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Gent EM, Bryan JW, Cleary MA, Clarke TI, Holmwood HD, Nassereddine RO, Salway C, Depla S, Statton S, Krecké J, Morgan CJ. Esketamine combined with a mindfulness-based intervention for individuals with alcohol problems. J Psychopharmacol 2024; 38:541-550. [PMID: 38863284 PMCID: PMC11179319 DOI: 10.1177/02698811241254834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a major public health issue, posing harmful consequences for individuals and society. Recent advances in addiction research have highlighted the therapeutic potential of ketamine-assisted therapy for AUD. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its effectiveness remain unknown. AIMS This double-blind, pilot study aimed to investigate esketamine combined with mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) to examine whether esketamine enhances engagement in MBI for individuals with alcohol misuse problems and whether enhanced engagement has any impact on alcohol-related outcomes. METHODS In all, 28 individuals with alcohol problems were randomly assigned to receive sublingual esketamine hydrochloride (AWKN002: 115.1 mg) or vitamin C (placebo) in an oral thin film and took part in 2 weeks of daily MBI. Participants were assessed on various self-report measures, including mindfulness, engagement in MBI (physical and psychological), alcohol cravings and consumption. RESULTS Esketamine enhanced psychological engagement with a daily MBI, compared to placebo, and led to transient decreases in alcohol cravings. Esketamine also resulted in significantly greater mystical experiences and dissociative states compared to placebo. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that esketamine may improve treatment outcomes when combined with mindfulness-based therapies through its ability to increase engagement with meditative practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Gent
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Joshua W Bryan
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Maisy A Cleary
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Tegan I Clarke
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Harry D Holmwood
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Rania O Nassereddine
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Chris Salway
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Simon Depla
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Sarah Statton
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Joy Krecké
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Celia Ja Morgan
- Psychopharmacology and Addiction Research Centre, Haighton Research Centre, University of Exeter St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
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Christopher M, Bowen S, Witkiewitz K, Grupe D, Goerling R, Hunsinger M, Oken B, Korecki T, Rosenbaum N. A multisite feasibility randomized clinical trial of mindfulness-based resilience training for aggression, stress, and health in law enforcement officers. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:142. [PMID: 38575888 PMCID: PMC10993469 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement officers (LEOs) are exposed to significant stressors that can impact their mental health, increasing risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, at-risk alcohol use, depression, and suicidality. Compromised LEO health can subsequently lead to aggression and excessive use of force. Mindfulness training is a promising approach for high-stress populations and has been shown to be effective in increasing resilience and improving mental health issues common among LEOs. METHODS This multi-site, randomized, single-blind clinical feasibility trial was intended to establish optimal protocols and procedures for a future full-scale, multi-site trial assessing effects of mindfulness-based resilience training (MBRT) versus an attention control (stress management education [SME]) and a no-intervention control, on physiological, attentional, and psychological indices of stress and mental health. The current study was designed to enhance efficiency of recruitment, engagement and retention; optimize assessment, intervention training and outcome measures; and ensure fidelity to intervention protocols. Responsiveness to change over time was examined to identify the most responsive potential proximate and longer-term assessments of targeted outcomes. RESULTS We observed high feasibility of recruitment and retention, acceptability of MBRT, fidelity to assessment and intervention protocols, and responsiveness to change for a variety of putative physiological and self-report mechanism and outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Results of this multi-site feasibility trial set the stage for a full-scale, multi-site trial testing the efficacy of MBRT on increasing LEO health and resilience, and on decreasing more distal outcomes of aggression and excessive use of force that would have significant downstream benefits for communities they serve. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03784846 . Registered on December 24th, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Christopher
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8thAve, Suite 260, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
| | - Sarah Bowen
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8thAve, Suite 260, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, 2001 Redondo S Dr, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA
| | - Daniel Grupe
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin Madison, 625 West Washington Ave, Madison, WI, 53703, USA
| | - Richard Goerling
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8thAve, Suite 260, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Matthew Hunsinger
- School of Graduate Psychology, Pacific University, 190 SE 8thAve, Suite 260, Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Barry Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurological Disorders, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Tyrus Korecki
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nils Rosenbaum
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Albuquerque Police Department, 400 Rome, NW, Albuquerque, NM, 87102, USA
