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Niazian M, Belzile F, Curtin SJ, de Ronne M, Torkamaneh D. Optimization of in vitro and ex vitro Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation of soybean for visual screening of transformants using RUBY. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1207762. [PMID: 37484469 PMCID: PMC10361064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1207762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In vitro and ex vitro Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated hairy root transformation (HRT) assays are key components of the plant biotechnology and functional genomics toolkit. In this report, both in vitro and ex vitro HRT were optimized in soybean using the RUBY reporter. Different parameters including A. rhizogenes strain, optical density of the bacterial cell culture (OD600), co-cultivation media, soybean genotype, explant age, and acetosyringone addition and concentration were evaluated. Overall, the in vitro assay was more efficient than the ex vitro assay in terms of the percentage of induction of hairy roots and transformed roots (expressing RUBY). Nonetheless, the ex vitro technique was deemed faster and a less complicated approach. The highest transformation of RUBY was observed on 7-d-old cotyledons of cv. Bert inoculated for 30 minutes with the R1000 resuspended in ¼ B5 medium to OD600 (0.3) and 150 µM of acetosyringone. The parameters of this assay also led to the highest percentage of RUBY through two-step ex vitro hairy root transformation. Finally, using machine learning-based modeling, optimal protocols for both assays were further defined. This study establishes efficient and reliable hairy root transformation protocols applicable for functional studies in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Niazian
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Belzile
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Shaun J. Curtin
- Plant Science Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), St Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Plant Precision Genomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Maxime de Ronne
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Davoud Torkamaneh
- Département de Phytologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche et d’innovation sur les végétaux (CRIV), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Institute Intelligence and Data (IID), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Sathish S, Vasudevan V, Karthik S, Pavan G, Siva R, Manickavasagam M. Precursor feeding enhances L-Dopa production in hairy root culture of Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-022-01308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fattahi F, Shojaeiyan A, Palazon J, Moyano E, Torras-Claveria L. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin and coronatine as new elicitors of tropane alkaloid biosynthesis in Atropa acuminata and Atropa belladonna hairy root cultures. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2098-2111. [PMID: 33942310 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hyoscyamine (HYO) and scopolamine (SCO) are tropane alkaloids acting as anticholinergic factors on the parasympathetic nervous system in humans and are produced by Solanaceous plants. Two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, A4 and LBA9402, were used to infect Atropa acuminata Royle ex Miers and Atropa belladonna L. leaf explants. A. acuminata was inoculated either by direct infection or sonicated-assisted A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation (SAAT) was performed. A. belladonna was inoculated with the A4 strain using a direct method. The selected hairy root lines of both species were elicited with 50 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), 0.5 μM coronatine (Cor) or 50 mM β-CD + 0.5 μM Cor on Day 14 of culture. The elicitor effect on growth and HYO and SCO content was analyzed after one (T1) and two (T2) weeks of treatment. In A. acuminata explants, the highest transformation percentage (T%) was obtained with strain A4 and the SAAT method (T%: 96.43). Cor significantly reduced the growth of A. acuminata hairy roots (fresh weight and dry weight [DW]: 2.52 and 0.3 g, respectively), whereas β-CD increased their DW (0.4 g). Also, the combined β-CD + Cor treatment had a positive significant effect on the DW of A. belladonna hairy roots (0.41 g). In A. acuminata hairy roots, the HYO level was lower under Cor treatment than in the control at both sampling times. In contrast, the SCO content was increased 10-fold by Cor elicitation at T1 compared to the control (10.95 mg g-1 DW) and was also positively affected by β-CD + Cor. In A. belladonna hairy roots, all the elicitors had a negative effect on both HYO and SCO production. This report is the first assessment of the effect of β-CD and Cor elicitors on tropane alkaloid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Fattahi
- Department of Range Management, Natural Resources and Marine Sciences Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Iran
| | - Abdolali Shojaeiyan
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javier Palazon
- Secció de Fisiologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Moyano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Torras-Claveria
