, ALI, ALF patients; model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores were 11, 24 (12-38), 36 (32-37) and in-hospital survival rates were 100%, 85%, 67%, respectively. VWF levels were higher in patients with poor outcome (555 [512-890]%) than in those discharged alive (414 [146-617]%) (p-value = 0.04). The area under the receiver operating curve of the VWF level, MELD score, and sequential organ failure assessment score to predict survival was 0.92, 0.84, and 0.66, respectively. Of 4 patients meeting criteria for liver transplantation (none had transplantation), 3 (75%) survived. CONCLUSIONS High VWF levels predict poor outcome in rodenticide-induced hepatotoxicity. VWF reduction may be useful in such patients.
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Zinc phosphide poisoning. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injms.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Devarbhavi H, Patil M, Reddy VV, Singh R, Joseph T, Ganga D. Drug-induced acute liver failure in children and adults: Results of a single-centre study of 128 patients. Liver Int 2018; 38:1322-1329. [PMID: 29222960 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Drugs producing acute liver failure (ALF) are uncommon and vary geographically. Here we review the implicated drugs, clinical features, laboratory characteristics and outcome of patients with drug-induced ALF (DIALF). We analysed the predictors of mortality and their relationship with MELD, King's College criteria (KCC) and ALFSG prognostic index. METHODS We identified DIALF patients from our drug-induced liver injury (DILI) registry (1997-2017). RUCAM was used for case adjudication. Patients who fulfilled criteria for acute liver failure and drug-induced liver injury were included. Primary outcome measure was spontaneous survival or death. RESULTS There were 128 cases of DIALF (14%) among 905 patients with DILI. Mean age was 38 years, 68 (53%) female and 21(16.4%) children <18 years. Combination anti-TB drugs (ATD) (n = 92, 72.4%) accounted for a majority of DIALF. Others were anti-epileptic drugs (AED, n = 11, 10%), dapsone (n = 7, 5.5%), hormones (n = 2), ferrous sulphate overdose (n = 2), acetaminophen (APAP) (n = 2), antiretroviral (n = 2), CAM (N = 2), chemotherapy agents (N = 3), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n = 2) and others (n = 3). Forty-four patients (34%) recovered spontaneously and 84(66%) including 13 children (62%) died. Females, ascites, albumin, bilirubin, INR and MELD were significantly associated with mortality. Mortality was 79% for ATD and 100% for APAP and iron overdose. Area under ROC was 0.76 for MELD and ALFSG index and 0.51 for KCC. CONCLUSIONS Fourteen percent of DILI resulted in DIALF. ATD, AED, dapsone and antiretroviral drugs are most common agents. Spontaneous survival was only 34% with an even higher mortality with ATD. Non-ATD and non-APAP drugs had a better survival (51%).INR and MELD predicted mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshad Devarbhavi
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Mallikarjun Patil
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Vishnu V Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Tarun Joseph
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - Deepak Ganga
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bangalore, India
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Trakulsrichai S, Kosanyawat N, Atiksawedparit P, Sriapha C, Tongpoo A, Udomsubpayakul U, Rittilert P, Wananukul W. Clinical characteristics of zinc phosphide poisoning in Thailand. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2017; 13:335-340. [PMID: 28352183 PMCID: PMC5360397 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s129610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objectives of this study were to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of poisoning by zinc phosphide, a common rodenticide in Thailand, and to evaluate whether these outcomes can be prognosticated by the clinical presentation. Materials and methods A 3-year retrospective cohort study was performed using data from the Ramathibodi Poison Center Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Results In total, 455 poisonings were identified. Most were males (60.5%) and from the central region of Thailand (71.0%). The mean age was 39.91±19.15 years. The most common route of exposure was oral (99.3%). Most patients showed normal vital signs, oxygen saturation, and consciousness at the first presentation. The three most common clinical presentations were gastrointestinal (GI; 68.8%), cardiovascular (22.0%), and respiratory (13.8%) signs and symptoms. Most patients had normal blood chemistry laboratory results and chest X-ray findings at presentation. The median hospital stay was 2 days, and the mortality rate was 7%. Approximately 70% of patients underwent GI decontamination, including gastric lavage and a single dose of activated charcoal. In all, 31 patients were intubated and required ventilator support. Inotropic drugs were given to 4.2% of patients. Four moribund patients