1
|
Abrahams Y, Willmer T, Patel O, Samodien E, Muller CJF, Windvogel S, Johnson R, Pheiffer C. A high fat, high sugar diet induces hepatic Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha promoter hypermethylation in male Wistar rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 680:25-33. [PMID: 37713959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Previously we reported that a high fat, high sugar (HFHS) diet induced adiposity, hyperinsulinaemia, hyperleptinaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and increased liver mass in male Wistar rats. In the present study, the mechanisms underlying the increased liver mass were further elucidated by assessing hepatic lipid accumulation and the expression and methylation status of key metabolic genes using histology, quantitative real-time PCR and pyrosequencing, respectively. The HFHS diet induced hepatic steatosis, increased hepatic triglycerides (1.8-fold, p < 0.001), and increased the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1) (2.0-fold, p < 0.001) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) (1.7-fold, p = 0.017) in the liver. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1a) was decreased (2.6-fold, p < 0.010), which was accompanied by hypermethylation (p = 0.018) of a conserved CpG site in the promoter of Pgc1a in HFHS fed rats compared to controls. In silico analysis identified putative binding sites for CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein beta (C/EBPß) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 (HNF1) within proximity to the hypermethylated CpG. As Pgc1a is a co-activator of several transcription factors regulating multiple metabolic pathways, hypermethylation of this conserved CpG site in the promoter of Pgc1a may be one possible mechanism contributing to the development of hepatic steatosis in response to a HFHS diet. However, further work is required to confirm the role of Pgc1a in steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonus Abrahams
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Willmer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Oelfah Patel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Ebrahim Samodien
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Christo J F Muller
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Shantal Windvogel
- Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa (CARMA), Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu ZH, Yang J, Chen L, Du C, Zhang Q, Zhao SS, Wang XY, Yang J, Liu Y, Cai D, Du J, Liu HX. Short-Term High-Fat Diet Fuels Colitis Progression in Mice Associated With Changes in Blood Metabolome and Intestinal Gene Expression. Front Nutr 2022; 9:899829. [PMID: 35747264 PMCID: PMC9209758 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.899829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical cases and animal experiments show that high-fat (HF) diet is involved in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but the specific mechanism is not fully clear. A close association between long-term HF-induced obesity and IBD has been well-documented. However, there has been limited evaluation of the impact of short-term HF feeding on the risk of intestinal inflammation, particularly on the risk of disrupted metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we analyzed the metabolic profile and tested the vulnerability of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis after short-term HF feeding in mice. The results showed that compared with the control diet (CD), the fatty acid (FA), amino acid (AA), and bile acid (BA) metabolisms of mice in the HF group were significantly changed. HF-fed mice showed an increase in the content of saturated and unsaturated FAs and a decrease in the content of tryptophan (Trp). Furthermore, the disturbed spatial distribution of taurocholic acid (TCA) in the ileum and colon was identified in the HF group using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). After HF priming, mice on TNBS induction were subjected to more severe colonic ulceration and histological damage compared with their CD counterparts. In addition, TNBS enema induced higher gene expressions of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines under HF priming conditions. Overall, our results show that HF may promote colitis by disturbing lipid, AA, and BA metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory gene expressions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Wu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Du
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shan-Shan Zhao
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wang
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Demin Cai
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Du
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jian Du,
| | - Hui-Xin Liu
- Health Sciences Institute, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Institute of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Obesity and Glucose/Lipid Associated Metabolic Diseases, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Hui-Xin Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee S, Lee M. MEK6 Overexpression Exacerbates Fat Accumulation and Inflammatory Cytokines in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13559. [PMID: 34948353 PMCID: PMC8709004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a state of abnormal fat accumulation caused by an energy imbalance potentially caused by changes in multiple factors. MEK6 engages in cell growth, such as inflammation and apoptosis, as one of the MAPK signaling pathways. The MEK6 gene was found to be related to RMR, a gene associated with obesity. Because only a few studies have investigated the correlation between MEK6 and obesity or the relevant mechanisms, we conducted an experiment using a TgMEK6 model with MEK6 overexpression