- Secció de Fisiologia i Biotecnologia Vegetal, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Castellanos-Arévalo AP, Estrada-Luna AA, Cabrera-Ponce JL, Valencia-Lozano E, Herrera-Ubaldo H, de Folter S, Blanco-Labra A, Délano-Frier JP. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of grain (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) and leafy (A. hybridus) amaranths. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1143-1160. [PMID: 32430681 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic A. hypochondriacus and A. hybridus roots were generated. Further, a distinct plant regeneration program via somatic embryos produced from hairy roots was established. Work was implemented to develop an optimized protocol for root genetic transformation of the three grain amaranth species and A. hybridus, their presumed ancestor. Transformation efficiency was species-specific, being higher in A. hypochondriacus and followed by A. hybridus. Amaranthus cruentus and A. caudatus remained recalcitrant. A reliable and efficient Agrobacteruim rhizogenes-mediated transformation of these species was established using cotyledon explants infected with the previously untested BVG strain. Optimal OD600 bacterial cell densities were 0.4 and 0.8 for A. hypochondriacus and A. hybridus, respectively. Hairy roots of both amaranth species were validated by the amplification of appropriate marker genes and, when pertinent, by monitoring green fluorescent protein emission or β-glucuronidase activity. Embryogenic calli were generated from A. hypochondriacus rhizoclones. Subsequent somatic embryo maturation and germination required the activation of cytokinin signaling, osmotic stress, red light, and calcium incorporation. A crucial step to ensure the differentiation of germinating somatic embryos into plantlets was their individualization and subcultivation in 5/5 media containing 5% sucrose, 5 g/L gelrite, and 0.2 mg/L 2-isopentenyladenine (2iP) previously acidified to pH 4.0 with phosphoric acid, followed by their transfer to 5/5 + 2iP media supplemented with 100 mg/L CaCl2. These steps were strictly red light dependent. This process represents a viable protocol for plant regeneration via somatic embryo germination from grain amaranth transgenic hairy roots. Its capacity to overcome the recalcitrance to genetic transformation characteristic of grain amaranth has the potential to significantly advance the knowledge of several unresolved biological aspects of grain amaranths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Castellanos-Arévalo
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Andrés A Estrada-Luna
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Cinvestav, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - José L Cabrera-Ponce
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Eliana Valencia-Lozano
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Humberto Herrera-Ubaldo
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Cinvestav, UGA-LANGEBIO), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Stefan de Folter
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Cinvestav, UGA-LANGEBIO), Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - Alejandro Blanco-Labra
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México
| | - John P Délano-Frier
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N. (Cinvestav), Unidad Irapuato. Km 9.6 del Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León. Apartado Postal 629, C.P. 36824, Irapuato, Gto., México.
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Desmet S, Dhooghe E, De Keyser E, Quataert P, Eeckhaut T, Van Huylenbroeck J, Geelen D. Segregation of rol Genes in Two Generations of Sinningia speciosa Engineered Through Wild Type Rhizobium rhizogenes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:859. [PMID: 32676085 PMCID: PMC7333734 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rhizobium rhizogenes infects and transforms a wide range of plant species. It thereby introduces new genes located on transfer-DNA of the root inducing plasmid (pRi) into the plant genome and one of its abilities is to alter the host root system. Explants from pRi transformed roots from Sinningia speciosa were regenerated to create naturally transgenic Ri lines. The presence of rol and aux genes in the Ri lines was linked with altered growth characteristics: shorter peduncles, wrinkled leaves, delayed flowering and enhanced root growth. The potential of Ri lines for breeding was evaluated through consecutive backcrossing with the original host genotype. The progeny of reciprocal crosses showed non-Mendelian inheritance suggesting partial transmission of the of the aux and rol genes. The typical Ri phenotype observed in the primary Ri line was partially inherited. These results revealed that the Ri phenotype is a complex trait influenced by the genetic background of the Ri line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siel Desmet
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emmy Dhooghe
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Ellen De Keyser
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Paul Quataert
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Eeckhaut
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Huylenbroeck
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Research, Melle, Belgium
| | - Danny Geelen
- Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Bazaldúa C, Cardoso-Taketa A, Trejo-Tapia G, Camacho-Diaz B, Arellano J, Ventura-Zapata E, Villarreal ML. Improving the production of podophyllotoxin in hairy roots of Hyptis suaveolens induced from regenerated plantlets. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222464. [PMID: 31513694 PMCID: PMC6874312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Hyptis suaveolens hairy root lines were established by
infecting nodal explants with K599+pGus-GFP+ and ATCC15834+pTDT strains from
Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Genetic transformation was
