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Krakowiak A, Janasik B, Sadowski Ł, Szwabe K, Machała W. Acute mercuric chloride poisoning at a potentially lethal dose ended with survival: symptoms, concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, treatment. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2023; 36:685-692. [PMID: 37750691 PMCID: PMC10702865 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aims to present a case of acute mercuric chloride poisoning at a potentially lethal dose treated with the antidote - 2,3-dimercapto- 1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) combined with CytoSorb. A 21-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital with abdominal pain, vomiting, and suspected gastrointestinal bleeding after taking 5000 mg of mercuric chloride for suicidal purposes. Due to the patient deteriorating general condition and multiple organ damage, on the third day she was transported to the Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (CAaIC), Łódź, Poland. Laboratory tests confirmed features of acute kidney injury and high mercury levels in the blood (1051 μg/l) and urine (22 960 μg/l) - DMPS therapy and CRRT combined with CytoSorb were instituted. Due to nervous system complaints (headache, dizziness), a lumbosacral puncture was performed - the mercury concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was 5.45 μg/l. During a colonoscopy, significant diagnostic abnormalities revealed features of colonic mucosal necrosis. The treatment resulted in a decrease in subjective complaints, decreased mercury levels in biological material, and improved parenchymal organ function. On the 15th day of therapy, the patient was transferred to the primary care center for further treatment. The case confirms the possibility of improvement of patient condition following ingestion of a potentially lethal dose (5 g) as a result of the initiation of appropriate therapy even on the third day. The presence of mercury in CSF confirms that inorganic mercury compounds (mercuric chloride) can pass through the blood-brain barrier after oral ingestion. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2023;36(5):685-92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krakowiak
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Łódź, Poland
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Centre for Physicians Training in Public Health, Łódź, Poland
| | - Beata Janasik
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sadowski
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szwabe
- Medical University of Łódź, Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Biochemistry, Łódź, Poland
- Central Clinical Hospital of Medical University of Łódź, Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Łódź, Poland
| | - Waldemar Machała
- Central Clinical Hospital of the Medical University of Łódź, Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Łódź, Poland
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Ruyani A, Parlindungan D, Samitra D, Rozi ZF, Fauziah UM, Umar LA, Sari K. Etlingera hemisphaerica Alters One-Dimensional Profile of Serum Proteins Due to Mercury Chloride in Rats ( Rattus norvegicus). Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:482-492. [PMID: 38044698 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.482.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Several previous studies have shown that leaf ethanolic extract of <i>Etlingera hemisphaerica</i> (LE3H) has the potential to reduce the toxicity and teratogenicity effects of mercury. This study aimed to describe the effects of LE3H on the protein profile of <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> serum due to treatment with HgCl<sub>2</sub>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Four groups of male rats, K1 was injected intraperitoneally (IP) HgCl<sub>2</sub> (5 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt.), K2 was injected IP HgCl<sub>2</sub> (5 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt.) and after 24 hrs it was gavage LE3H (0.27 mg g<sup>1</sup> b.wt.) every day for seven days, K3 was injected IP HgCl<sub>2</sub> (5 mg kg<sup>1</sup> b.wt.), after 24 hrs was gavage LE3H (0.55 mg g<sup>1</sup> b.wt.) every day for seven days. The K0 as control, received double-distilled water. On the ninth day, the experimental animals were killed via CD and blood was drawn from the heart to obtain serum. Serum samples were measured for protein content using the Lowry and serum was separated using the One-Dimensional Sodium dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis (1D SDS-PAGE) technique. <b>Results:</b> The electropherograms showed four bands, 264.77, 219.53, 98.57 and 37.29 kDa, whose intensity significantly increased due to HgCl<sub>2</sub> treatment and then decreased to close to the control condition with LE3H administration. The results also revealed four bands, 31.95, 28, 06, 26, 29 and 15.09 kDa, whose intensity decreased significantly due to HgCl<sub>2</sub> treatment and then increased to close to the control condition by LE3H administration. <b>Conclusion:</b> The LE3H change profile of the eight blood serum protein bands due to HgCl<sub>2</sub> approximates the control condition in <i>R. norvegicus</i>.
