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Michór P, Renardson L, Li S, Boltze J. Neurorestorative Approaches for Ischemic StrokeChallenges, Opportunities, and Recent Advances. Neuroscience 2024; 550:69-78. [PMID: 38763225 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in acute stroke management, most patients experiencing a stroke will suffer from residual brain damage and functional impairment. Addressing those residual deficits would require neurorestoration, i.e., rebuilding brain tissue to repair the structural brain damage caused by stroke. However, there are major pathobiological, anatomical and technological hurdles making neurorestorative approaches remarkably challenging, and true neurorestoration after larger ischemic lesions could not yet be achieved. On the other hand, there has been steady advancement in our understanding of the limits of tissue regeneration in the adult mammalian brain as well as of the fundamental organization of brain tissue growth during embryo- and ontogenesis. This has been paralleled by the development of novel animal models to study stroke, advancement of biomaterials that can be used to support neurorestoration, and in stem cell technologies. This review gives a detailed explanation of the major hurdles so far preventing the achievement of neurorestoration after stroke. It will also describe novel concepts and advancements in biomaterial science, brain organoid culturing, and animal modeling that may enable the investigation of post-stroke neurorestorative approaches in translationally relevant setups. Finally, there will be a review of recent achievements in experimental studies that have the potential to be the starting point of research and development activities that may eventually bring post-stroke neurorestoration within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Michór
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Renardson
- University of Warwick, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shen Li
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes Boltze
- University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
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2
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Koukalova L, Chmelova M, Amlerova Z, Vargova L. Out of the core: the impact of focal ischemia in regions beyond the penumbra. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336886. [PMID: 38504666 PMCID: PMC10948541 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The changes in the necrotic core and the penumbra following induction of focal ischemia have been the focus of attention for some time. However, evidence shows, that ischemic injury is not confined to the primarily affected structures and may influence the remote areas as well. Yet many studies fail to probe into the structures beyond the penumbra, and possibly do not even find any significant results due to their short-term design, as secondary damage occurs later. This slower reaction can be perceived as a therapeutic opportunity, in contrast to the ischemic core defined as irreversibly damaged tissue, where the window for salvation is comparatively short. The pathologies in remote structures occur relatively frequently and are clearly linked to the post-stroke neurological outcome. In order to develop efficient therapies, a deeper understanding of what exactly happens in the exo-focal regions is necessary. The mechanisms of glia contribution to the ischemic damage in core/penumbra are relatively well described and include impaired ion homeostasis, excessive cell swelling, glutamate excitotoxic mechanism, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis or damage propagation via astrocytic syncytia. However, little is known about glia involvement in post-ischemic processes in remote areas. In this literature review, we discuss the definitions of the terms "ischemic core", "penumbra" and "remote areas." Furthermore, we present evidence showing the array of structural and functional changes in the more remote regions from the primary site of focal ischemia, with a special focus on glia and the extracellular matrix. The collected information is compared with the processes commonly occurring in the ischemic core or in the penumbra. Moreover, the possible causes of this phenomenon and the approaches for investigation are described, and finally, we evaluate the efficacy of therapies, which have been studied for their anti-ischemic effect in remote areas in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Koukalova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martina Chmelova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Amlerova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lydia Vargova
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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3
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Satani N, Parsha K, Savitz SI. Enhancing Stroke Recovery With Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Vahidy FS, Haque ME, Rahbar MH, Zhu H, Rowan P, Aisiku IP, Lee DA, Juneja HS, Alderman S, Barreto AD, Suarez JI, Bambhroliya A, Hasan KM, Kassam MR, Aronowski J, Gee A, Cox CS, Grotta JC, Savitz SI. Intravenous Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells for Acute Ischemic Stroke: Safety, Feasibility, and Effect Size from a Phase I Clinical Trial. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1481-1491. [PMID: 31529663 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy is a promising investigational modality to enhance poststroke recovery. We conducted a single-arm, phase I clinical trial to determine the safety and feasibility of intravenous (IV) administration of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs) after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Patients with moderate severity of AIS underwent bone marrow harvest followed by IV reinfusion of MNCs within 24-72 hours of onset. A target dose of 10 million cells per kilogram was chosen based on preclinical data. Patients were followed up daily during hospitalization and at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months for incidence of adverse events using laboratory, clinical (12 months), and radiological (24 months) parameters. The trial was powered to detect severe adverse events (SAEs) with incidences of at least 10% and planned to enroll 30 patients. Primary outcomes were study-related SAEs and the proportion of patients successfully completing study intervention. A propensity score-based matched control group was used for the estimation of effect size (ES) for day-90 modified Rankin score (mRS). There were no study-related SAEs and, based on a futility analysis, enrolment was stopped after 25 patients. All patients successfully completed study intervention and most received the target dose. Secondary analysis estimated the ES to be a reduction of 1 point (95% confidence interval: 0.33-1.67) in median day-90 mRS for treated patients as compared with the matched control group. Bone marrow harvest and infusion of MNCs is safe and feasible in patients with AIS. The estimated ES is helpful in designing future randomized controlled trials. Stem Cells 2019;37:1481-1491.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhaan S Vahidy
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Muhammad E Haque
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad H Rahbar
- Biostatistics/Epidemiology/Research Design (BERD) Core, Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences (CCTS), UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hongjian Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Paul Rowan
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Imoigele P Aisiku
- Division of Emergency Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dean A Lee
- Division of Pediatrics, Cell Therapy Section, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Harinder S Juneja
- Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Susan Alderman
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew D Barreto
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jose I Suarez
- Division of Neurosciences Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arvind Bambhroliya
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khader M Hasan
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adrian Gee
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Charles S Cox
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Sean I Savitz
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease and Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas, USA
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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Bjarkam CR, Orlowski D, Tvilling L, Bech J, Glud AN, Sørensen JCH. Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28447999 DOI: 10.3791/55511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to non-human primates. The large brain size of the pig allows the use of conventional clinical brain imagers and the direct use and testing of neurosurgical procedures and equipment from the human clinic. Further macroscopic and histological analysis, however, requires postmortem exposure of the pig central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent brain removal. This is not an easy task, as the pig CNS is encapsulated by a thick, bony skull and spinal column. The goal of this paper and instructional video is to describe how to expose and remove the postmortem pig brain and the pituitary gland in an intact state, suitable for subsequent macroscopic and histological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten R Bjarkam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital;
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Laura Tvilling
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Johannes Bech
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Andreas N Glud
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
| | - Jens-Christian H Sørensen
- Center of Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital
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7
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Hainsworth AH, Allan SM, Boltze J, Cunningham C, Farris C, Head E, Ihara M, Isaacs JD, Kalaria RN, Lesnik Oberstein SAMJ, Moss MB, Nitzsche B, Rosenberg GA, Rutten JW, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Troen AM. Translational models for vascular cognitive impairment: a review including larger species. BMC Med 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28118831 PMCID: PMC5264492 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disease models are useful for prospective studies of pathology, identification of molecular and cellular mechanisms, pre-clinical testing of interventions, and validation of clinical biomarkers. Here, we review animal models relevant to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). A synopsis of each model was initially presented by expert practitioners. Synopses were refined by the authors, and subsequently by the scientific committee of a recent conference (International Conference on Vascular Dementia 2015). Only peer-reviewed sources were cited. METHODS We included models that mimic VCI-related brain lesions (white matter hypoperfusion injury, focal ischaemia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy) or reproduce VCI risk factors (old age, hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, high-salt/high-fat diet) or reproduce genetic causes of VCI (CADASIL-causing Notch3 mutations). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that (1) translational models may reflect a VCI-relevant pathological process, while not fully replicating a human disease spectrum; (2) rodent models of VCI are limited by paucity of white matter; and (3) further translational models, and improved cognitive testing instruments, are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atticus H Hainsworth
- Clinical Neurosciences (J-0B) Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK. .,Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Translational Medicine and Cell Technology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Catriona Cunningham
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chad Farris
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Masafumi Ihara
- Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Isaacs
- Clinical Neurosciences (J-0B) Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.,Department of Neurology, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Raj N Kalaria