confirmed by epifluorescence and plagiotropic hairy root growth in absence of
growth regulators. Cytotoxicity was determined using the sulforhodamine B
method, and the production of podophyllotoxin (PTOX) was measured by high
performance thin layer chromatography scanning. Through these methodologies,
HsTD10 was identified as the hairy root line with the highest cytotoxicity and
PTOX production, which was corroborated by liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry and micrOTOF-Q II. A suspension culture of HsTD10 was established
in which PTOX and carbohydrate consumption during growth kinetics were
quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Procedures to increase the
production and retrieval of PTOX in the HsTD10 line included selection of
culture medium, addition of thiamine, and modification of the PTOX extraction
method. The best combination of these variables was MS medium at 75% of its
components with the addition of 2 mg L-1 of thiamine, extraction with
methanol-dichloromethane, and sonication at 40 ± 5°C. During kinetics,
growth-associated PTOX accumulation was observed. The specific growth rate (μ)
was 0.11 d-1. The highest concentration of PTOX obtained with HsTD10
(5.6 mg g-1 DW) was 100 times higher than that reported for roots of
wild plants and 56 times higher than that for in vitro
nontransformed roots of H. suaveolens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crescencio Bazaldúa
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
- * E-mail:
(MLV); (CB)
| | - Alexandre Cardoso-Taketa
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
| | - Gabriela Trejo-Tapia
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - Brenda Camacho-Diaz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - Jesús Arellano
- Laboratorio de Botánica Estructural, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
| | - Elsa Ventura-Zapata
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Centro de Desarrollo de Productos
Bióticos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Yautepec, Morelos,
México
| | - María Luisa Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Plantas Medicinales, Centro de Investigación en
Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca,
México
- * E-mail:
(MLV); (CB)
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Elicitation of withaferin-A in hairy root culture of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal using natural polysaccharides. Biologia (Bratisl) 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tripathi N, Shrivastava D, Ahmad Mir B, Kumar S, Govil S, Vahedi M, Bisen PS. Metabolomic and biotechnological approaches to determine therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal: A review. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 50:127-136. [PMID: 30466971 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Withania somnifera, a high value medicinal plant is a major source of pharmaceutically important active compounds withanolides. Withania somnifera has been used in ayurveda as health restorative and anabolic agent besides having anti-arthritic, antidepressant, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-stress, neuroprotective and cardio-protective activities. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The mining of the compound(s) of interest offers opportunity to identify desired attributes in the therapeutic area of interest. Metabolomic has become an important tool in the field of pharmacological and functional genomics of medicinal plants. The analysis supports the information regarding differential outline of the gene expression for increasing important withanolides viz. withanolide A and withaferin A in W. somnifera. STUDY DESIGN The bioinformatics and biotechnological approaches viz. tissue culture, genetic transformation, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, gene mining and metabolomic studies have opened new windows about engineering of withanolide production. METHODS Target and network analysis for maximum therapeutic potential of Withania somnifera have been determined by employing Genemania software for finding interactions among various human genes that are being affected by active constituents. RESULTS Some of the major bioactive compounds of Withania somnifera have been discussed on protein-protein, protein-DNA and genetic interactions with respect to gene and protein expression data, protein domains, metabolic profiling, root organ culture, genetic transformation and phenotypic screening profiles CONCLUSION: The implementation of latest bioinformatic tools in combination with biotechnological techniques for breeding platforms are important in conservation of medicinal plant species in danger. The current review is based on molecular and in vitro methodologies employed in W. somnifera for accepting their importance in the improvement of this valuable medicinal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Tripathi
- Biotechnology Centre, Jawaharlal Nehru Agriculture University, Jabalpur 482004, India
| | - Divya Shrivastava
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Mir
- Department of Botany, Satellite Campus Kargil, University of Kashmir, J&K, Srinagar-190006, India
| | - Shailesh Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Sumit Govil
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Maryam Vahedi
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agricultural Science & Engineering, University of Tehran 3391653755, Iran
| | - Prakash S Bisen
- School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur 302017, India; School of Studies in Biotechnology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474001, India.
