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Shukla A, Kumar D, Girdhar M, Kumar A, Goyal A, Malik T, Mohan A. Strategies of pretreatment of feedstocks for optimized bioethanol production: distinct and integrated approaches. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 36915167 PMCID: PMC10012730 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Bioethanol is recognized as a valuable substitute for renewable energy sources to meet the fuel and energy demand of the nation, considered an environmentally friendly resource obtained from agricultural residues such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, husk, wheat straw and corn stover. The energy demand is sustained using lignocellulosic biomass to produce bioethanol. Lignocellulosic biomass (LCBs) is the point of attention in replacing the dependence on fossil fuels. The recalcitrant structure of the lignocellulosic biomass is disrupted using effective pretreatment techniques that separate complex interlinked structures among cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Pretreatment of biomass involves various physical, chemical, biological, and physiochemical protocols which are of importance, dependent upon their individual or combined dissolution effect. Physical pretreatment involves a reduction in the size of the biomass using mechanical, extrusion, irradiation, and sonification methods while chemical pretreatment involves the breaking of various bonds present in the LCB structure. This can be obtained by using an acidic, alkaline, ionic liquid, and organosolvent methods. Biological pretreatment is considered an environment-friendly and safe process involving various bacterial and fungal microorganisms. Distinct pretreatment methods, when combined and utilized in synchronization lead to more effective disruption of LCB, making biomass more accessible for further processing. These could be utilized in terms of their effectiveness for a particular type of cellulosic fiber and are namely steam explosion, liquid hot water, ammonia fibre explosion, CO2 explosion, and wet air oxidation methods. The present review encircles various distinct and integrated pretreatment processes developed till now and their advancement according to the current trend and future aspects to make lignocellulosic biomass available for further hydrolysis and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Shukla
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Madhuri Girdhar
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhineet Goyal
- SAGE School of Science, SAGE University Bhopal, Sahara Bypass Road Katara Hills, Extension, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462022, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
| | - Anand Mohan
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India.
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Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Francis RR, Jeyakumar RB, Saratale RG, Ashokkumar V, Bhatia SK, Kumar V, Kumar G. Lignocellulosic biomass conversion via greener pretreatment methods towards biorefinery applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 369:128328. [PMID: 36402280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass during pretreatment releases various compounds, among them the most important is reducing sugars, which can be utilized for the production of biofuels and some other products. Thereby, innovative greener pretreatment techniques for lignocellulosic materials have been considered to open a new door in the aspects of digestibility of the rigid carbohydrate-lignin matrix to reduce the particle size and remove hemicellulose/lignin contents to successfully yield valid bioproducts. This article reviews about the composition of lignocelluloses and emphasizes various green pretreatments viz novel green solvent-based IL and DES steam explosion, supercritical carbon dioxide explosion (Sc-CO2) and co-solvent enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) along with suitable mechanistic pathway of LCB pretreatment process. Finally, this article concludes that the existing pretreatments should be redesigned to conquer the demands by large scale production and suggests combined pretreatment methods to carry out various biomass pre-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur-626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor - 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rusal Raj Francis
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Dubai International Academic City, Dubai Campus, Box 345055, Pilani, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudy, Thiruvarur-610005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Veeramuthu Ashokkumar
- Biorefineries for Biofuels & Bioproducts Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus 4036, Stavanger, Norway.
