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Ma Z, Hu L. WRKY Transcription Factor Responses and Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6845. [PMID: 38999954 PMCID: PMC11241455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are subjected to abiotic stresses throughout their developmental period. Abiotic stresses include drought, salt, heat, cold, heavy metals, nutritional elements, and oxidative stresses. Improving plant responses to various environmental stresses is critical for plant survival and perpetuation. WRKY transcription factors have special structures (WRKY structural domains), which enable the WRKY transcription factors to have different transcriptional regulatory functions. WRKY transcription factors can not only regulate abiotic stress responses and plant growth and development by regulating phytohormone signalling pathways but also promote or suppress the expression of downstream genes by binding to the W-box [TGACCA/TGACCT] in the promoters of their target genes. In addition, WRKY transcription factors not only interact with other families of transcription factors to regulate plant defence responses to abiotic stresses but also self-regulate by recognising and binding to W-boxes in their own target genes to regulate their defence responses to abiotic stresses. However, in recent years, research reviews on the regulatory roles of WRKY transcription factors in higher plants have been scarce and shallow. In this review, we focus on the structure and classification of WRKY transcription factors, as well as the identification of their downstream target genes and molecular mechanisms involved in the response to abiotic stresses, which can improve the tolerance ability of plants under abiotic stress, and we also look forward to their future research directions, with a view of providing theoretical support for the genetic improvement of crop abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Ma
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Golm, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Lanjuan Hu
- Jilin Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
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Borah P, Deka H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) accumulation in selected medicinal plants: a mini review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:36532-36550. [PMID: 38753233 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The use of plant-based products in healthcare systems has experienced a tremendous rise leading to a substantial increase in global demand. However, the quality and effectiveness of such plant-based treatments are often affected due to contamination of various pollutants including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Like other plants, medicinal plants also uptake and accumulate PAHs when exposed to a contaminated environment. The consumption of such medicinal plants and/or plant-based products causes negative effects on health rather than providing any therapeutic advantages. Unfortunately, research focusing on PAH accumulation in medicinal plants has received very limited attention. This review discusses a sizable number of literature regarding the concentration of sixteen priority PAH pollutants as recognised by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) in different medicinal plants. The review also highlights the risk assessment of cancer associated with some medicinal plants in terms of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) equivalent concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Borah
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India
| | - Hemen Deka
- Ecology and Environmental Remediation Laboratory, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati-14, Assam, India.
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Arshad W, Steinbrecher T, Wilhelmsson PK, Fernandez-Pozo N, Pérez M, Mérai Z, Rensing SA, Chandler JO, Leubner-Metzger G. Aethionema arabicum dimorphic seed trait resetting during transition to seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1358312. [PMID: 38525145 PMCID: PMC10957558 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1358312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The transition from germinating seeds to emerging seedlings is one of the most vulnerable plant life cycle stages. Heteromorphic diaspores (seed and fruit dispersal units) are an adaptive bet-hedging strategy to cope with spatiotemporally variable environments. While the roles and mechanisms of seedling traits have been studied in monomorphic species, which produce one type of diaspore, very little is known about seedlings in heteromorphic species. Using the dimorphic diaspore model Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae), we identified contrasting mechanisms in the germination responses to different temperatures of the mucilaginous seeds (M+ seed morphs), the dispersed indehiscent fruits (IND fruit morphs), and the bare non-mucilaginous M- seeds obtained from IND fruits by pericarp (fruit coat) removal. What follows the completion of germination is the pre-emergence seedling growth phase, which we investigated by comparative growth assays of early seedlings derived from the M+ seeds, bare M- seeds, and IND fruits. The dimorphic seedlings derived from M+ and M- seeds did not differ in their responses to ambient temperature and water potential. The phenotype of seedlings derived from IND fruits differed in that they had bent hypocotyls and their shoot and root growth was slower, but the biomechanical hypocotyl properties of 15-day-old seedlings did not differ between seedlings derived from germinated M+ seeds, M- seeds, or IND fruits. Comparison of the transcriptomes of the natural dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, identified 2,682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during late germination. During the subsequent 3 days of seedling pre-emergence growth, the number of DEGs was reduced 10-fold to 277 root DEGs and 16-fold to 164 shoot DEGs. Among the DEGs in early seedlings were hormonal regulators, in particular for auxin, ethylene, and gibberellins. Furthermore, DEGs were identified for water and ion transporters, nitrate transporter and assimilation enzymes, and cell wall remodeling protein genes encoding enzymes targeting xyloglucan and pectin. We conclude that the transcriptomes of seedlings derived from the dimorphic diaspores, M+ seeds and IND fruits, undergo transcriptional resetting during the post-germination pre-emergence growth transition phase from germinated diaspores to growing seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed Arshad