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Addressing Challenges to Enhance the Bioactives of Withania somnifera through Organ, Tissue, and Cell Culture Based Approaches. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3278494. [PMID: 28299323 PMCID: PMC5337329 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3278494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Withania somnifera is a highly valued medicinal plant in traditional home medicine and is known for a wide range of bioactivities. Its commercial cultivation is adversely affected by poor seed viability and germination. Infestation by various pests and pathogens, survival under unfavourable environmental conditions, narrow genetic base, and meager information regarding biosynthesis of secondary metabolites are some of the other existing challenges in the crop. Biotechnological interventions through organ, tissue, and cell culture provide promising options for addressing some of these issues. In vitro propagation facilitates conservation and sustainable utilization of the existing germplasms and broadening the genetic base. It would also provide means for efficient and rapid mass propagation of elite chemotypes and generating uniform plant material round the year for experimentation and industrial applications. The potential of in vitro cell/organ cultures for the production of therapeutically valuable compounds and their large-scale production in bioreactors has received significant attention in recent years. In vitro culture system further provides distinct advantage for studying various cellular and molecular processes leading to secondary metabolite accumulation and their regulation. Engineering plants through genetic transformation and development of hairy root culture system are powerful strategies for modulation of secondary metabolites. The present review highlights the developments and sketches current scenario in this field.
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Pandey V, Ansari WA, Misra P, Atri N. Withania somnifera: Advances and Implementation of Molecular and Tissue Culture Techniques to Enhance Its Application. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1390. [PMID: 28848589 PMCID: PMC5552756 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Withania somnifera, commonly known as Ashwagandha an important medicinal plant largely used in Ayurvedic and indigenous medicine for over 3,000 years. Being a medicinal plant, dried powder, crude extract as well as purified metabolies of the plant has shown promising therapeutic properties. Withanolides are the principal metabolites, responsible for the medicinal properties of the plant. Availability and amount of particular withanolides differ with tissue type and chemotype and its importance leads to identification characterization of several genes/ enzymes related to withanolide biosynthetic pathway. The modulation in withanolides can be achieved by controlling the environmental conditions like, different tissue culture techniques, altered media compositions, use of elicitors, etc. Among all the in vitro techniques, hairy root culture proved its importance at industrial scale, which also gets benefits due to more accumulation (amount and number) of withanolides in roots tissues of W. somnifera. Use of media compostion and elicitors further enhances the amount of withanolides in hairy roots. Another important modern day technique used for accumulation of desired secondary metabolites is modulating the gene expression by altering environmental conditions (use of different media composition, elicitors, etc.) or through genetic enginnering. Knowing the significance of the gene and the key enzymatic step of the pathway, modulation in withanolide contents can be achieved upto required amount in therapeutic industry. To accomplish maximum productivity through genetic enginnering different means of Withania transformation methods have been developed to obtain maximum transformation efficiency. These standardized transformation procedues have been used to overexpress/silence desired gene in W. somnifera to understand the outcome and succeed with enhanced metabolic production for the ultimate benefit of human race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of DelhiNew Delhi, India
| | - Waquar Akhter Ansari
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
| | - Pratibha Misra
- National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial ResearchLucknow, India
- *Correspondence: Pratibha Misra
| | - Neelam Atri
- Department of Botany, Mahila Maha Vidhyalaya (MMV), Banaras Hindu UniversityVaranasi, India
- Neelam Atri
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