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Erukkambattu J, Sharma T, Atlani M, Kapoor N. Unusual Manifestation of Mercuric Chloride Poisoning as Intratubular Nephrocalcinosis - A Rare Case Report. Indian J Nephrol 2023; 33:307-309. [PMID: 37781549 PMCID: PMC10503587 DOI: 10.4103/ijn.ijn_177_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercuric chloride salts are highly toxic compounds that have been linked to suicidal or accidental poisoning. Because of their high solubility, mercuric chloride salts can cause acute tubular injury, corrosive effects in the gastrointestinal system, hematemesis and hematochezia, circulatory collapse, and death. Here, we report an unusual case of mercuric chloride poisoning in a 17-year-old girl who manifested with acute tubular necrosis in association with intratubular nephrocalcinosis and emphasize the role of hemodialysis in the patient's successful recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayashankar Erukkambattu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Tanya Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Atlani
- Department of Nephrology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Neelkamal Kapoor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Barlow NL, Bradberry SM. Investigation and monitoring of heavy metal poisoning. J Clin Pathol 2023; 76:82-97. [PMID: 36600633 DOI: 10.1136/jcp-2021-207793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Historically, heavy metal measurement and interpretation has been a highly specialised area performed only in a handful of centres within the UK. However, recent years have seen a move to more local testing due to the repatriation of referred work into pathology networks and the increased availability of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry technology. While management of significant poisoning is still overseen by tertiary care poisoning specialists, management of milder cases may be undertaken locally.Non-specialist clinical scientists and clinicians need to know when heavy metal testing is appropriate, which samples are required (and any specific requirements around collection) and how to interpret and act on the results.This Best Practice article provides guidance on the investigation and monitoring of the toxic elements most frequently encountered in general medical practice; lead, mercury and arsenic. It is intended as a reference guide for the non-specialist and as a comprehensive summary for clinical toxicologists and clinical scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Barlow
- Clinical Biochemistry, Black Country Pathology Services, West Bromwich, UK
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Ruyani A, Kartika E, Parlindungan D, Putra R, Sundaryono A, Susanta A. LP-52 Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume mitigates defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification due to mercuric chloride during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li ML, Kwon SY, Poulin BA, Tsui MTK, Motta LC, Cho M. Internal Dynamics and Metabolism of Mercury in Biota: A Review of Insights from Mercury Stable Isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9182-9195. [PMID: 35723432 PMCID: PMC9261262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring mercury (Hg) levels in biota is considered an important objective for the effectiveness evaluation of the Minamata Convention. While many studies have characterized Hg levels in organisms at multiple spatiotemporal scales, concentration analyses alone often cannot provide sufficient information on the Hg exposure sources and internal processes occurring within biota. Here, we review the decadal scientific progress of using Hg isotopes to understand internal processes that modify the speciation, transport, and fate of Hg within biota. Mercury stable isotopes have emerged as a powerful tool for assessing Hg sources and biogeochemical processes in natural environments. A better understanding of the tissue location and internal mechanisms leading to Hg isotope change is key to assessing its use for biomonitoring. We synthesize the current understanding and uncertainties of internal processes leading to Hg isotope fractionation in a variety of biota, in a sequence of better to less studied organisms (i.e., birds, marine mammals, humans, fish, plankton, and invertebrates). This review discusses the opportunities and challenges of using certain forms of biota for Hg source monitoring and the need to further elucidate the physiological mechanisms that control the accumulation, distribution, and toxicity of Hg in biota by coupling new techniques with Hg stable isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ling Li
- School
of Marine Science and Policy, University
of Delaware, 201 Robinson Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716, United
States
| | - Sae Yun Kwon
- Division
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, South Korea
- Institute
for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology, Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-Ro, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 21983, South Korea
| | - Brett A. Poulin
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Martin Tsz-Ki Tsui
- School
of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Laura C. Motta
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, 359 Natural Sciences Complex, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Moonkyoung Cho
- Division
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro,
Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, South Korea
