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Pádua DG, Moreira-Muñoz A, Morales-Fierro V, Araujo RO. Chilean Darwin Wasps (Ichneumonidae): Biogeographic Relationships and Distribution Patterns. INSECTS 2024; 15:415. [PMID: 38921130 PMCID: PMC11203931 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ichneumonidae, or Chilean Darwin wasps, are an important component of South American hymenopteran diversity, but the taxonomic and distributional knowledge on this insect is still deficient. Taking advantage of recently updated taxonomic knowledge, we assessed biogeographic relationships at the genus level and biodiversity spatial patterns along the latitudinal gradient. The results show the presence of 264 species in Chile, arranged in 102 genera and 22 subfamilies. Biogeographic relationships are based on six elements (cosmopolitan (n = 50; 36%), endemic (n = 29; 21%), Neotropical (n = 22; 16%), Holarctic-Oriental (n = 19; 14%), south-temperate (n = 16; 11%) and Australasian) and composed of just three genera: Anacis, Labena, and Meringops. Species and genera show a bimodal distribution along the latitudinal gradient: around 34° and 38° S. From an ecoregional perspective, richness is concentrated in the Valdivian temperate forests, but when assessed at a 0.5 × 0.5 cell scale, several outstanding cells are in the contact zone between the temperate forests and the Chilean Matorral. On the other hand, the Atacama Desert shows little or no presence of Darwin wasps. The results agree with Charles Porter, who identified a northern province composed of Neotropical and cosmopolitan genera with their own representatives in the far north (11 genera), a distributional gap in the core of the Atacama Desert, and around 128 genera in Porter's Neantarctic realm, covering all of Chile from 25° S to Cape Horn, including the Juan Fernandez islands. These results reinforce knowledge gaps and the need for more sampling and studies of available collections. Due to sampling gaps at this stage, identifying a continued increase or decrease in richness towards higher latitudes is not possible. More taxonomic and distributional information is also needed to assess potential threats to endemic genera and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G. Pádua
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil, 2241, Valparaíso 2340025, Chile;
| | - Vanezza Morales-Fierro
- Herbario EIF & Laboratorio de Evolución y Sistemática, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa, 11315, La Pintana, Santiago 8820808, Chile;
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Interior Quinta Normal, s/n, Santiago 8350410, Chile
| | - Rodrigo O. Araujo
- Laboratorio de Entomología General y Aplicada, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avenida San Miguel, 3605, Talca 3460000, Chile;
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Moreira-Muñoz A, Monge M, Grossi MA, Ávila FA, Morales-Fierro V, Heiden G, Britto B, Beck S, Nakajima JN, Salgado VG, Rodríguez-Cravero JF, Gutiérrez DG. South America holds the greatest diversity of native daisies (Asteraceae) in the world: an updated catalogue supporting continental-scale conservation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1393241. [PMID: 38872876 PMCID: PMC11169850 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1393241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Asteraceae is the world's richest plant family and is found on all continents, in environments ranging from the coast to the highest mountains. The family shows all growth forms and, as in other angiosperm families, species richness is concentrated in tropical regions. South America has the highest diversity of Asteraceae in the world, yet taxonomic and distributional knowledge gaps remain. This study compiles an updated catalog of Asteraceae native to South America, based on national and regional checklists and ongoing large-scale flora projects. The resulting checklist includes a total of 6,940 species and 564 genera native to South America to date, which represent about a quarter of the family's global diversity. Countries already considered to be megadiverse show the greatest diversity, such as Brazil with 2,095 species, followed by Peru (1,588), Argentina (1,377), and Colombia (1,244), with this diversity mainly focused on the Brazilian Highlands and the Andes. Species endemism also peaks in Brazil, but Sørensen distances reveal the Chilean flora to be eminently different from the rest of the continent. Tribes better represented in the continent are Eupatorieae, Senecioneae and Astereae, also with a remarkably presence of entirely South American subfamilies representing earliest diverging lineages of the Asteraceae, such as Barnadesioideae, Wunderlichioideae, Famatinanthoideae, and Stifftioideae. It is estimated that the discovery and description curves have not yet stabilized, and the number of species is likely to increase by 5 to 10% in the coming years, posing major challenges to continental-scale conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marcelo Monge
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mariana A. Grossi
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fabio Andrés Ávila
- New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY, United States
- The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vanezza Morales-Fierro
- Herbario EIF & Laboratorio de Evolución y Sistemática, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y de la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Berni Britto
- Máster Conservación y Gestión del Medio Natural, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Stephan Beck
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Jimi N. Nakajima
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Vanina G. Salgado
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Facundo Rodríguez-Cravero
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego G. Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Morfología Comparada de Espermatófitas, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