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Ashoor S, Mallapureddy KK, Sukumaran RK. Sequential mild acid and alkali pretreatment of rice straw to improve enzymatic saccharification for bioethanol production. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 53:231-238. [PMID: 35559826 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2022.2073597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sequential pretreatment using different NaOH concentrations (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, w/w) and 1% H2SO4 (w/w) was evaluated as a strategy for effective hydrolysis of rice straw. The efficiency of sequential NaOH and H2SO4 (SNA) pretreatment against sequential H2SO4 and NaOH (SH) was assessed. SH pretreated biomass attained more sugar yield compared to SNA pretreated biomass. The sugar yields from pretreated biomass improved with increasing NaOH concentration in both SH and SNA treatments. The maximum sugar release of 40.6 mg/ml (83.2% efficiency) was obtained from SH pretreated biomass when the stage 2 alkali treatment was performed at 1.5% w/w NaOH. The non-detoxified hydrolysate from this biomass was fermented with 96.8% efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kiran Kumar Mallapureddy
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate P.O, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Lay CH, Dharmaraja J, Shobana S, Arvindnarayan S, Krishna Priya R, Jeyakumar RB, Saratale RG, Park YK, Kumar V, Kumar G. Lignocellulose biohydrogen towards net zero emission: A review on recent developments. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 364:128084. [PMID: 36220533 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This review mainly determines novel and advance physical, chemical, physico-chemical, microbiological and nanotechnology-based pretreatment techniques in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment for bio-H2 production. Further, aim of this review is to gain the knowledge on the lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment and its priority on the efficacy of bio-H2 and positive findings. The influence of various pretreatment techniques on the structure of lignocellulosic biomass have presented with the pros and cons, especially about the cellulose digestibility and the interference by generation of inhibitory compounds in the bio-enzymatic technique as such compounds is toxic. The result implies that the stepwise pretreatment technique only can ensure eventually the lignocellulosic biomass materials fermentation to yield bio-H2. Though, the mentioned pretreatment steps are still a challenge to procure cost-effective large-scale conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars along with low inhibitory concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-How Lay
- Master's Program of Green Energy Science and Technology, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeyaprakash Dharmaraja
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Humanities, AAA College of Engineering and Technology, Amathur-626005, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sutha Shobana
- Green Technology and Sustainable Development in Construction Research Group, Van Lang School of Engineering and Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sundaram Arvindnarayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Lord Jegannath College of Engineering and Technology, Marungoor - 629402, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Retnam Krishna Priya
- Research Department of Physics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Nagercoil - 629004, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajesh Banu Jeyakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Igbokwe VC, Ezugworie FN, Onwosi CO, Aliyu GO, Obi CJ. Biochemical biorefinery: A low-cost and non-waste concept for promoting sustainable circular bioeconomy. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114333. [PMID: 34952394 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from a fossil-based linear economy to a circular bioeconomy is no longer an option but rather imperative, given worldwide concerns about the depletion of fossil resources and the demand for innovative products that are ecocompatible. As a critical component of sustainable development, this discourse has attracted wide attention at the regional and international levels. Biorefinery is an indispensable technology to implement the blueprint of the circular bioeconomy. As a low-cost, non-waste innovative concept, the biorefinery concept will spur a myriad of new economic opportunities across a wide range of sectors. Consequently, scaling up biorefinery processes is of the essence. Despite several decades of research and development channeled into upscaling biorefinery processes, the commercialization of biorefinery technology appears unrealizable. In this review, challenges limiting the commercialization of biorefinery technologies are discussed, with a particular focus on biofuels, biochemicals, and biomaterials. To counteract these challenges, various process intensification strategies such as consolidated bioprocessing, integrated biorefinery configurations, the use of highly efficient bioreactors, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, have been explored. This study also includes an overview of biomass pretreatment-generated inhibitory compounds as platform chemicals to produce other essential biocommodities. There is a detailed examination of the technological, economic, and environmental considerations of a sustainable biorefinery. Finally, the prospects for establishing a viable circular bioeconomy in Nigeria are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor C Igbokwe
- Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 64012, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Flora N Ezugworie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chukwudi O Onwosi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin O Aliyu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria; Bioconversion and Renewable Energy Research Unit, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chinonye J Obi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Singh B, Bala A, Anu, Alokika, Kumar V, Singh D. Biochemical properties of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes from Sporotrichum thermophile and their utility in bioethanol production using rice straw. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:197-209. [PMID: 34010094 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1925911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Production of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes by Sporotrichum thermophile was enhanced using response surface methodology in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using wheat straw and cotton oil cake. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatographic techniques. Xylanase of S. thermophile is neutral xylanase displaying optimal activity at 60 °C with Km and Vmax values of 0.2 mg/mL and 238.05 µmole/min, respectively. All cellulases produced by the thermophilic mold showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 60 °C with Km values of 0.312 mg/mL, 0.113 mg/mL, and 0.285 mM for carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), filter paper cellulase (FPase), and β-glucosidase, respectively and while Vmax values were 181.81, 138.88, and 66.67 µmole/min, respectively. The presence of various metal ions (Ca2+ and Co2+), chemical reagent (glutaraldehyde), and surfactants (Tween 80 and Triton X-100) significantly improved the activities of all enzymes. All the enzymes showed high storage stability under low temperature (-20 and 4 °C) conditions. Cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes resulted in enhanced liberation of reducing sugars (356.34 mg/g) by hydrolyzing both cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of ammonia-pretreated rice straw as compared to other pretreatment methods used in the study. Fermentation of enzymatic hydrolysate resulted in the formation of 28.88 and 27.18 g/L of bioethanol in separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) process by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis, respectively. Therefore, cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes of S. thermophile exhibited ideal properties of biocatalysts useful in the saccharification of cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of rice straw for the production of bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Singh
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Anju Bala
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Anu
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Alokika
- Laboratory of Bioprocess Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, India
| | - Davender Singh
- Department of Physics, RPS Degree College, Mahendergarh, India
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Co-Ensiling of Wheat Straw as an Alternative Pre-Treatment to Chemical, Hydrothermal and Mechanical Methods for Methane Production. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13164047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wheat straw without pre-treatment is only converted to methane to a low degree during anaerobic digestion for fuel production due to its low hydrolysis. Current pre-treatment technologies are challenged by high expenses to energy or chemical agents. We examined the low-tech co-ensiling pre-treatment as an alternative pre-treatment of wheat straw, and compared the results with hydrothermal, chemical and mechanical pre-treatment methods. The effects of co-ensiling duration and the mixing ratio between straw and sugar beet root on the methane yields, surface morphology and chemical composition were examined. It was found that co-ensiling could improve production of methane by 34.7%, while a combined hydrothermal and chemical pre-treatment could increase the production of methane by 25.4%. The study demonstrated that the effect of co-ensiling could overlap with hydrothermal and chemical pre-treatment by having similar effects to increase lignocellulosic hydrolysis and improve methane production.
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Ashoor S, Sukumaran RK. Mild alkaline pretreatment can achieve high hydrolytic and fermentation efficiencies for rice straw conversion to bioethanol. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:814-819. [PMID: 32204649 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1744007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mild alkaline pretreatment was evaluated as a strategy for effective lignin removal and hydrolysis of rice straw. The pretreatment efficiency of different NaOH concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0% w/w) was assessed. Rice straw (RS) pretreated with 1.5% NaOH achieved better sugar yield compared to other concentrations used. A cellulose conversion efficiency of 91% (45.84 mg/ml glucose release) was attained from 1.5% NaOH pretreated rice straw (PRS), whereas 1% NaOH pretreated rice straw yielded 35.10 mg/ml of glucose corresponding to a cellulose conversion efficiency of 73.81%. The ethanol production from 1% and 1.5% NaOH pretreated RS hydrolysates was similar at ∼3.3% (w/v), corresponding to a fermentation efficiency of 86%. The non-detoxified hydrolysate was fermented using the novel yeast strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPP-03O without any additional supplementation of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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Muthuvelu KS, Rajarathinam R, Kanagaraj LP, Ranganathan RV, Dhanasekaran K, Manickam NK. Evaluation and characterization of novel sources of sustainable lignocellulosic residues for bioethanol production using ultrasound-assisted alkaline pre-treatment. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:368-374. [PMID: 31109537 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, research is focused on finding a sustainable and eco-friendly lignocellulosic biomass for the effective production of bioethanol to meet the world's energy demand. The present study investigates the bioethanol production potential of four different lignocellulosic biomass residues viz., Saccharum arundinaceum (hardy sugar cane), Arundo donax (giant reed), Typha angustifolia (narrow-leaved cattail), and Ipomoea carnea (pink morning glory). The maximum reducing sugar release showed 185.00 ± 1.57, 213.73 ± 3.47, 187.57 ± 2.14, 294.08 ± 3.98 mg/g and fermentation efficiency of 72.60 ± 8.17%, 82.59 ± 7.42%, 77.45 ± 7.35%, and 85.04 ± 8.37% which was analyzed by estimating the percentage of bioethanol yield were achieved for Saccharum arundinaceum, Arundo donax, Typha angustifolia, and Ipomoea carnea, respectively. The chemical composition of biomass was characterized using National Renewable Energy Limited (NREL) protocol. The effect of ultrasound (US)-assisted alkaline pre-treatment on the four biomasses was characterized by different techniques. The cavitation phenomena of US-assisted alkaline pre-treatment was evident from the decreased value of lignin percentage, increased surface porosity and area, changes in crystallinity index (CrI) values and in the functional groups of biomass. The results revealed that all the four lignocellulosic biomass residues could be utilized as an effective and sustainable source for the production of bioethanol using US-assisted sodium hydroxide as a pre-treatment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirupa Sankar Muthuvelu
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Rajarathinam
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Logu Prasanth Kanagaraj
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rakhesh Vaasan Ranganathan
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Keerthiharan Dhanasekaran
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Manickam
- Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India
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