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Tina Steinbrecher
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department Plant Breeding and Physiology, Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture “La Mayora” (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsuzsanna Mérai
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jake O. Chandler
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Leubner-Metzger
- Seed Biology and Technology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czechia
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Ray R, Singh SS, Yadav SR, Sircar D. A nondestructive asymptomatic early disease prediction method employing ROS-induced differential volatile emissions from dry rot-infected potatoes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108532. [PMID: 38503189 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Potatoes are a staple crop with many health benefits. Postharvest storage of potatoes takes a considerable amount of time. Potato dry rot is one of the most serious postharvest storage diseases, caused primarily by the fungus Fusarium sambucinum. It is possible to minimize losses if disease is detected early, which allows it to be controlled promptly. A phytopathogen infection can alter the volatile profile of plants. Identifying unique volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as biomarkers for early disease detection is an area of considerable research interest. In this study, we compared the VOC profiles of healthy and dry rot inoculated potatoes (cv. "Kufri Pukhraj") over a time course using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). There were 29 differentially emitting VOCs between healthy and dry rot inoculated potatoes. Nevertheless, only four of these compounds (linalool tetrahydride, γ-muurolene, alloaromadendrene, and α-isomethyl ionone) were exclusively found in dry rot inoculated potatoes, and hence they were considered biomarkers. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were altered in potatoes that were inoculated with dry rot, suggesting a role for ROS signaling in differential VOC emissions. In the early stages of dry rot infection, when symptoms were barely visible, these four biomarker VOCs were robustly useful in distinguishing healthy and dry rot-infected potatoes. These novel biomarkers associated with this disease are promising candidates for non-destructive detection of dry rot in stored potatoes at an early asymptomatic stage. These biomarkers can be used to develop an e-nose sensor to predict dry rot in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rittika Ray
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shiv Shakti Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Demiwal P, Nabi SU, Mir JI, Verma MK, Yadav SR, Roy P, Sircar D. Methyl jasmonate improves resistance in scab-susceptible Red Delicious apple by altering ROS homeostasis and enhancing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108371. [PMID: 38271863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Apple (Malus domestica) is an economically important rosaceous fruit crop grown at temperate climate zones. Nevertheless, its production is severely affected by scab disease caused by the ascomycetous fungus Venturia inaequalis (VI). Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a stress induced plant hormone, shown to induce resistance against wide range of pathogens. The current study investigated the role of MeJA in promoting scab tolerance in susceptible apple varieties through exogenous application of optimized (100 μM) MeJA concentration, followed by VI infection. According to our analysis, applying MeJA exogenously onto leaf surfaces resulted in increased membrane stability and decreased malondialdehyde levels in Red Delicious, suggesting that MeJA is capable of protecting tissues against oxidative damage through its role in restoring membrane stability. In addition, the changes in the levels of key antioxidative enzymes and reactive oxygen species (ROS) showed that exogenous MeJA maintains ROS homeostasis as well. Higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and increased accumulation of phenylpropanoids in MeJA-treated VI-infected plants indicated the MeJA reprogrammed phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway for scab tolerance. Our study of scab tolerance in apples induced by MeJA provides new insights into its physiological and biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Demiwal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Sajad Un Nabi
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190 005, J&K, India
| | - Javid Iqbal Mir
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190 005, J&K, India
| | - Mahendra K Verma
- Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture (ICAR-CITH), Srinagar, 190 005, J&K, India
| | - Shri Ram Yadav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Partha Roy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India
| | - Debabrata Sircar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, India.