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Dong H, Girmatsion M, Wang R, Lu G, Xie Y, Guo Y, Qian H, Yao W. Construction of fluorescent logic gates for the detection of mercury(II) and ciprofloxacin based on phycocyanin. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35584692 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac7123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants such as heavy metals and antibiotics in the environment pose a huge threat to humans and animals. Our studies have demonstrated that the fluorescence of phycocyanin showed quenching responses towards both mercury (Hg2+) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), which acted in accordance with the "OR" molecular logic gate. In order to discriminate Hg2+ and CIP in application scenarios, cysteine (Cys) was utilized to design another "INHIBIT" logic gate, in which Hg2+ and Cys were the two inputs. Thus, an intelligent biosensor with dual-target identification capacity was successfully developed by using a fluorescent natural protein in an ingenious logic gate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - Mogos Girmatsion
- Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - Gang Lu
- Safety & Quality Management Department, Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (group) CO., LTD., Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (group) CO., LTD., Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, 011500, CHINA
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, CHINA
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Johnson‐Arbor K, Tefera E, Farrell J. Characteristics and treatment of elemental mercury intoxication: A case series. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e293. [PMID: 34136656 PMCID: PMC8177896 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elemental mercury toxicity is a rare condition which can be difficult to diagnose due to its nonspecific signs and symptoms. The purpose of this investigation is to describe the presenting characteristics and treatment of adult and pediatric patients with elemental mercury poisoning. METHODS A retrospective review was performed in six patients with elemental mercury exposure or intoxication who were treated in an outpatient medical toxicology clinic. Clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory assessments, and public health responses were reviewed. RESULTS Headache, anorexia, rash, and personality changes were commonly reported symptoms in pediatric patients; the adult patients were asymptomatic or reported signs and symptoms included myalgias, tremors, and hypertension. Delays in diagnosis were common. Symptomatic patients had 24-hour urine mercury concentrations greater than 20 mcg/L. Treatment, including removal from the exposure source as well as chelation with dimercaptosuccinic acid, resulted in resolution of signs and symptoms within 6 months of diagnosis. CONCLUSION The evaluation and treatment of patients with suspected elemental mercury poisoning frequently require a multidisciplinary approach including medical toxicologists and public health officials. A heightened awareness of the clinical presentations of this condition, as well as early identification and removal of patients from the source of exposure and consideration of chelation therapy, can result in accelerated patient recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Johnson‐Arbor
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryMedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
- National Capital Poison CenterWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Eshetu Tefera
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryMedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical InformaticsMedStar Health Research InstituteHyattsvilleMaryland
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Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume mitigates defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification due to mercuric chloride during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247467. [PMID: 33690696 PMCID: PMC7946197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemisphaerica (LE3H) in reducing defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification in mice induced by HgCl2 during the post-implantation period. Pregnant mice were divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 dams, and received drink and food ad libitum. The first group was administered LE3H (E1), the second one HgCl2 (E2), the third one HgCl2+LE3H (E3), and the fourth was control (E0), administered double-distilled water only. HgCl2 (5 mg/kg bw) was administrated by injection intraperitoneally on gestation day (GD)9 and LE3H (0.39 mg/g bw) was administered by gavage on GD10. The treated and control animals were killed by cervical dislocation on GD18, dissected, and the morphologically normal living fetuses (MNLF) were collected. The MNLF of E0, E1, E2, and E3 from 5 dams were fixed with Bouin solution, and observed using the free hand razor blade technique for soft tissue examination. The remaining MNLF were fixed with 96% ethanol, and then stained with Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue for ossification examination. Index of length of ossified part (ILOP) of humerus, index of width of ossified part (IWOP) of humerus, ILOP of femur, and IWOP of femur were calculated. E2 had higher cases of anatomical defects (74,6%) than E3 (48.9%), E1 (15.0%), and E0 (0%). E2 had humerus IWOP of 0.82±0.03, which was significantly lower than that of E0 (0.89±0.04) and E1 (0.89±0.03), while that of E1 and E0 was not significantly different from each other. Meanwhile, IWOP in E3 (0.88±0.03) was significantly higher than that in E2, but not different from that in E1 and E0. Thus, LE3H mitigated defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification induced by HgCl2 in mice.