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Li Y, He M, Wang Z, Hofmann SG, Liu X. Distress tolerance as a mediator of mindfulness-based intervention for anxiety and depression: Evidence from two randomized controlled trials. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2024; 24:100445. [PMID: 38333547 PMCID: PMC10847027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2024.100445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to investigate whether distress tolerance mediated the effects of mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) on anxiety and depression with two randomized controlled studies. Method In Study 1, 374 participants with at least moderate emotional distress were randomized to an intervention group (N = 174) and a waitlist control group (N = 173). Mindfulness, distress tolerance, anxiety, and depression were measured at the pre-test, week 3, week 5, and post-test. In Study 2, 170 participants with emotional disorders were randomized to an intervention group (N = 86) and a control group (N = 84). The same variables were assessed at pre-test, weekly during the intervention, and post-test. Results In both studies, linear mixed effect models showed that compared to the control group, mindfulness, distress tolerance, anxiety, and depression significantly improved in the intervention group. Parallel process latent growth curve models showed that changes in distress tolerance mediated the effects of the MBI on changes in anxiety and depression. Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models found that distress tolerance temporally preceded depression, but not anxiety. Conclusions Distress tolerance is a potential mechanism underlying MBIs. Interventions targeting distress tolerance could be embedded in MBIs to enhance the intervention effects for emotional distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengyao He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Stefan G. Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany
| | - Xinghua Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Simonsson O, Osika W, Stenfors CUD, Goldberg SB, Honk L, Hendricks PS. Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the United States and the United Kingdom. Psychol Med 2024; 54:1228-1234. [PMID: 37859627 PMCID: PMC10939964 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723003082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has proposed that there may be potential synergies between psychedelic and meditation interventions, but there are still knowledge gaps that merit further investigation. METHODS Using a longitudinal observational research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult population with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (N = 9732), we investigated potential associations between self-reported psychedelic use and meditation practice. RESULTS The follow-up survey was completed by 7667 respondents (79% retention rate), with 100 respondents reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period (1.3% of follow-up respondents). In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness meditation practice in the past week (B = 0.40, p = 0.004). Among those who reported psychedelic use during the study period, covariate-adjusted regression models revealed that the subjective experience of insight during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in that period was also associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness and loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week (B = 0.42, p = 0.021; B = 0.38, p = 0.017). Notably, more days of loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week at baseline was associated with less severe subjective feelings of death or dying during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in the study period (B = -0.29, p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Psychedelic use might lead to greater engagement with meditation practices such as mindfulness meditation, while meditation practices such as loving-kindness or compassion medication might buffer against certain challenging experiences associated with psychedelic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Simonsson
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Sociology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Walter Osika
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Simon B. Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ludwig Honk
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter S. Hendricks
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Hayajneh AA, Al-Younis MO, Rababa M. The effect of a mindfulness intervention (MI) on sleep disturbance (SD) among nurses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5084. [PMID: 38429355 PMCID: PMC10907617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep disturbance (SD) makes it difficult for nurses in intensive care units (ICUs) to perform activities that require focused and continual concentration, which raises the risk of medical errors, health issues, loss of sleep, and patient care mistakes. The mindfulness intervention (MI) was created to give participants the capacity to approach their own emotions with non-judgmental awareness and to become more conscious of their thoughts and feelings, and it reduced psychological symptoms. This study examined the effect of MI on SD among nurses. A randomized control trail (RCT) was conducted and recruited 100 nurses from intensive care and medical-surgical units from three hospitals located at the northern and middle regions of Jordan. Bivariate analysis including independent T-test and multiple linear regressions were used to study the differences between the interventional group (MI) and the comparison group (watching mindfulness videos) in terms of the impact on the SD. Nurses reported significant and high levels of SD. MI significantly reduced the level of SD and improved sleep quality among nurses. MI should be integrated into nursing competences to combat the negative impacts of poor sleep quality on nurses and organizational-sensitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audai A Hayajneh
- Adult Health-Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Malak O Al-Younis
- Adult Health-Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Rababa
- Adult Health-Nursing Department, Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box: 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Devoy R, Maguire R. Effects of mindfulness and movement on affect and vitality. Work 2024; 78:1213-1223. [PMID: 38759087 DOI: 10.3233/wor-230650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing levels of distress and barriers to healthcare have coincided with increasing use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). While mindfulness and movement interventions may improve wellbeing, little research has compared the effectiveness of these two approaches. OBJECTIVE This single intervention study aimed to (1) explore the effects of two brief, online, self-administered mindfulness and movement interventions on affect and vitality, and (2) establish whether changes in affect and vitality could be predicted by age, gender, general distress, previous CAM experience and enjoyment of the intervention. METHODS Participants (n = 62) were randomly allocated to follow a brief online mindfulness or