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Nóbrega JS, Gomes VR, Soares LADA, de Lima GS, da Silva AAR, Gheyi HR, Torres RAF, da Silva FJL, da Silva TI, da Costa FB, Dantas MV, Bruno RDLA, Nobre RG, Sá FVDS. Hydrogen Peroxide Alleviates Salt Stress Effects on Gas Exchange, Growth, and Production of Naturally Colored Cotton. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:390. [PMID: 38337923 PMCID: PMC10857595 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most exploited crops in the world, being one of the most important for the Brazilian Northeast. In this region, the use of irrigation is often necessary to meet the water demand of the crop. Water is often used from underground wells that have a large amount of salt in their constitution, which can compromise the development of crops, so it is vital to adopt strategies that reduce salt stress effects on plants, such as the foliar application of hydrogen peroxide. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of hydrogen peroxide on the gas exchange, growth, and production of naturally colored cotton under salt stress in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with five salinity levels of irrigation water-ECw (0.3, 2.0, 3.7, 5.4 and 7.1 dS m-1)-and five concentrations of hydrogen peroxide-H2O2 (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μM), and with three replicates. The naturally colored cotton 'BRS Jade' had its gas exchange, growth, biomass production, and production reduced due to the effects of salt stress, but the plants were able to produce up to the ECw of 3.97 dS m-1. Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide at the estimated concentrations of 56.25 and 37.5 μM reduced the effects of salt stress on the stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation rate of cotton plants under the estimated ECw levels of 0.73 and 1.58 dS m-1, respectively. In turn, the concentration of 12.5 μM increased water-use efficiency in plants subjected to salinity of 2.43 dS m-1. Absolute and relative growth rates in leaf area increased with foliar application of 100 μM of hydrogen peroxide under ECw of 0.73 and 0.3 dS m-1, respectively. Under conditions of low water salinity (0.3 dS m-1), foliar application of hydrogen peroxide stimulated the biomass formation and production components of cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson Silva Nóbrega
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Valéria Ribeiro Gomes
- Center for Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, PB, Brazil; (V.R.G.); (R.d.L.A.B.)
| | | | - Geovani Soares de Lima
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - André Alisson Rodrigues da Silva
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Hans Raj Gheyi
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Rafaela Aparecida Frazão Torres
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Fellype Jonathar Lemos da Silva
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | - Toshik Iarley da Silva
- Academic Unit of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Campina Grande, Pombal 58840-000, PB, Brazil (F.B.d.C.)
| | | | - Maila Vieira Dantas
- Academic Unit of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58430-380, PB, Brazil; (J.S.N.); (A.A.R.d.S.); (H.R.G.); (F.J.L.d.S.); (M.V.D.)
| | | | - Reginaldo Gomes Nobre
- Caraúbas Multidisciplinary Center, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Caraúbas 59780-000, RN, Brazil;
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Sáenz-de la O D, Morales LO, Strid Å, Feregrino-Perez AA, Torres-Pacheco I, Guevara-González RG. Antioxidant and drought-acclimation responses in UV-B-exposed transgenic Nicotiana tabacum displaying constitutive overproduction of H 2O 2. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2373-2387. [PMID: 37486529 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important molecule that regulates antioxidant responses that are crucial for plant stress resistance. Exposure to low levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) can also activate antioxidant defenses and acclimation responses. However, how H2O2 and UV-B interact to promote stress acclimation remains poorly understood. In this work, a transgenic model of Nicotiana tabacum cv Xanthi nc, with elevated Mn-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity, was used to study the interaction between the constitutive overproduction of H2O2 and a 14-day UV-B treatment (1.75 kJ m-2 d-1 biologically effective UV-B). Subsequently, these plants were subjected to a 7-day moderate drought treatment to evaluate the impact on drought resistance of H2O2- and UV-dependent stimulation of the plants' antioxidant system. The UV-B treatment enhanced H2O2 levels and altered the antioxidant status by increasing the epidermal flavonol index, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and catalase, peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase activities in the leaves. UV-B also retarded growth and suppressed acclimation responses in highly H2O2-overproducing transgenic plants. Plants not exposed to UV-B had a higher drought resistance in the form of higher relative water content of leaves. Our data associate the interaction between Mn-SOD transgene overexpression and the UV-B treatment with a stress response. Finally, we propose a hormetic biphasic drought resistance response curve as a function of leaf H2O2 content in N. tabacum cv Xanthi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Sáenz-de la O
- School of Engineering, National Technological Institute of Mexico-Campus Roque, Guanajuato, México
| | - Luis O Morales
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åke Strid
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - A Angélica Feregrino-Perez
- Basic and Applied Bioengineering Group, School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, México
| | - Irineo Torres-Pacheco
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Ramón G Guevara-González
- Center for Applied Research in Biosystems (CARB-CIAB), School of Engineering, Autonomous University of Querétaro-Campus Amazcala, Querétaro, Mexico.