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Toksöz YS, Özyiğit İE, Bilen Ç, Arsu N, Karakuş E. A novel fluorometric measurement system based on triple complex for mercury (II) determination. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 248:119232. [PMID: 33310620 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
T-BSA binary complex was formed with non-covalent interactions between fluorometric 2-thioxanthone thioacetic acid and stabilizator bovine serum albumin by fluorescence emission spectroscopy as a sensible and practical method. T-BSA concentration at 1.77 × 10-4 M was obtained as the most suitable and reliable amount for the formation of T-BSA-Hg(II) triple complex. Trace amount of Hg(II) analyses were achieved by this new fluorometric triple complex system as the primary aim. The emission spectra from 350 nm to 650 nm were assayed on fluorometer for Hg(II) concentrations from 1.77 × 10-8 M to 3.53 × 10-4 M under an excitation wavelength of 337 nm. Hg(II) was found to increase the emission intensity of T-BSA by 50% even at 1.77 × 10-7 M Hg(II). So this new system has strong sensitivity to Hg(II) ion. T-BSA-Hg(II) triple complex formation and its fluorometric characterization have not been investigated in literature yet. This study is critically important to provide Hg(II) analyses in wastewater treatments and biological samples for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Selim Toksöz
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Çiğdem Bilen
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nergis Arsu
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Karakuş
- Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Magdalan J, Sozański T, Nowak K, Zawadzki M. Acute intranasal intoxication with mercuric chloride taken accidently instead of cocaine - A case report. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 78:102129. [PMID: 33581407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mercuric chloride (mercury (II) chloride) belongs to inorganic mercury compounds characterized by good water solubility and associated high toxicity. The paper describes an unusual case of intranasal intoxication with corrosive sublimate confused with cocaine by a young male. CASE REPORT Intranasal administration of corrosive sublimate caused severe local symptoms of chemical burn within the nasal cavity. From the 2nd day the patient developed symptoms of renal dysfunction with transient polyuria and serum retention of nitrogen metabolites. The patient was undergoing chelation therapy with DMPS, N-acetylcysteine and d-penicyllamine. Four procedures of haemodialysis were performed with simultaneous DMPS and N-acetylcysteine treatment. The urine mercury level on the first day of hospitalization was 1989 μg/L, and after 26 days of treatment returned to the physiological level. During treatment renal function was normalized, the patient was discharged in general good condition. DISCUSSION Mercuric chloride is readily absorbed from the nasal cavity. Its administration may cause intoxication manifested by both chemical burn at the exposure site and systemic symptoms, particularly renal impairment. Even in case of renal dysfunction the use of DMPS seems safe, if haemodialysis is performed at the same time. Simultaneous haemodialysis and chelation therapy may accelerate elimination of mercury from the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Magdalan
- Department of Toxicology and Internal Medicine, Lower Silesia Specialist Hospital T. Marciniak in Wrocław, Fieldorfa 2, Wrocław, PL 54-049, Poland; Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, Wrocław, PL 50-345, Poland
| | - Tomasz Sozański
- Department of Pharmacology, Wroclaw Medical University, Jana Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, Wrocław, PL 50-345, Poland
| | - Karolina Nowak
- Institute of Toxicology Research, Kasztanowa 45, Borowa, PL 55-093, Poland
| | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 4, Wroclaw, PL 50-345, Poland.