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | | | - Mark B Moss
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Nitzsche
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany.,Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute for Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, Health Sciences Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Julie W Rutten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Aron M Troen
- Institute of Biochemistry Food and Nutrition Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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8
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Yang B, Parsha K, Schaar K, Xi X, Aronowski J, Savitz SI. Various Cell Populations Within the Mononuclear Fraction of Bone Marrow Contribute to the Beneficial Effects of Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Therapy in a Rodent Stroke Model. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:322-30. [PMID: 26997513 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies including bone-marrow derived mononuclear cells (MNCs) are now widely being studied because of their pleotropic effects and promising results to improve recovery after stroke in animal models. Unlike other types of cell therapies, MNCs is a mixture of lymphoid, myeloid, erythroid, and stem cell populations. Which cell population(s) accounts for the beneficial effects of MNCs in stroke recovery is unclear. In this paper, we employed a mouse stroke model with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), and used positively and negatively sorted autologous MNCs by MACs to determine which fractions of the MNCs contribute to their beneficial effects. We evaluated the benefits of neurofunctional recovery produced by individual cell lineages within MNCs in a long-term observation study up to 28 days after stroke. Mortality and modulation of inflammation were also compared among different sub-populations. We further studied the impact of neurotoxicity posed by activated microglia in the presence of different cell lineages within MNCs. We concluded that myeloid cell lineage and stem cell/progenitors appeared to be important components within MNCs that contribute to improved outcomes after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Kaushik Parsha
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Krystal Schaar
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - XiaoPei Xi
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaroslaw Aronowski
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sean I Savitz
- Stroke Program, McGovern Medical School at UT-Health, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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9
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Savitz SI, Parsha K. Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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A Novel Ligustrazine Derivative T-VA Prevents Neurotoxicity in Differentiated PC12 Cells and Protects the Brain against Ischemia Injury in MCAO Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21759-74. [PMID: 26370988 PMCID: PMC4613278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Broad-spectrum drugs appear to be more promising for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. In our previous work, a new ligustrazine derivative (3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl) methyl 3-methoxy-4-[(3,5,6-trimethylpyrazin-2-yl)methoxy]benzoate (T-VA) showed neuroprotective effect on injured PC12 cells (EC50 = 4.249 µM). In the current study, we show that this beneficial effect was due to the modulation of nuclear transcription factor-κB/p65 (NF-κB/p65) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expressions. We also show that T-VA exhibited neuroprotective effect in a rat model of ischemic stroke with concomitant improvement of motor functions. We propose that the protective effect observed in vivo is owing to increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, decreased oxidative stress, and up-regulation of Ca2+–Mg2+ ATP enzyme activity. Altogether, our results warrant further studies on the utility of T-VA for the potential treatment of ischemic brain injuries, such as stroke.
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11
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Nitzsche B, Frey S, Collins LD, Seeger J, Lobsien D, Dreyer A, Kirsten H, Stoffel MH, Fonov VS, Boltze J. A stereotaxic, population-averaged T1w ovine brain atlas including cerebral morphology and tissue volumes. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:69. [PMID: 26089780 PMCID: PMC4455244 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Standard stereotaxic reference systems play a key role in human brain studies. Stereotaxic coordinate systems have also been developed for experimental animals including non-human primates, dogs, and rodents. However, they are lacking for other species being relevant in experimental neuroscience including sheep. Here, we present a spatial, unbiased ovine brain template with tissue probability maps (TPM) that offer a detailed stereotaxic reference frame for anatomical features and localization of brain areas, thereby enabling inter-individual and cross-study comparability. Three-dimensional data sets from healthy adult Merino sheep (Ovis orientalis aries, 12 ewes and 26 neutered rams) were acquired on a 1.5 T Philips MRI using a T1w sequence. Data were averaged by linear and non-linear registration algorithms. Moreover, animals were subjected to detailed brain volume analysis including examinations with respect to body weight (BW), age, and sex. The created T1w brain template provides an appropriate population-averaged ovine brain anatomy in a spatial standard coordinate system. Additionally, TPM for gray (GM) and white (WM) matter as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) classification enabled automatic prior-based tissue segmentation using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Overall, a positive correlation of GM volume and BW explained about 15% of the variance of GM while a positive correlation between WM and age was found. Absolute tissue volume differences were not detected, indeed ewes showed significantly more GM per bodyweight as compared to neutered rams. The created framework including spatial brain template and TPM represent a useful tool for unbiased automatic image preprocessing and morphological characterization in sheep. Therefore, the reported results may serve as a starting point for further experimental and/or translational research aiming at in vivo analysis in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Nitzsche