movement intervention. Levels of affect (using PANAS) and subjective vitality (using the Subjective Vitality Scale) were measured pre and post intervention. Demographics, experience with CAM and general distress (using the DASS-21) were collected pre intervention, while level of enjoyment (using the ENJOY scale) was measured post intervention. Open-text responses gathered qualitative data on participant experience. RESULTS Participants completing the mindfulness intervention reported increased vitality and decreased positive and negative affect. Those completing the movement intervention reported increased vitality and positive affect and decreased negative affect. Higher DASS-21 levels were predictive of greater reductions in negative affect. Higher levels of enjoyment were predictive of greater increases in positive affect and vitality. CONCLUSIONS Differences between mindfulness and movement interventions may indicate that they could have targeted applications. While further research is necessary, these brief, online interventions may provide a sustainable, accessible self-management and wellbeing intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róisín Devoy
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Maguire
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
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Schwartz K, Ganster FM, Tran US. Mindfulness-Based Mobile Apps and Their Impact on Well-Being in Nonclinical Populations: Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e44638. [PMID: 37540550 PMCID: PMC10439468 DOI: 10.2196/44638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based mobile apps have become popular tools for enhancing well-being in today's fast-paced world. Their ability to reduce geographical, financial, and social barriers makes them a promising alternative to traditional interventions. OBJECTIVE As most available apps lack a theoretical framework, this review aimed to evaluate their effectiveness and assess their quality. We expected to find small sample sizes, high dropout rates, and small effect sizes in the included studies. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PsycInfo, PsycNet, PubMed, an institutional search engine (u:search), and Google Scholar. Randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of mobile mindfulness apps on well-being in nonclinical samples were included. Study selection, risk of bias (using the version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials), and reporting quality (using selected CONSORT [Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials] statement criteria) assessments were performed by 2 authors independently and discussed until a consensus was reached. RESULTS The 28 included randomized controlled trials differed in well-being measures, apps, and intervention duration (7 to 56 days; median duration 28 days). A wide range of sample sizes (12 to 2282; median 161) and attrition rates (0% to 84.7%; median rate 23.4%) were observed. Most studies (19/28, 68%) reported positive effects on at least one aspect of well-being. The effects were presented using different metrics but were primarily small or small to medium in size. Overall risk of bias was mostly high. CONCLUSIONS The wide range of sample sizes, attrition rates, and intervention periods and the variation in well-being measures and mobile apps contributed to the limited comparability of the studies. Although most studies (16/28, 57%) reported small or small to medium effects for at least one well-being outcome, this review demonstrates that the generalizability of the results is limited. Further research is needed to obtain more consistent conclusions regarding the impact of mindfulness-based mobile apps on well-being in nonclinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schwartz
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabienne Marie Ganster
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich S Tran
- Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Lam SU, Riordan KM, Simonsson O, Davidson RJ, Goldberg SB. Who Sticks with Meditation? Rates and Predictors of Persistence in a Population-based Sample in the USA. Mindfulness (N Y) 2023; 14:66-78. [PMID: 36777474 PMCID: PMC9910079 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-022-02061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Despite the well-documented psychological benefits of meditation practice, limited research has examined factors associated with meditation practice persistence. Like other health behaviors (e.g., exercise), non-persistence may undermine the effectiveness of meditation. Methods We examined rates and correlates of meditation persistence using a population-based sample (n = 953) in the United States. Persistence was operationalized in two ways: number of lifetime practice sessions (i.e., lifetime persistence) and current practice frequency (i.e., current persistence). Consistent with the National Health Interview Survey, we defined meditation as mindfulness meditation, mantra meditation, and spiritual meditation. We examined factors related to the Reasoned Action Approach (RAA), a theory that has been used to explain adherence to health behaviors. Results Almost half of the sample (49.3%) indicated lifetime exposure to meditation and a third (35.0%) indicated practice in the past year. Factors positively associated with persistence (lifetime and/or current) included having spoken with a meditation teacher, higher perceived effectiveness of meditation, higher meditation-positive subjective norms, lower perceived barriers, higher conscientiousness, higher wellbeing growth mindset, and retreat experience. Factors negatively associated with persistence included first exposure through various forms of technology and having a mental health motivation for practice. First exposure through a smartphone app and first exposure through friends and family were not associated with lifetime or current persistence. Findings were unchanged after controlling for demographics and applying a false discovery rate p-value adjustment. Conclusions These findings provide insights into factors that may promote persistence with meditation which can guide the delivery of meditation training. Preregistration This study was preregistered at the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/4h86s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin U Lam
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Kevin M. Riordan
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Otto Simonsson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Richard, J. Davidson
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin – Madison
| | - Simon B. Goldberg
- Department of Counseling Psychology, University of Wisconsin – Madison
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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