with non-Tg and chow diet as the control to determine changes in lipid metabolism in plasma, liver, and adipose tissue after a 15-week high-fat diet (HFD). MEK6 overexpression in the TgMEK6 model significantly increased body weight and plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. p38 activity declined in the liver and adipose tissues and lowered lipolysis, oxidation, and thermogenesis levels, contributing to decreased energy consumption. In the liver, lipid formation and accumulation increased, and in adipose, adipogenesis and hypertrophy increased. The adiponectin/leptin ratio significantly declined in plasma and adipose tissue of the TgMEK6 group following MEK6 expression and the HFD, indicating the role of MEK6 expression in adipokine regulation. Plasma and bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) of the TgMEK6 group increased MEK6 expression-dependent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines but decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, further exacerbating the results exhibited by the diet-induced obesity group. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the synergistic effect of MEK6 with HFD in fat accumulation by significantly inhibiting the mechanisms of lipolysis in the adipose and M2 associated cytokines secretion in the BMDM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suyeon Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
| | - Myoungsook Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea;
- Research Institute of Obesity Sciences, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Viraragavan A, Willmer T, Patel O, Basson A, Johnson R, Pheiffer C. Cafeteria diet induces global and Slc27a3-specific hypomethylation in male Wistar rats. Adipocyte 2021; 10:108-118. [PMID: 33570456 PMCID: PMC7889207 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2021.1886697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with metabolic dysfunction, while subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is considered protective. The mechanisms underlying these differences are not fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate molecular differences in VAT and SAT of male Wistar rats fed a cafeteria diet (CD) or a standard rodent diet (STD) for three months. The expression of fatty acid metabolism genes was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. Global and gene-specific DNA methylation was quantified using the Imprint® Methylated DNA Quantification Kit and pyrosequencing, respectively. Bodyweight, retroperitoneal fat mass, insulin resistance, leptin and triglyceride concentrations and adipocyte hypertrophy were higher in CD- compared to STD-fed rats. The expression of solute carrier family 27 member 3 (Slc27a3), a fatty acid transporter, was 9.6-fold higher in VAT and 6.3-fold lower in SAT of CD- versus STD-fed rats. Taqman probes confirmed increased Slc27a3 expression, while pyrosequencing showed Slc27a3 hypomethylation in VAT of CD- compared to STD-fed rats. The CD decreased global methylation in both VAT and SAT, although no depot differences were observed. Dysregulated fatty acid influx in VAT, in response to a CD, provides insight into the mechanisms underlying depot-differences in adipose tissue expansion during obesity and metabolic disease. Abbreviations: CD: cafeteria diet; E2F1: E2F Transcription Factor 1; EMSA: electrophoretic mobility shift assay; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; GCF: GC-Rich Sequence DNA-Binding Factor; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis model for insulin resistance; NKX2-1: NK2 homeobox 1; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; RF: retroperitoneal fat; SAT: subcutaneous adipose tissue; Slc27a3: solute carrier family 27 member 3; STD: standard diet; TNFα: tumour necrosis factor alpha; TTS: transcriptional start site; T2D: Type 2 Diabetes; VAT: visceral adipose tissue; WT1 I: Wilms’ tumour protein 1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amsha Viraragavan
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Willmer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Oelfah Patel
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Albertus Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, Kwa-Dlangezwa, South Africa
| | - Rabia Johnson
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The marine compound and elongation factor 1A1 inhibitor, didemnin B, provides benefit in western diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105208. [PMID: 32977024 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of eukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (EEF1A1) with the marine compound didemnin B decreases lipotoxic HepG2 cell death in vitro and improves early stage non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in young genetically obese mice. However, the effects of didemnin B on NAFLD in a model of long-term diet-induced obesity are not known. We investigated the effects of didemnin B on NAFLD severity and metabolic parameters in western diet-induced obese mice, and on the cell types that contribute to liver inflammation and fibrosis in vitro. Male 129S6 mice were fed either standard chow or western diet for 26 weeks, followed by intervention with didemnin B (50 μg/kg) or vehicle by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection once every 3 days for 14 days. Didemnin B decreased liver and plasma triglycerides, improved oral glucose tolerance, and decreased NAFLD severity. Moreover, didemnin B moderately increased hepatic expression of genes involved in ER stress response (Perk, Chop), and fatty acid oxidation (Fgf21, Cpt1a). In vitro, didemnin B decreased THP-1 monocyte proliferation, disrupted THP-1 monocyte-macrophage differentiation, decreased THP-1 macrophage IL-1β secretion, and decreased hepatic stellate cell (HSteC) proliferation and collagen secretion under both basal and lipotoxic (high fatty acid) conditions. Thus, didemnin B improves hepatic steatosis, glucose tolerance, and blood lipids in obesity, in association with moderate, possibly hormetic, upregulation of pathways involved in cell stress response and energy balance in the liver. Furthermore, it decreases the activity of the cell types implicated in liver inflammation and fibrosis in vitro. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of partial protein synthesis inhibition in the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