also received hyperinsulinemia–euglycemia therapy and intravenous hydrocortisone; however, all died. Patients who survived and died showed significant differences in age, duration from taking zinc phosphide to hospital presentation, abnormal vital signs at presentation (tachycardia, low blood pressure, and tachypnea), acidosis, hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, in-hospital acute kidney injury, in-hospital hypoglycemia, endotracheal tube intubation, and inotropic requirement during hospitalization (P<0.05). Conclusion Zinc phosphide poisoning causes fatalities. Most patients have mild symptoms, and GI symptoms are the most common. Patients who present with abnormal vital signs or electrolytes might have more severe poisoning and should be closely monitored and aggressively treated. All patients should be observed in the hospital for 2 days and followed up for cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms, electrolyte balances, kidney function, and blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Umaporn Udomsubpayakul
- Section for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Oghabian Z, Afshar A, Rahimi HR. Hepatotoxicity due to zinc phosphide poisoning in two patients: role of N-acetylcysteine. Clin Case Rep 2016; 4:768-72. [PMID: 27525081 PMCID: PMC4974425 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2/ZnP) is used as a rodenticide. The most common signs of toxicity are nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and metabolic acidosis; patients presenting such signs are referred to the emergency department (ED) of the hospitals. Therefore, this study aimed to report two cases of hepatotoxicity following accidental and intentional ZnP poisoning and successful management with N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Oghabian
- Department of Clinical ToxicologyAfzalipour HospitalGeneral Teaching Hospital Poison CenterKerman University of Medical ScienceKermanIran
- Department of Toxicology and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Arefeh Afshar
- Department of Clinical ToxicologyAfzalipour HospitalGeneral Teaching Hospital Poison CenterKerman University of Medical ScienceKermanIran
| | - Hamid Reza Rahimi
- Department of Toxicology and PharmacologyFaculty of PharmacyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
- Pharmaceutics Research CenterInstitute of NeuropharmacologyKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
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Shakoori V, Agahi M, Vasheghani-Farahani M, Marashi SM. Successful management of zinc phosphide poisoning. Indian J Crit Care Med 2016; 20:368-70. [PMID: 27390464 PMCID: PMC4922293 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.183907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc phosphide (Zn2P3) rodenticide, is generally misused intentionally for suicidal purpose in Iran. For many years, scientists believe that liberation of phosphine (PH3) on contact with acidic content of the stomach is responsible for clinical presentations. However, relatively long time interval between ingestion of Zn2P3 and presentation of its systemic toxicity, and progression of acute liver failure could not be explained by the current opinion. Hence, an innovative theory intended that phosphonium, as an intermediate product will create and pass through the stomach, which then will reduce to produce PH3in the luminal tract. Here, we present a case of massive Zn2P3 poisoning. In our case, we used repeated doses of castor oil to induce bowel movement with an aim of removing unabsorbed toxin, which was proved by radiography. Interestingly, the patient presents only mild symptoms of toxicity such as transient metabolic acidosis and hepatic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shakoori
- Department of Medical Education, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Agahi
- Department of Medical Education, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Vasheghani-Farahani
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mahdi Marashi
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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El Okle OS, Derbalah A, El Euony O. Hepatic damage associated with fatal zinc phosphide poisoning in broiler chicks. Int J Vet Sci Med 2016; 4:11-16. [PMID: 30255033 PMCID: PMC6149249 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) is a widely used rodenticide which has the potential to cause high mortality if ingested. The present study was designed in order to explore the hepatic injury in broiler chicks that were acutely intoxicated with Zn3P2. For this purpose, a total number of 12 broiler Saso chicks were divided into two equal groups. Birds of the first group were exposed to 300 ppm Zn3P2 via food. Hepatic damage of intoxicated birds was evaluated biochemically and histologically using the transmission electron microscope and subsequently compared with another healthy non-treated controls (second group). The serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was significantly higher in those poisoned with