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Highly divergent karyotypes and barcoding of the East African genus Gonatoxia Karsch (Orthoptera: Phaneropterinae). Sci Rep 2021; 11:22781. [PMID: 34815452 PMCID: PMC8610994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
East Africa is a hotspot of biodiversity of many orthopteran taxa, including bushcrickets. Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 species are fully alate Phaneropterinae, which are perfectly adapted to the foliage of forests. We examined five species using combined cytogenetic and molecular data to determine the inter- and intraspecific genetic diversity. The variation in the diploid number of chromosomes in males ranged from 2n = 28 + X0 and 26 + X0 to 2n = 6 + X0. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed from one to many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial sequences, especially in G. helleri. 18S rDNA loci coincided with active NOR and C-banding patterns. The isolation of populations of the species explains differences in the number of chromosomes (G. maculata), chromosomal polymorphism and chromosomal heterozygosity (G. helleri). Our molecular phylogeny based on the COI locus supported the monophyly of the genus Gonatoxia and separateness of the five examined species in accordance with their morphological features and chromosome numbers as well as the species' distribution.
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Grzywacz B, Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Kociński M, Heller KG, Hemp C. Diversification of the Balloon bushcrickets (Orthoptera, Hexacentrinae, Aerotegmina) in the East African mountains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9878. [PMID: 33972656 PMCID: PMC8110521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
East African mountains constitute a network of isolated habitat islands among dry savannah and are thus ideal for studying species diversification processes. This study elucidated the phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of all bushcricket species comprising the genus Aerotegmina. Our analysis indicated that large-scale climatic and topographic processes in Africa are likely to have driven speciation in this group, and revealed the cytogenetic traits of the species. Molecular phylogeny supported the monophyly of Aerotegmina and showed that the genus probably originated in the old Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and Kenya. Two lineages were distinguished: small- and large-sized species with geographically distinct habitats. The underlying processes are thought to be eight dispersals, ten vicariance events, and one extinction event linked to repeated fragmentation of the African rainforest. Those processes, in conjunction with habitat change, probably also led to the spatial separation of the species into a northern clade with a diploid number of chromosomes 2n = 32 + X0 or 2n = 30 + neo-XY and a southern clade with a reduced number of chromosomes (2n = 28 + X0 or 24 + neo-X1X2Y). Karyotype analysis suggests that Aerotegmina is currently in the process of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grzywacz
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Kociński
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Claudia Hemp
- grid.7384.80000 0004 0467 6972Department Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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Xie J, Hu K, Zhu M, Guo Y. Data-driven analysis of global research trends in bioacoustics and ecoacoustics from 1991 to 2018. ECOL INFORM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2020.101068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Heller KG, Hemp C. Rapid chromosomal evolution in the bush-cricket Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2020; 14:417-435. [PMID: 32952902 PMCID: PMC7473956 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v14i3.54422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Gonatoxia helleri Hemp, 2016 is one of the most widespread bush-crickets of the genus Gonatoxia Karsch, 1889 in East Africa. This species with seven large chromosomes (2n♂ = 7) differs from other representatives of the genus Gonatoxia drastically by its reduced chromosome number, the asymmetrical karyotype including karyomorphs rarely found in tettigoniids, as well as in irregularities in the course of meiosis. To better understand the origin of such an exceptional karyotype, chromosomes of 29 specimens from four populations/localities were studied using classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation, fluorochrome double staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG) n telomeric probes. FISH showed many 18S rDNA loci as well as interstitial telomeric sequences, where chromosome morphology varied in these components in terms of quantity and distribution. The 18S rDNA loci coincided with active NORs and C-banding patterns. We suggest that a combination of Robertsonian rearrangements and/or multiple common tandem fusions involving the same chromosomes contributed to the formation of this karyotype/karyomorphs. The results are the first step towards a better understanding of chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the genus Gonatoxia. Low chromosome number, together with the incidence of chromosomal polymorphism that is higher in G. helleri than previously reported in bush-crickets, implies that this species can be a valuable new model for cytogenetic and speciation studies. Our findings suggest that chromosomal translocations lead to diversification and speciation in this species and could be the driving force of adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, PolandPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Beata Grzywacz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, PolandPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | - Anna Maryańska-Nadachowska
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, PolandPolish Academy of SciencesKrakówPoland
| | | | - Claudia Hemp
- University of Bayreuth, Dept. Plant Systematics, Bayreuth, GermanyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
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Cansanção Silva B, Henrique Bonfim Souza L, Chamorro-Rengifo J, Araujo D. Karyotypes of three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 (Tettigoniidae, Phaneropterinae) enable morphologically similar species to be distinguished. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2019; 13:87-93. [PMID: 31044030 PMCID: PMC6477811 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v13i1.31803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phaneropterinae is the largest subfamily of Tettigoniidae, distributed across the globe. There are few cytogenetic studies regarding this group, as in the case of the genus group Aniarae, which represents only two karyotyped species. The current study aims to analyze cytogenetically three species of Hyperophora Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 from Brazil. The male diploid number of Hyperophoraminor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 and Hyperophoramajor Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 is 2n♂= 31, whereas Hyperophorabrasiliensis Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 has shown 2n♂= 29. These three species possess an X0 sex chromosome system and telo/acrocentric chromosome morphology. The only species found in the Pantanal biome, H.brasiliensis, can be chromosomally distinguished from the Cerrado biome species H.major and H.minor, due to the difference in chromosome number (2n♂= 29 and 2n♂= 31, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cansanção Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | - Lucas Henrique Bonfim Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | - Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