|
6
|
García-García FJ, Monistrol-Mula A, Cardellach F, Garrabou G. Nutrition, Bioenergetics, and Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2785. [PMID: 32933003 PMCID: PMC7551996 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the global nutrition report shows that whilst part of the world's population starves, the other part suffers from obesity and associated complications. A balanced diet counterparts these extreme conditions with the proper proportion, composition, quantity, and presence of macronutrients, micronutrients, and bioactive compounds. However, little is known on the way these components exert any influence on our health. These nutrients aiming to feed our bodies, our tissues, and our cells, first need to reach mitochondria, where they are decomposed into CO2 and H2O to obtain energy. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and mainly responsible for nutrients metabolism, but they are also the main source of oxidative stress and cell death by apoptosis. Unappropriated nutrients may support mitochondrial to become the Trojan horse in the cell. This review aims to provide an approach to the role that some nutrients exert on mitochondria as a major contributor to high prevalent Western conditions including metabolic syndrome (MetS), a constellation of pathologic conditions which promotes type II diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Clinical and experimental data extracted from in vitro animal and cell models further demonstrated in patients, support the idea that a balanced diet, in a healthy lifestyle context, promotes proper bioenergetic and mitochondrial function, becoming the best medicine to prevent the onset and progression of MetS. Any advance in the prevention and management of these prevalent complications help to face these challenging global health problems, by ameliorating the quality of life of patients and reducing the associated sociosanitary burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Josep García-García
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Monistrol-Mula
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Cardellach
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Glòria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, CELLEX-IDIBAPS, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (F.J.G.-G.); (A.M.-M.); (F.C.)
- CIBERER—Centre for Biomedical Research Network in Rare Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Real-Sandoval SA, Gutiérrez-López GF, Domínguez-López A, Paniagua-Castro N, Michicotl-Meneses MM, Jaramillo-Flores ME. Downregulation of proinflammatory liver gene expression by Justicia spicigera and kaempferitrin in a murine model of obesity-induced by a high-fat diet. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
|
8
|
Zhao RZ, Jiang S, Zhang L, Yu ZB. Mitochondrial electron transport chain, ROS generation and uncoupling (Review). Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:3-15. [PMID: 31115493 PMCID: PMC6559295 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) includes complexes I-IV, as well as the electron transporters ubiquinone and cytochrome c. There are two electron transport pathways in the ETC: Complex I/III/IV, with NADH as the substrate and complex II/III/IV, with succinic acid as the substrate. The electron flow is coupled with the generation of a proton gradient across the inner membrane and the energy accumulated in the proton gradient is used by complex V (ATP synthase) to produce ATP. The first part of this review briefly introduces the structure and function of complexes I-IV and ATP synthase, including the specific electron transfer process in each complex. Some electrons are directly transferred to O2 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ETC. The second part of this review discusses the sites of ROS generation in each ETC complex, including sites IF and IQ in complex I, site IIF in complex II and site IIIQo in complex III, and the physiological and pathological regulation of ROS. As signaling molecules, ROS play an important role in cell proliferation, hypoxia adaptation and cell fate determination, but excessive ROS can cause irreversible cell damage and even cell death. The occurrence and development of a number of diseases are closely related to ROS overproduction. Finally, proton leak and uncoupling proteins (UCPS) are discussed. Proton leak consists of basal proton leak and induced proton leak. Induced proton leak is precisely regulated and induced by UCPs. A total of five UCPs (UCP1-5) have been identified in mammalian cells. UCP1 mainly plays a role in the maintenance of body temperature in a cold environment through non-shivering thermogenesis. The core role of UCP2-5 is to reduce oxidative stress under certain conditions, therefore exerting cytoprotective effects. All diseases involving oxidative stress are associated with UCPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Zhou Zhao