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Du B, Yin R, Fu X, Li P, Feng X, Maurice L. Use of mercury isotopes to quantify sources of human inorganic mercury exposure and metabolic processes in the human body. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 147:106336. [PMID: 33360410 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathways of human mercury (Hg) exposure are complex and accurate understanding of relative contributions from different pathways are crucial for risk assessment and risk control. In this study, we determined total Hg concentration and Hg isotopic composition of human urine, dietary components, and inhaled air in the Wanshan Hg mining area (MA), Guiyang urban area (UA), and Changshun background area (BA) to understand Hg exposure sources and metabolic processes in human body. At the three studied sites, total gaseous mercury (TGM) showed negative δ202Hg (-3.11‰ to + 1.12‰) and near-zero Δ199Hg (-0.16‰ to + 0.13‰), which were isotopically distinguishable from Hg isotope values of urine (δ202Hg: -4.02‰ to - 0.84‰; Δ199Hg: -0.14‰ to 0.64‰). We observed an offset of -1.01‰ to -1.6‰ in δ202Hg between TGM and urine samples, and an offset of -1.01‰ to 0.80‰ in δ202Hg between rice and urine samples, suggesting that lighter isotopes are more easily accumulated in the kidneys and excreted by urine. We proposed that the high positive Δ199Hg in urine samples of UA was derived from fish consumption. The results of a binary mixing model based on Δ199Hg were compared with those from a classic dietary model. The results from the MIF binary model showed that fish consumption accounted for 22% of urine Hg in the families at UA, whereas fish consumption contributed limited Hg to MA and BA. This study highlighted that Hg isotopes can be a useful tracer in understanding the sources and fates of Hg in human bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; College of Environmental Ecology, Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Runsheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xuewu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), CNRS, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 31400, France
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Bai L, Peng X, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zheng L, Liu Z, Wan K, Wang J, Zhao J, Qiu Z. Association between acute severe mercury poisoning and multiple organ failure. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:4347-4353. [PMID: 32913510 PMCID: PMC7476145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Acute mercury poisoning, involving a number of organs, leads to severe dysfunctions, such as acute renal failure (ARF), and even threatens patients' lives. A case of acute severe mercuric chloride (HgCl2) poisoning with multiple organ failure was reported in this study. A 38-year-old woman orally took about 50 g HgCl2 powder in 2015, and showed nausea, emesis, clouding of consciousness, lip and nail cyanosis, and dark red bloody fluid from bilateral nostrils. Based on chest and abdominal CT examinations, gastroscopy, and colonoscopy, the patient was found to suffer oral mucosal hyperemia and ulceration, gastrointestinal bleeding (haematemesis and hemafecia), ARF, metabolic acidosis, collapse and shock. Despite assisted respiration and relevant active treatments, the patient's condition deteriorated gradually and she was dead eventually. The study suggests that the best treatments for acute HgCl2 poisoning accompanied with ARF are early blood purification and mercury elimination on the basis of conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Bai
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yawei Sun
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lexin Zheng
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhongying Liu
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Kun Wan
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Junxiu Zhao
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zewu Qiu
- Poisoning Treatment Department, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital Beijing 100039, China
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14
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Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume alters mercuric chloride teratogenicity during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus. Toxicol Res 2019; 36:131-138. [PMID: 32257925 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-019-00010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemisphaerica (LE3H) against the teratogenic effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) in mice (Mus musculus). Pregnant M. musculus were divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 dams, and received drink and food ad libitum. The first, second, and third, and fourth (control) groups were administered with LE3H, HgCl2, HgCl2 + LE3H, and double-distilled water alone, respectively. HgCl2 (5 mg/kg bw) was administered by injection on gestation day (GD) 9, and LE3H (0.39 mg/g bw) was administered by gavage on GD 10. Treated and control animals were killed by cervical dislocation on GD 18, dissected, and the fetuses were collected for evaluation of maternal, embryonic, and fetal toxicity. Eight parameters were measured: (a) embryo resorption or resorbed embryo, (b) dead fetus, (c) living fetus, (d) morphologically normal living fetus, (e) malformed living fetus, (f) number of MLF, (g) length of MNLF, and (h) weight of MNLF. LE3H caused 4 (50.00%), whereas HgCl2 resulted in 7 (87.50%) parameters that were significantly different from those of the control, indicating that the teratogenicity of HgCl2 was significantly higher than that of LE3H. HgCl2 + LE3H showed two effects of LE3H on the teratogenicity of HgCl2: increased 2 (25.00%), and decreased 6 (75.00%). Thus, LE3H decreased the teratogenic effects of HgCl2 in M. musculus.