- División Plantas Vasculares, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Escobari B, Borsch T, Kilian N. Generic concepts and species diversity within the Gynoxyoid clade (Senecioneae, Compositae). PHYTOKEYS 2023; 234:61-106. [PMID: 37860599 PMCID: PMC10582726 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.234.107750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The Gynoxyoid clade of the Senecioneae (Asteraceae) until now included the five genera Aequatorium, Gynoxys, Nordenstamia, Paracalia and Paragynoxys as diagnosed using selected morphological characters. In their pre-phylogenetic circumscription, the genera Aequatorium and Paragynoxys were considered to inhabit the northern Andes in contrast to Nordenstamia and Paracalia that occur in the central Andes. The most species-rich genus, Gynoxys, was believed to be distributed throughout the Andes. We use a recently established plastid phylogenomic framework that rendered Gynoxys paraphyletic to further evaluate the delimitation of genera in the Gynoxyoid clade. We examine the morphological variation of all members of the Gynoxyoid to identify characters potentially informative at genus level. This results in a matrix of eleven, mostly multistate characters, including those originally used to diagnose these genera. The ancestral character state inference displays a high level of homoplasy, but nevertheless supports the recognition of four genera. Aequatorium is characterised by white radiate capitula. Paracalia and Paragynoxys share white flowers and floral characteristics, such as flower opening and length of disc flowers lobes, as plesiomorphic states, but differ in habit (scandent shrubs vs. trees). Paracalia also retained white flowers, but its two species are characterised by the absence of outer phyllaries. The genera Gynoxys and Nordenstamia comprise species with yellow capitula which appear to be a derived feature in the Gynoxyoids. The genus Nordenstamia, with eight species, is synonymised under Gynoxys since molecular evidence shows its species nested within various parts of the Gynoxys subclade and the morphological variation of Nordenstamia falls well within that of Gynoxys. With the goal to assign all species to four genera (Aequatorium, Gynoxys, Paracalia and Paragynoxys), we assess the states for the eleven characters for all members of the Gynoxyoids and generate new ETS and ITS sequences for 171 specimens belonging to 49 species to further support their generic placement. We provide a taxonomic treatment for the four genera recognised here including amended diagnoses and morphological descriptions. Furthermore, a species-level taxonomic backbone is elaborated for all genera using electronic tools that list 158 currently accepted names and synonyms (209 names in total) with the respective protologue and type information, as well as notes on the current understanding of species limits. Eleven names are newly synonymised, two are lectotypified and eight are newly transferred to other genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Escobari
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Casilla, La Paz, 10077, Bolivia
| | - Thomas Borsch
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Norbert Kilian
- Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Moreira-Muñoz A, Palchetti MV, Morales-Fierro V, Duval VS, Allesch-Villalobos R, González-Orozco CE. Diversity and Conservation Gap Analysis of the Solanaceae of Southern South America. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854372. [PMID: 35656013 PMCID: PMC9152431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to make substantial advances in the taxonomic, systematic, and distribution knowledge of plants, and find better ways of transmission of this information to society to surpass the general pattern described as "plant blindness." The diversity of the plant family Solanaceae reaches its peak in South America; however, many of its species are threatened due to the expansion of the human footprint. Here, we examine the diversity patterns of the family in southern South America (Argentina and Chile) by means of species richness (SR), weighted endemism (WE), and corrected weighted endemism (CWE). We also evaluated conservation gaps in relation to protected areas and the human footprint as a proxy for potential impacts on this biodiversity. Results show two richness centers in NW and NE Argentina, with a high degree of overlap with protected areas, which, on the other side, show a relative high index of human footprint. Comparatively, coastal Atacama (Chile) shows lower richness values, but outstanding CWE and WE values. The coast of Atacama harbors high values due the presence of species of the genus Nolana with restricted distributions. Protected areas in this tight coastal strip are sparse, and the human footprint is also relatively high. The degree of protection based on these parameters is then unbalanced, highlighting the need for a geographically explicit strategy for the conservation of the family at subcontinental scale. In doing so, it is likely that other representatives of these unique centers of richness and endemism will benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María Virginia Palchetti
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal - IMBIV, CONICET, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | - Valeria Soledad Duval
- Departamento de Geografía y Turismo, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | - Carlos E. González-Orozco
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria- Agrosavia, Centro de Investigación La Libertad, Meta, Colombia