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rothan HA, Akram S. An Overview on the Role of Oligodendrocytes and Mitochondria in the Progression of Multiple Sclerosis. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241803011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Mendez-Encinas MA, Carvajal-Millan E, Rascon-Chu A, Astiazaran-Garcia HF, Valencia-Rivera DE. Ferulated Arabinoxylans and Their Gels: Functional Properties and Potential Application as Antioxidant and Anticancer Agent. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:2314759. [PMID: 30186541 PMCID: PMC6116397 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2314759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, biomedical research has focused its efforts in the development of new oral delivery systems for the treatment of different diseases. Ferulated arabinoxylans are polysaccharides from cereals that have been gaining attention in the pharmaceutical field due to their prebiotic, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. The antioxidant and anticancer properties of these polysaccharides make them attractive compounds for the treatment of cancer, particularly colon cancer. In addition, ferulated arabinoxylans can form covalent gels through the cross-linking of their ferulic acids. Due to their particular characteristics, ferulated arabinoxylan gels represent an excellent alternative as colon-targeted drug delivery systems. The aim of the present work is to review the physicochemical and functional properties of ferulated arabinoxylans and their gels and to present the future perspectives for potential application as antioxidant and anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Alejandra Mendez-Encinas
- Biopolymers, Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carvajal-Millan
- Biopolymers, Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Agustín Rascon-Chu
- Biotechnology, Research Center for Food and Development, CIAD, A.C. Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304 Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | | | - Dora Edith Valencia-Rivera
- Department of Chemical Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Avenida Universidad e Irigoyen, 83621 Caborca, SON, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Decara J, Rivera P, Arrabal S, Vargas A, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Cooperative role of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor and β3-adrenergic-mediated signalling on fat mass reduction through the downregulation of PKA/AKT/AMPK signalling in the adipose tissue and muscle of rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222:e13008. [PMID: 29193738 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the cooperation of GLP-1 receptor and β3-adrenergic receptor (β3-AR)-mediated signalling in the control of fat mass/feeding behaviour by studying the effects of a combined therapy composed of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide and the β3-AR agonist CL316243. METHODS The study included the analysis of key mechanisms regulating lipid/cholesterol metabolism, and thermogenesis in brown (BAT) and epididymal white (eWAT) adipose tissues, abdominal muscle and liver of male rats. RESULTS CL316243 (1 mg kg-1 ) and liraglutide (100 μg kg-1 ) co-administration over 6 days potentiated an overall negative energy balance (reduction in food intake, body weight gain, fat/non-fat mass ratio, liver fat content, and circulating levels of non-essential fatty acids, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and leptin). These effects were accompanied by increased plasma levels of insulin and IL6. We also observed increased gene expression of uncoupling proteins regulating thermogenesis in BAT/eWAT (Ucp1) and muscle (Ucp2/3). Expression of transcription factor and enzymes involved either in de novo lipogenesis (Chrebp, Acaca, Fasn, Scd1, Insig1, Srebp1) or in fatty acid β-oxidation (Cpt1b) was enhanced in eWAT and/or muscle but decreased in BAT. Pparα and Pparγ, essentials in lipid flux/storage, were decreased in BAT/eWAT but increased in the muscle and liver. Cholesterol synthesis regulators (Insig2, Srebp2, Hmgcr) were particularly over-expressed in muscle. These GLP-1R/β3-AR-induced metabolic effects were associated with the downregulation of cAMP-dependent signalling pathways (PKA/AKT/AMPK). CONCLUSION Combined activation of GLP-1 and β3-ARs potentiate changes in peripheral pathways regulating lipid/cholesterol metabolism in a tissue-specific manner that favours a switch in energy availability/expenditure and may be useful for obesity treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Decara
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - P. Rivera
- Department of Endocrinology; Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Arrabal
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - A. Vargas
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - A. Serrano
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - F. J. Pavón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - C. Dieguez
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine-CIMUS; University of Santiago De Compostela-Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria; Santiago De Compostela Spain
- CIBER OBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - R. Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology; School of Medicine-CIMUS; University of Santiago De Compostela-Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria; Santiago De Compostela Spain
- CIBER OBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Madrid Spain