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephen Frey
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Louis D Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Donald Lobsien
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje Dreyer
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger Kirsten
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; LIFE Center (Leipzig Interdisciplinary Research Cluster of Genetic Factors, Phenotypes and Environment), University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Division of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Boltze
- Department of Cell Therapy, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology Leipzig, Germany ; Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig Leipzig, Germany ; Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory at Neuroscience Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA, USA
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12
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McBride DW, Klebe D, Tang J, Zhang JH. Correcting for Brain Swelling's Effects on Infarct Volume Calculation After Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2015; 6:323-38. [PMID: 25933988 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-015-0400-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating infarct volume is the primary outcome for experimental ischemic stroke studies and is a major factor in determining translation of a drug into clinical trials. Numerous algorithms are available for evaluating this critical value, but a major limitation of current algorithms is that brain swelling is not appropriately considered. The model by Lin et al. is widely used, but overestimates swelling within the infarction, yielding infarct volumes which do not reflect the true infarct size. Herein, a new infarct volume algorithm is developed to minimize the effects of both peri-infarct and infarct core swelling on infarct volume measurement. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride-stained brain tissue of adult rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion was used for infarct volume analysis. When both peri-infarct swelling and infarction core swelling are removed from infarct volume calculations, such as accomplished by our algorithm, larger infarct volumes are estimated than those of Lin et al.'s algorithm. Furthermore, the infarct volume difference between the two algorithms is the greatest for small infarcts (<10% of brain volume) when peri-infarct swelling is the greatest. Finally, using data from four published studies, our algorithm is compared to Lin et al.'s algorithm. Our algorithm offers a more reliable estimation of the infarct volume after ischemic brain injury, and thus may provide the foundation for comparing infarct volumes between experimental studies and standardizing infarct volume quantification to aid in the selection of the best candidates for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin W McBride
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA
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13
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Wang J, Liu X, Lu H, Jiang C, Cui X, Yu L, Fu X, Li Q, Wang J. CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs for protection after ischemic stroke in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:98-108. [PMID: 25526817 PMCID: PMC4342301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapy is considered to be a promising therapeutic strategy for stroke treatment. Although unfractionated bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) have been tried in both preclinical and clinical trials, the effective subpopulations need to be identified. In this study, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting to harvest the CXCR4(+)CD45(+) and CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulations from transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein. We then allogeneically grafted unfractionated BMMNCs or a subpopulation into mice subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and compared the effects on stroke outcomes. We found that CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNCs, but not CXCR4(+)CD45(+) BMMNCs, more effectively reduced infarction volume and neurologic deficits than did unfractionated BMMNCs. Brain tissue from the ischemic hemisphere of mice treated with CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNCs had higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and lower levels of TNF-α than did tissue from mice treated with unfractionated BMMNCs. In contrast, CXCR4(+)CD45(+) BMMNCs showed an increase in TNF-α. Additionally, CXCR4(+)CD45(+) and CXCR4(+)CD45(-) populations exhibited more robust migration into the lesion areas and were better able to express cell-specific markers of different linages than were the unfractionated BMMNCs. Endothelial and astrocyte cell markers did not colocalize with eGFP(+) cells in the brains of tMCAO mice that received CXCR4(+)CD45(+) BMMNCs. In vitro, the CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNCs expressed significantly more Oct-4 and Nanog mRNA than did the unfractionated BMMNCs. However, we did not detect gene expression of these two pluripotent markers in CXCR4(+)CD45(+) BMMNCs. Taken together, our study shows for the first time that the CXCR4(+)CD45(-) BMMNC subpopulation is superior to unfractionated BMMNCs in ameliorating cerebral damage in a mouse model of tMCAO and could represent a new therapeutic approach for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xiaobing Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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