Zn3P2, While, activities of both Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as, zinc concentration of hepatic tissue did not represented a significant difference between treated and control birds. Histological examination revealed presence of numerous heterogenic shaped mitochondria in hepatocytes of non-treated birds. Glycogen deposits were also scattered in the form of large electron dense deposits. Kupffer cell was irregular in shape and had numerous pseudopods often projected into sinusoidal lumen. In hepatic cells of intoxicated birds, mitochondrial swelling with cristolysis, few glycogen deposits, vacuoles in the cytoplasm and shrunken darkly stained nuclei are the major ultra-structural changes which were detected. It was concluded that the mitochondria could be one of the main target in hepatocytes for the toxic effect of Zn3P2 in broiler chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Said El Okle
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, P.O. 22758, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Amira Derbalah
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, P.O. 22758, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Omnia El Euony
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, P.O. 22758, Edfina, Egypt
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What is the real cause of hepatic dysfunction after zinc phosphide containing rodenticide poisoning? Indian J Gastroenterol 2016; 35:147-8. [PMID: 27021768 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Nagral S, Nanavati A, Nagral A. Liver Transplantation in India: At the Crossroads. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2015; 5:329-40. [PMID: 26900275 PMCID: PMC4723645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the liver transplant journey in India reaches substantial numbers and suggests quality technical expertise, it is time to dispassionately look at the big picture, identify problems, and consider corrective measures for the future. Several features characterize the current scenario. Although the proportion of deceased donor liver transplants is increasing, besides major regional imbalances, the activity is heavily loaded in favor of the private sector and live donor transplants. The high costs of the procedure, the poor participation of public hospitals, the lack of a national registry, and outcomes reporting are issues of concern. Organ sharing protocols currently based on chronology or institutional rotation need to move to a more justiciable severity-based system. Several measures can expand the deceased donor pool. The safety of the living donor continues to need close scrutiny and focus. Multiple medical challenges unique to the Indian situation are also being thrown up. Although many of the deficits demand state intervention and policy changes the transplant community needs to take notice and highlight them. The future of liver transplantation in India should move toward a more accountable, equitable, and accessible form. We owe this to our citizens who have shown tremendous faith in us by volunteering to be living donors as well as consenting for deceased donation.
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Key Words
- ALF, acute liver failure
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- CT, computerized tomography
- DBD, donation after brain death
- DCD, donation after cardiac death
- DDLT, deceased donor liver transplant
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HOTA, Human Organs Transplant Act
- ICU, intensive care unit
- INASL, Indian Association for Study of the Liver
- ISOT, Indian Society of Organ Transplantation
- India
- KCH, King's College Hospital
- LDLT, live donor liver transplantation
- LT, liver transplantation
- MELD, model for end stage liver disease
- NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
- NGO, non-governmental organizations
- NOTTO, National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization
- NTORC, non transplant organ retrieval center
- OPTN, Organ Procurement Transplant Network
- RGJAY, Rajiv Gandhi JeevandayeeArogyaYojana
- ROTTO, Regional Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization
- SOTTO, State Organ and Tissue Transplant Organization
- SRTR, Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients
- TB, tuberculosis
- UCSF, University of California San Francisco
- UK, United Kingdom
- UKELD, United Kingdom End stage Liver Disease
- UKNHSBT, UK the National Health Services Blood and Transplant Authority
- UNOS, United Network for Organ Sharing
- USA, United States of America
- ZTCC, Zonal Transplant Coordination Centre
- donation after brain death
- liver transplantation
- living donor liver transplant
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Nagral
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, India
| | - Aditya Nanavati
- Department of General Surgery, K.B. Bhabha Municipal General Hospital, India
| | - Aabha Nagral
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jaslok Hospital and Research Centre, India
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