| | - Douglas Araujo
- Setor de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, UFMS, Cidade Universitária, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeBrazil
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Hemp A, Hemp C. Broken bridges: The isolation of Kilimanjaro's ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3499-3507. [PMID: 29504230 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity studies of global change mainly focus on direct impacts such as losses in species numbers or ecosystem functions. In this study, we focus on the long-term effects of recent land-cover conversion and subsequent ecological isolation of Kilimanjaro on biodiversity in a paleobiogeographical context, linking our findings with the long-standing question whether colonization of African mountains mainly depended on long-distance dispersal, or whether gradual migration has been possible through habitat bridges under colder climates. For this, we used Orthoptera as bioindicators, whose patterns of endemism and habitat demands we studied on about 500 vegetation plots on Kilimanjaro and Mt. Meru (Tanzania) since 1996. Land-cover changes in the same area were revealed using a supervised classification of Landsat images from 1976 to 2000. In 1976, there was a corridor of submontane forest vegetation linking Kilimanjaro with Mt. Meru, replaced by human settlements and agriculture after 2000. Until recently, this submontane forest bridge facilitated the dispersal of forest animals, illustrated by the large number of endemic submontane forest Orthoptera shared by both mountains. Furthermore, the occurrence of common montane endemics suggests the existence of a former forest corridor with montane vegetation during much earlier times under climatic conditions 2-7°C cooler and 400-1,700 mm wetter than today. Based on the endemicity patterns of forest Orthoptera, negative consequences are predicted due to the effects of isolation, in particular for larger forest animals. Kilimanjaro is becoming an increasingly isolated ecosystem with far reaching consequences for diversity and endemism. Forest bridges between East African mountains acted as important migratory corridors and are not only a prehistoric phenomenon during periods with other climatic conditions but also disappeared in some places recently due to increasing and direct anthropogenic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hemp
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Claudia Hemp
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Frankfurt (Main), Germany
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Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Heller KG, Chobanov DP. Comparative analysis of chromosomes in the Palaearctic bush-crickets of tribe Pholidopterini (Orthoptera, Tettigoniinae). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2017; 11:309-324. [PMID: 28919967 PMCID: PMC5596980 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v11i2.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study focused on the evolution of the karyotype in four genera of the tribe Pholidopterini: Eupholidoptera Mařan, 1953, Parapholidoptera Mařan, 1953, Pholidoptera Wesmaël, 1838, Uvarovistia Mařan, 1953. Chromosomes were analyzed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG) n telomeric probes, and classical techniques, such as C-banding, silver impregnation and fluorochrome DAPI/CMA3 staining. Most species retained the ancestral diploid chromosome number 2n = 31 (male) or 32 (female), while some of the taxa, especially a group of species within genus Pholidoptera, evolved a reduced chromosome number 2n = 29. All species show the same sex determination system X0/XX. In some taxa, a pericentric inversion has changed the morphology of the ancestral acrocentric X chromosome to the biarmed X. The rDNA loci coincided with active NORs and C-band/CG-rich segments. A comparison of the location of the single rDNA/NOR in the genus Pholidoptera suggests that reduced chromosome number results from Robertsonian translocation between two pairs of autosomes, one carrying the rDNA/NOR. The results constitute a step towards better understanding of the chromosomal reorganization and evolution within the tribe Phaneropterini and the whole subfamily Tettigoniinae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Warchałowska-Śliwa
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Grzywacz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, 31-016 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Dragan P. Chobanov
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Boul., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Chamorro-Rengifo J, Olivier RDS, Araujo D. Bucrates lanista Rehn 1918 (Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae): The First Record from the Brazilian Pantanal, the First Description of the Male, the First Karyotypic Report for the Genus, and the First Telomeric Hybridization of the Subfamily. Zoolog Sci 2016; 33:537-544. [PMID: 27715412 DOI: 10.2108/zs150176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bucrates lanista, the most southerly distributed species in the genus Bucrates Burmeister, was originally described from Brazil based on a female collected in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, but the species has not been recorded since 1918. In this work, we report that B. lanista inhabits the Pantanal Wetland in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and, for the first time, describe the male. Individuals of B. lanista are gregarious and present a brown/green color dimorphism; this behavior and color variation are also observed in species of closely related genera. Individuals from the Pantanal vary slightly from those of Rio Grande do Sul. The karyotype was determined to be 2n♂ = 21 = 20 + X0 and 2n♀ = 22 = 20 + XX. The X chromosome is metacentric and the largest of the complement, and all of the autosomes are submetacentrics. All chromosomes solely present telomeric (TTAGG)n repeats at their ends, and some chromosomes present positive and negative DAPI bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Chamorro-Rengifo
- 1 Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde,Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renan da Silva Olivier