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Redonda-Martínez R, Pliscoff P, Moreira-Muñoz A, Martínez Salas EM, Samain MS. Towards Conservation of the Remarkably High Number of Daisy Trees (Asteraceae) in Mexico. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030534. [PMID: 33809003 PMCID: PMC8000269 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mexico is floristically the fourth most species-rich country in the world, and Asteraceae is the most diverse vascular plant family in this country. The species exhibits a wide range of growth forms, but the tree-like habit, appropriately named daisy trees, is heavily underestimated, even though slightly different tree definitions are handled. Very little is known about their precise species number or conservation status in Mexico, so we update here the list of known Mexican daisy tree species, summarize their very diverse uses, present a general panorama of their present and future distribution, and discuss their conservation status. A bibliographic review and herbarium study were carried out, carefully curated taxonomical ocurrence maps were prepared for each species, and a climatic suitability modelling approach was used to characterise the spatial patterns of Mexican Asteraceae trees. With 149 daisy tree species, the country ranks second at a global level; within the country, their greatest diversity is found in central and western Mexico. A decrease in diversity is estimated in areas that currently host the highest species richness, whereas the hotspot regions are estimated to show an increase in species diversity, so climate change is not a threat to all Mexican daisy tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Redonda-Martínez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Pátzcuaro 61600, Michoacán, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
| | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago 8331150, Chile;
- Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Geografía y Ciencia Política, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Andrés Moreira-Muñoz
- Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Geografía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Brasil 2241, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile;
| | - Esteban Manuel Martínez Salas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Herbario Nacional de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Marie-Stéphanie Samain
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano, Pátzcuaro 61600, Michoacán, Mexico;
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Arroyo MTK, Robles V, Tamburrino Í, Martínez-Harms J, Garreaud RD, Jara-Arancio P, Pliscoff P, Copier A, Arenas J, Keymer J, Castro K. Extreme Drought Affects Visitation and Seed Set in a Plant Species in the Central Chilean Andes Heavily Dependent on Hummingbird Pollination. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1553. [PMID: 33198222 PMCID: PMC7697181 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Rising temperatures and increasing drought in Mediterranean-type climate areas are expected to affect plant-pollinator interactions, especially in plant species with specialised pollination. Central Chile experienced a mega drought between 2010 and 2020 which reached an extreme in the austral summer of 2019-2020. Based on intensive pollinator sampling and floral studies we show that the subalpine form of Mutisia subulata (Asteraceae) is a specialised hummingbird-pollinated species. In a two-year study which included the severest drought year, we quantified visitation frequency, flower-head density, flower-head visitation rates, two measures of floral longevity, nectar characteristics and seed set and monitored climatic variables to detect direct and indirect climate-related effects on pollinator visitation. Flower-head density, nectar standing crop and seed set were significantly reduced in the severest drought year while nectar concentration increased. The best model to explain visitation frequency included flower-head density, relative humidity, temperature, and nectar standing crop with highly significant effects of the first three variables. Results for flower-head density suggest hummingbirds were able to associate visual signals with reduced resource availability and/or were less abundant. The negative effect of lower relative humidity suggests the birds were able to perceive differences in nectar concentration. Reduced seed set per flower-head together with the availability of far fewer ovules in the 2019-2020 austral summer would have resulted in a major reduction in seed set. Longer and more intense droughts in this century could threaten local population persistence in M. subulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T. K. Arroyo
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile;
| | - Valeria Robles
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile;
| | - Ítalo Tamburrino
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile;
| | - Jaime Martínez-Harms
- INIA, La Cruz, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Chorrillos 86, 2280454 La Cruz, Chile;
| | - René D. Garreaud
- Departamento de Geofísica, Universidad de Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2002, 8370449 Santiago, Chile;
- Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Avenida Blanco Encalada 2002, Universidad de Chile, 8370449 Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Jara-Arancio
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile;
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Republica 252, 8370134 Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Pliscoff
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, 8331150 Santiago, Chile;
- Instituto de Geografía, Facultad de Historia, Geografía y Ciencia Política, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Copier
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
| | - Jonás Arenas
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
| | - Joaquín Keymer
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
| | - Kiara Castro
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, 7800003 Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; (V.R.); (Í.T.); (A.C.); (J.A.); (J.K.); (K.C.)
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