| | - F. Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| | - J. Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA); UGC Salud Mental; Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga; Málaga Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular; Genética y Fisiología; Facultad de Ciencias; IBIMA; Universidad de Málaga; Málaga Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abraham M, Collins CA, Flewelling S, Camazine M, Cahill A, Cade WT, Duncan JG. Mitochondrial inefficiency in infants born to overweight African-American mothers. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1306-1316. [PMID: 29568109 PMCID: PMC6054813 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Currently 20–35% of pregnant women are obese, posing a major health risk for mother and fetus. It is postulated that an abnormal maternal-fetal nutritional environment leads to adverse metabolic programming, resulting in altered substrate metabolism in the offspring and predisposing to risks of obesity and diabetes later in life. Data indicate that oocytes from overweight animals have abnormal mitochondria. We hypothesized that maternal obesity is associated with altered mitochondrial function in healthy neonatal offspring. Methods Overweight and obese (Body mass index, (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2, n=14) and lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2, n=8), African American pregnant women carrying male fetuses were recruited from the Barnes Jewish Hospital obstetric clinic. Maternal and infant data were extracted from medical records. Infants underwent body composition testing in the first days of life. Circumcision skin was collected for isolation of fibroblasts. Fibroblast cells were evaluated for mitochondrial function, metabolic gene expression, nutrient uptake and oxidative stress. Results Skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers had significantly higher mitochondrial respiration without a concurrent increase in ATP production, indicating mitochondrial inefficiency. These fibroblasts had higher levels of reactive oxygen species and evidence of oxidative stress. Evaluation of gene expression in offspring fibroblasts revealed altered expression of multiple genes involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in infants of overweight mothers. Conclusion This study demonstrates altered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in skin fibroblasts of infants born to overweight mothers. Future studies are needed to determine the long-term impact of this finding on the metabolic health of these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjusha Abraham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina A Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott Flewelling
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maraya Camazine
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alison Cahill
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - W Todd Cade
- Department of Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer G Duncan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
mRNA m 6A plays opposite role in regulating UCP2 and PNPLA2 protein expression in adipocytes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 42:1912-1924. [PMID: 29487348 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of mRNA plays an important role in regulating adipogenesis. However, its underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using Jinhua and Landrace pigs as fat and lean models, we presented a comprehensive transcriptome-wide m6A profiling in adipose tissues from these two pig breeds. Two differentially methylated genes were selected to explore the mechanisms of m6A-mediated regulation of gene function. RESULTS The ratio of m6A/A in the layer of backfat (LB) was significantly higher in Landrace than that in Jinhua. Transcriptome-wide m6A profiling revealed that m6A modification on mRNA occurs in the conserved sequence motif of RRACH and that the pig transcriptome contains 0.53-0.91 peak per actively expressed transcript. The relative density of m6A peaks in the 3'UTR were higher than in 5'UTR. Genes with common m6A peaks from both Landrace (L-LB) and Jinhua (J-LB) were enriched in RNA splicing and cellular lipid metabolic process. The unique m6A peak genes (UMGs) from L-LB were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and collagen catabolic process, whereas the UMGs from J-LB are mainly involved in RNA splicing, etc. Lipid metabolism processes were not significantly enriched in the UMGs from L-LB or J-LB. Uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) and patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 2 (PNPLA2) were two of the UMGs in L-LB. Synonymous mutations (MUT) were conducted to reduce m6A level of UCP2 and PNPLA2 mRNAs. Adipogenesis test showed that UCP2-MUT further inhibited adipogenesis, while PNPLA2-MUT promoted lipid accumulation compared with UCP2-WT and PNPLA2-WT, respectively. Further study showed m6A negatively mediates UCP2 protein expression and positively mediates PNPLA2 protein expression. m6A modification affects the translation of PNPLA2 most likely through YTHDF1, whereas UCP2 is likely neither the target of YTHDF2 nor the target of YTHDF1. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated a conserved and yet dynamically regulated m6A methylome in pig transcriptomes and provided an important resource for studying the function of m6A epitranscriptomic modification in obesity development.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen H, Fu Y, Jiang X, Li D, Qin W, Zhang Q, Lin D, Liu Y, Tan C, Huang Z, Liu Y, Chen D. Arabinoxylan activates lipid catabolism and alleviates liver damage in rats induced by high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:253-260. [PMID: 28585327 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arabinoxylan was thought to have the potential to change lipid metabolism and redox homeostasis in human and animal. However, the effect of arabinoxylan on the liver damage induced by high-fat diet needs further exploiting. RESULTS Six-weeks-old 30 male Sprague-Dawley Rats were assigned randomly to three groups (n = 10 per group), i.e. a control diet (CON) group, a high-fat diet (HF) group and a high-fat diet supplemented with arabinoxylan (6% AX, HF-AX) group. Results showed that final body weight and liver weight were similar in CON group and HF-AX group, but higher in the HF group. In serum, the HF-AX group showed lower triglyceride concentrations than did the HF group. In liver, higher lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, total lipase, and acyl-CoA oxidase activities and lower triglyceride and cholesterol level were observed in the HF-AX group than in the HF group. For the redox homeostasis, arabinoxylan supplemented in HF increased T-SOD activity and GSH-PX activity and reduced MDA + 4-HNE level in liver and/or compared with those in the HF group. Lipid droplets and liver cell damage were observed in the HF group compared with the CON and HF-AX groups. CONCLUSION Arabinoxylan could improve lipid metabolic disorder and alleviate liver damage in rats induced by high-fat diet via activating lipid catabolism and suppressing lipid peroxidation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanfang Fu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiujuan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen Qin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Derong Lin