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15
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Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Fineschi V, Frati P, D'Errico S, Aromatario M. Mercuric chloride poisoning: symptoms, analysis, therapies, and autoptic findings. A review of the literature. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:329-341. [PMID: 31433682 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1621262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Among mercury-related intoxications, the re-emerging of mercuric chloride poisoning has been recently described in literature. Only sparse data, reporting the clinical symptoms, the anatomo-pathological findings, the analytical procedures or the treatment have been published and no exhaustive analysis of all these factors exists in literature. The classic symptoms associated with toxicity of mercuric chloride is a combination of renal, gastrointestinal (GI) and central nervous system (CNS) damages, eventually leading to death. Fatalities related to exposure to mercuric chloride have been reported since the nineteenth century. To date, there have been 45 published cases in the medical literature in which the intoxication or the death is attributed to mercuric chloride. In this review, we will describe the modern medical treatments, with particular attenztion to the developments of the lasts two decades, in order to provide an exhaustive description of the clinical symptoms, the post-mortem findings, and the analytical procedures to act out when mercuric chloride intoxication occurs. The analysis of the data obtained permitted us to accurately describe all the organs and apparatus involved in mercuric chloride intoxication. The target organs were the kidneys, the GI tract and the CNS. A description of the analytical procedures for the determination of mercuric chloride in biological materials, to carry out in vivo and in post-mortem samples has also been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cappelletti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,State Police Health Service Department, Ministry of Interior , Rome , Italy
| | - Daria Piacentino
- Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), Division of Intramural Clinical and Basic Research and National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Paola Frati
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefano D'Errico
- Legal Medicine Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Aromatario
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,Legal Medicine Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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16
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Teixeira FB, Leão LKR, Bittencourt LO, Aragão WAB, Nascimento PC, Luz DA, Braga DV, Silva MCFD, Oliveira KRM, Herculano AM, Maia CSF, Lima RR. Neurochemical dysfunction in motor cortex and hippocampus impairs the behavioral performance of rats chronically exposed to inorganic mercury. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:143-150. [PMID: 30732875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to mercury chloride (HgCl2) has been shown to promote oxidative stress and cell death in the central nervous system of adult rats displaying motor and cognitive impairments. However, there are no investigations about neurochemical function after this type of exposure in rodents that may be associated with those behavioral changes already reported. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze glutamatergic and GABAergic dysfunctions in the motor cortex and hippocampus of adult rats, in a model of chronic exposure to HgCl2 in. Twenty rats were exposed to a daily dose of 0.375 mg/kg for 45 days. After this period, they were submitted to motor and cognitive functions tests and euthanized to collect the motor cortex and hippocampus for measurement of mercury (Hg) levels in the parenchyma and neurochemical assays for analysis of glutamatergic and GABAergic functions. It was observed that chronic exposure to HgCl2 promoted increase in total Hg levels in these two brain areas, with changes in glutamatergic transport, but without changes in GABAergic transport. Functionally this model of exposure caused the decrease of the spontaneous motor locomotion and in the process of learning and memory. In this way, our results provide evidences that glutamatergic neurochemical dysfunction can be pointed out as a strong causal factor of motor and cognitive deficits observed in rats exposed to this HgCl2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bruno Teixeira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana Ketlen Reis Leão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Walessa Alana Bragança Aragão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cunha Nascimento
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Diandra Araújo Luz
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Danielle Valente Braga
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina Freitas da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Karen Renata Matos Oliveira
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Anderson Manoel Herculano
- Laboratory of Experimental Neuropharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Socorro Ferraz Maia
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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17
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Vianna ADS, Matos EPD, Jesus IMD, Asmus CIRF, Câmara VDM. Human exposure to mercury and its hematological effects: a systematic review. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2019; 35:e00091618. [PMID: 30758455 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00091618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a metal found in the environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. It is highly toxic to ecosystems and living beings. Most human exposures come from ingestion of contaminated seafood, outgassing from dental amalgam or occupational exposure (e.g. gold mining), among other cases. Large populations are exposed to mercury, making it a very important issue from the public health perspective. Adverse health effects are commonly seen in the nervous system, but every organ is a potential target, such as the bone marrow. The main goal of this study was to assess the available evidence on human exposure to mercury and its hematological effects. A search strategy was constructed, including key terms (MeSH, text word and equivalents) for querying 2 repositories of master dissertation and PhD thesis (Fiocruz/ARCA and University of São Paulo) and 4 different electronic databases: BVS/LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and TOXLINE/NIH, for articles published from 1950 to February 2018. There was no language restriction and a tool (EPHPP) was used to assess the quality of included studies. According to pre-established criteria, 80 studies were retrieved, all of them observational (48 case reports, 24 cross-sectional, 6 case series and 2 cohorts), comprising 9,284 people. Despite the fact that most exposed ones (6,012) had normal blood cell count and mercury hematological effects did not seem very usual (1,914 cases: 14 severe and 29 deaths), three studies reported association (β) for anemia, lymphopenia, neutrophilia and basophilia. We concluded that the gathered information pointed to mercury hematotoxic effects, some of them may be serious and even fatal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen Ildes Rodrigues Fróes Asmus
