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Nepfumbada C, Mthombeni NH, Sigwadi R, Ajayi RF, Feleni U, Mamba BB. Functionalities of electrochemical fluoroquinolone sensors and biosensors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:3394-3412. [PMID: 38110684 PMCID: PMC10794289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are a class of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents that are used to treat variety of infectious diseases. This class of antibiotics was being used for patients exhibiting early symptoms of a human respiratory disease known as the COVID-19 virus. As a result, this outbreak causes an increase in drug-resistant strains and environmental pollution, both of which pose serious threats to biota and human health. Thus, to ensure public health and prevent antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial to develop effective detection methods for FQs determination in water bodies even at trace levels. Due to their characteristics like specificity, selectivity, sensitivity, and low detection limits, electrochemical biosensors are promising future platforms for quick and on-site monitoring of FQs residues in a variety of samples when compared to conventional detection techniques. Despite their excellent properties, biosensor stability continues to be a problem even today. However, the integration of nanomaterials (NMs) could improve biocompatibility, stability, sensitivity, and speed of response in biosensors. This review concentrated on recent developments and contemporary methods in FQs biosensors. Furthermore, a variety of modification materials on the electrode surface are discussed. We also pay more attention to the practical applications of electrochemical biosensors for FQs detection. In addition, the existing challenges, outlook, and promising future perspectives in this field have been proposed. We hope that this review can serve as a bedrock for future researchers and provide new ideas for the development of electrochemical biosensors for antibiotics detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collen Nepfumbada
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Nomcebo H Mthombeni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, Steve Biko Campus, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Rudzani Sigwadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
| | - Rachel F Ajayi
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, University of the Western Cape, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa.
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida Campus, Johannesburg, 1709, South Africa
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Tito GS, Abolanle AS, Kuvarega AT, Mamba BB, Feleni U. Nickel Selenide Quantum dot Reactor for Electro‐oxidation of Nevirapine in Wastewater. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ginny S. Tito
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida Campus 1710 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Adekunle S. Abolanle
- Obafemi Awolowo University Department of Chemistry Ibadan Road 220005, lle-lfe Osun Nigeria
| | - Alex T. Kuvarega
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida Campus 1710 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Bhekie B. Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida Campus 1710 Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability College of Science Engineering and Technology University of South Africa Florida Campus 1710 Johannesburg South Africa
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Abstract
Metal-conducting polyaniline (PANI)-based nanocomposite materials have attracted attention in various applications due to their synergism of electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of the initial components. Herein, metal-PANI nanocomposites, including silver nanoparticle-polyaniline (AgNP-PANI), zinc oxide nanoparticle-polyaniline (ZnONP-PANI), and silver-zinc oxide nanoparticle-polyaniline (Ag–ZnONP-PANI), were prepared using the two processes. Nanocomposite-based electrode platforms were prepared by depositing AgNPs, ZnONPs, or Ag–ZnONPs on a PANI modified glass carbon electrode (GCE) in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-Hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS, 1:2) as coupling agents. The incorporation of AgNPs, ZnONPs, and Ag–ZnONPs onto PANI was confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, which showed five absorbance bands at 216 nm, 412 nm, 464 nm, 550 nm, and 831 nm (i.e., transition of π-π*, π-polaron band transition, polaron-π* electronic transition, and AgNPs). The FTIR characteristic signatures of the nanocomposite materials exhibited stretching arising from C–H aromatic, C–O, and C–N stretching mode for benzenoid rings, and =C–H plane bending vibration formed during protonation. The CV voltammograms of the nanocomposite materials showed a quasi-reversible behavior with increased redox current response. Notably, AgNP–PANI–GCE electrode showed the highest conductivity, which was attributed the high conductivity of silver. The increase in peak currents exhibited by the composites shows that AgNPs and ZnONPs improve the electrical properties of PANI, and they could be potential candidates for electrochemical applications.
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