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaowen Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui Tan
- School of Postgraduates, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sreedhar A, Zhao Y. Uncoupling protein 2 and metabolic diseases. Mitochondrion 2017; 34:135-140. [PMID: 28351676 PMCID: PMC5477468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are fascinating organelles involved in various cellular-metabolic activities that are integral for mammalian development. Although they perform diverse, yet interconnected functions, mitochondria are remarkably regulated by complex signaling networks. Therefore, it is not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in plethora of diseases, including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. One of the many factors that lead to mitochondrial-associated metabolic diseases is the uncoupling protein-2, a family of mitochondrial anion proteins present in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Since their discovery, uncoupling proteins have attracted considerable attention due to their involvement in mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress and energy metabolism. This review attempts to provide a summary of recent developments in the field of uncoupling protein 2 relating to mitochondrial associated metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annapoorna Sreedhar
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Yunfeng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dato S, De Rango F, Crocco P, Passarino G, Rose G. Pleiotropic effects of UCP2–UCP3 variability on leucocyte telomere length and glucose homeostasis. Biogerontology 2017; 18:347-355. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
17
|
Decara J, Arrabal S, Beiroa D, Rivera P, Vargas A, Serrano A, Pavón FJ, Ballesteros J, Dieguez C, Nogueiras R, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Antiobesity efficacy of GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide is associated with peripheral tissue-specific modulation of lipid metabolic regulators. Biofactors 2016; 42:600-611. [PMID: 27213962 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in peripheral lipid metabolism. Both lean and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity (DIO) rats were used to compare the peripheral effects of the subcutaneous and repeated administration of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide on the expression of key regulators involved in lipid metabolism, β-oxidation and thermogenesis in liver, abdominal muscle, and epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). We observed that liraglutide reduced caloric intake, body weight, and plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL in a diet-independent manner. However, changes in liver fat content and the expression of lipid metabolism regulators were produced in a diet and tissue-dependent manner. In lean rats, liraglutide increased the gene/protein expression of elements involved in lipogenesis (ChREBP, Acaca/ACC, Fasn/FAS, Scd1/SCD1, PPARα/γ), β-oxidation (CPT1b), and thermogenesis (Cox4i1, Ucp1/UCP1) in eWAT and muscle, which suggest an increase in fatty-acid flux and utilization to activate energy expenditure. Regarding DIO rats, the specific reduction of liver lipid content by liraglutide was associated with a decreased expression of main elements involved in lipogenesis (phospho-ACC), peroxisomal β-oxidation (ACOX1), and lipid flux/storage (Pparγ/PPARγ) in liver, which suggest a recovery of lipid homeostasis. Interestingly, the muscle of DIO rats treated with liraglutide showed a decreased expression of PPARγ and the thermogenic factor UCP1. These results help us to better understand the peripheral mechanisms regulating lipid metabolism that underlay the effectiveness of GLP-1 analogues for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(6):600-611, 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Arrabal
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Beiroa
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago De Compostela-Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco S/N, 15782 Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Vargas
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Ballesteros
- Parque Científico Madrid (PCM), VIVIA Biotech SL, 1 Calle Santiago Grisolia, Suite 205, Tres Cantos, 28760, Spain
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago De Compostela-Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco S/N, 15782 Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine-CIMUS, University of Santiago De Compostela-Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria, S. Francisco S/N, 15782 Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto De Investigación Biomédica De Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad De Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional De Málaga, Avda. Carlos Haya 82, Pabellón De Gobierno, Málaga, Spain
- CIBER OBN, Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|