- Instituto de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Volney de Magalhães Câmara
- Instituto de Estudos de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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18
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Teixeira FB, de Oliveira ACA, Leão LKR, Fagundes NCF, Fernandes RM, Fernandes LMP, da Silva MCF, Amado LL, Sagica FES, de Oliveira EHC, Crespo-Lopez ME, Maia CSF, Lima RR. Exposure to Inorganic Mercury Causes Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Functional Deficits in the Motor Cortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:125. [PMID: 29867340 PMCID: PMC5962769 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mercury is a toxic metal that can be found in the environment in three different forms – elemental, organic and inorganic. Inorganic mercury has a lower liposolubility, which results in a lower organism absorption and reduced passage through the blood–brain barrier. For this reason, exposure models that use inorganic mercury in rats in order to evaluate its effects on the central nervous system are rare, especially in adult subjects. This study investigated if a chronic exposure to low doses of mercury chloride (HgCl2), an inorganic form of mercury, is capable of promoting motor alterations and neurodegenerative in the motor cortex of adult rats. Forty animals were exposed to a dose of 0.375 mg/kg/day, for 45 days. They were then submitted to motor evaluation and euthanized to collect the motor cortex. Measurement of mercury deposited in the brain parenchyma, evaluation of oxidative balance, quantification of cellular cytotoxicity and apoptosis and density of mature neurons and astrocytes of the motor cortex were performed. It was observed that chronic exposure to inorganic mercury caused a decrease in balance and fine motor coordination, formation of mercury deposits and oxidative stress verified by the increase of lipoperoxidation and nitrite concentration and a decrease of the total antioxidant capacity. In addition, we found that this model of exposure to inorganic mercury caused cell death by cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis with a decreased number of neurons and astrocytes in the motor cortex. Our results provide evidence that exposure to inorganic mercury in low doses, even in spite of its poor ability to cross biological barriers, is still capable of inducing motor deficits, cell death by cytotoxicity and apoptosis, and oxidative stress in the motor cortex of adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco B Teixeira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ana C A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luana K R Leão
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Nathália C F Fagundes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael M Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luanna M P Fernandes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Márcia C F da Silva
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Amado
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Fernanda E S Sagica
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogenética, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo H C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cultura de Tecidos e Citogenética, SAMAM, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Maria E Crespo-Lopez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Cristiane S F Maia
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Behavior Pharmacology, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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19
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Ţincu RC, Cobilinschi C, Ghiorghiu Z, Macovei RA. Acute mercury poisoning from occult ritual use. Rom J Anaesth Intensive Care 2016; 23:73-76. [PMID: 28913479 DOI: 10.21454/rjaic.7518.231.mep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury exposure is a serious environmental issue that concerns people worldwide. Industrial emissions containing mercury, some pharmaceutical and cosmetic products represent exposure sources. In Romania, as in many other countries, a supplementary cause for mercury exposure is represented by various occult rituals where liquids containing mercury are supposed to be ingested. We present the case of a 28 year old female who was admitted to the hospital for oral paresthesia, nausea, vertigo and sialorrhoea, after ingesting 100 ml diluted liquid mercury during an occult ritual. After the gastrointestinal decontamination, including gastric lavage, activated charcoal and cathartics, the outcome was favourable and 48 hours after admission the patient was discharged. This case report emphasizes the importance of an early digestive decontamination in mercury poisoning and the danger of mercury ingestion during various occult rituals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Ciprian Ţincu
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care - Toxicology Unit Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Cobilinschi
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Zoie Ghiorghiu
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care - Toxicology Unit Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Alexandru Macovei
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care - Toxicology Unit Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.,Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Ansar S, AlGhosoon HT, Hamed S. Evaluation of protective effect of rutin on lead acetate-induced testicular toxicity in Wistar rats. TOXIN REV 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1136333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Ansar S. Effect of metal exposure in rats: amelioration by diallylsulphide. TOXIN REV 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2015.1072564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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