- 2 Laboratório de Sistemática, Ecologia e Evolução, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal,Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Douglas Araujo
- 3 Laboratório de Citogenética Molecular Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal,Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul.Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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Review of the East African species of the phaneropterine genus Parapyrrhicia Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1891 (Insecta: Orthoptera): secret communication of a forest-bound taxon. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Hemp C, Grzywacz B, Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Hemp A. Topography and climatic fluctuations boosting speciation: biogeography and a molecular phylogeny of the East African genera Afroanthracites Hemp & Ingrisch and Afroagraecia Ingrisch & Hemp (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Agraeciini). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hemp C, Heller KG, Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Hemp A. Review of the Plangia graminea (Serville) complex and the description of new Plangia species from East Africa (Orthoptera: Phaneropteridae, Phaneropterinae) with data on habitat, bioacoustics, and chromosomes. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hemp C, Heller KG, Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Hemp A. Ecology, acoustics and chromosomes of the East African genus Afroanthracites Hemp & Ingrisch (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae, Conocephalinae, Agraeciini) with the description of new species. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-014-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Grzywacz B, Chobanov DP, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Karamysheva TV, Heller KG, Warchałowska-Śliwa E. A comparative study of genome organization and inferences for the systematics of two large bushcricket genera of the tribe Barbitistini (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Phaneropterinae). BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:48. [PMID: 24625118 PMCID: PMC3975230 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-14-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poecilimon and Isophya are the largest genera of the tribe Barbitistini and among the most systematically complicated and evolutionarily intriguing groups of Palearctic tettigoniids. We examined the genomic organization of 79 taxa with a stable chromosome number using classical (C–banding, silver and fluorochrome staining) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA and (TTAGG)n telomeric probes) cytogenetic techniques. These tools were employed to establish genetic organization and differences or similarities between genera or species within the same genus and determine if cytogenetic markers can be used for identifying some taxonomic groups of species. Results Differences between the karyotypes of the studied genera include some general changes in the morphology of the X chromosome in Isophya (in contrast to Poecilimon). The number of major rDNA clusters per haploid genome divided Poecilimon into two main almost equal groups (with either one or two clusters), while two rDNA clusters predominated in Isophya. In both genera, rDNA loci were preferentially located in the paracentromeric region of the autosomes and rarely in the sex chromosomes. Our results demonstrate a coincidence between the location of rDNA loci and active NORs and GC-rich heterochromatin regions. The C/DAPI/CMA3 bands observed in most Poecilimon chromosomes suggest the presence of more families of repetitive DNA sequences as compared to the heterochromatin patterns in Isophya. Conclusions The results show both differences and similarities in genome organization among species of the same genus and between genera. Previous views on the systematics and phylogenetic grouping of certain lineages are discussed in light of the present cytogenetic results. In some cases, variation of chromosome markers was observed to correspond with variation in other evolutionary traits, which is related to the processes of ongoing speciation and hybridization in zones of secondary contact. It was concluded that the physical mapping of rDNA sequences and heterochromatin may be used as an additional marker for understanding interspecific relationships in these groups and their routes of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Grzywacz
- Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, Sławkowska 17, Krakow 31-016, Poland.
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Warchałowska-Śliwa E, Grzywacz B, Maryańska-Nadachowska A, Karamysheva TV, Heller KG, Lehmann AW, Lehmann GUC, Chobanov DP. Molecular and classical chromosomal techniques reveal diversity in bushcricket genera of Barbitistini (Orthoptera). Genome 2013; 56:667-76. [PMID: 24299106 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2013-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenetic characteristics of 17 species of bushcricket belonging to eight genera of the tribe Barbitistini were examined by fluorescence in situ hybridization with 18S rDNA and (TTAGGn) telomeric as probes and by C-banding, silver, and fluorochrome staining. These markers were used to understand chromosomal organization and evolutionary relationships between genera or species within the same genus. The number of 18S rDNA clusters per haploid genome that co-localized with active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) ranged from one to five, with the most common pattern being the presence of one NOR-bearing chromosome. This ribosomal cistron was preferentially located in the paracentromeric region of autosomes and very rarely in the sex chromosome. The results demonstrated coincidence between the localization of major ribosomal genes and active NORs and the position of C-band and GC-rich regions. The rDNA/NOR distribution and the composition of chromosome heterochromatin proved to be good cytogenetic markers for distinguishing species and phylogenetic lines and for understanding the genomic differentiation and evolution of Barbitistini. A comparison of cytogenetic and morphological or behavioral traits suggests that morphological and behavioral specialization in this group was not followed by major karyotype modification (except for Leptophyes). However, the occurrence and distribution of different repetitive DNA sites tends to vary among the taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Warchałowska-Śliwa
- a Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Biogeography, ecology, acoustics and chromosomes of East African Eurycorypha Stål species (Orthoptera, Phaneropterinae) with the description of new species. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-012-0123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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