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Yan Y, Liu Y, Lu M, Lu C, Ludlow RA, Yang M, Huang W, Liu Z, An H. Gene expression profiling in Rosa roxburghii fruit and overexpressing RrGGP2 in tobacco and tomato indicates the key control point of AsA biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1096493. [PMID: 36704162 PMCID: PMC9871823 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rosa roxburghii Tratt. is an important commercial horticultural crop endemic to China, which is recognized for its extremely high content of L-ascorbic acid (AsA). To understand the mechanisms underlying AsA overproduction in fruit of R. roxburghii, content levels, accumulation rate, and the expression of genes putatively in the biosynthesis of AsA during fruit development have been characterized. The content of AsA increased with fruit weight during development, and AsA accumulation rate was found to be highest between 60 and 90 days after anthesis (DAA), with approximately 60% of the total amount being accumulated during this period. In vitro incubating analysis of 70DAA fruit flesh tissues confirmed that AsA was synthesized mainly via the L-galactose pathway although L-Gulono-1, 4-lactone was also an effective precursor elevating AsA biosynthesis. Furthermore, in transcript level, AsA content was significantly associated with GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (RrGGP2) gene expression. Virus-induced RrGGP2 silencing reduced the AsA content in R. roxburghii fruit by 28.9%. Overexpressing RrGGP2 increased AsA content by 8-12-fold in tobacco leaves and 2.33-3.11-fold in tomato fruit, respectively, and it showed enhanced resistance to oxidative stress caused by paraquat in transformed tobacco. These results further justified the importance of RrGGP2 as a major control step to AsA biosynthesis in R. roxburghii fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Yan
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yiyi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Lu
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | | | - Man Yang
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zeyang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - HuaMing An
- Engineering Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Rosa roxburghii, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
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Determination of Reactive Oxygen or Nitrogen Species and Novel Volatile Organic Compounds in the Defense Responses of Tomato Plants against Botrytis cinerea Induced by Trichoderma virens TRS 106. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193051. [PMID: 36231012 PMCID: PMC9563596 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, Trichoderma virens TRS 106 decreased grey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea in tomato plants (S. lycopersicum L.) by enhancing their defense responses. Generally, plants belonging to the ‘Remiz’ variety, which were infected more effectively by B. cinerea than ‘Perkoz’ plants, generated more reactive molecules such as superoxide (O2−) and peroxynitrite (ONOO−), and less hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), S-nitrosothiols (SNO), and green leaf volatiles (GLV). Among the new findings, histochemical analyses revealed that B. cinerea infection caused nitric oxide (NO) accumulation in chloroplasts, which was not detected in plants treated with TRS 106, while treatment of plants with TRS 106 caused systemic spreading of H2O2 and NO accumulation in apoplast and nuclei. SPME-GCxGC TOF-MS analysis revealed 24 volatile organic compounds (VOC) released by tomato plants treated with TRS 106. Some of the hexanol derivatives, e.g., 4-ethyl-2-hexynal and 1,5-hexadien-3-ol, and salicylic acid derivatives, e.g., 4-hepten-2-yl and isoamyl salicylates, are considered in the protection of tomato plants against B. cinerea for the first time. The results are valuable for further studies aiming to further determine the location and function of NO in plants treated with Trichoderma and check the contribution of detected VOC in plant protection against B. cinerea.
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Raza A, Salehi H, Rahman MA, Zahid Z, Madadkar Haghjou M, Najafi-Kakavand S, Charagh S, Osman HS, Albaqami M, Zhuang Y, Siddique KHM, Zhuang W. Plant hormones and neurotransmitter interactions mediate antioxidant defenses under induced oxidative stress in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:961872. [PMID: 36176673 PMCID: PMC9514553 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.961872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to global climate change, abiotic stresses are affecting plant growth, productivity, and the quality of cultivated crops. Stressful conditions disrupt physiological activities and suppress defensive mechanisms, resulting in stress-sensitive plants. Consequently, plants implement various endogenous strategies, including plant hormone biosynthesis (e.g., abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroids, indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellic acid, and strigolactones) to withstand stress conditions. Combined or single abiotic stress disrupts the normal transportation of solutes, causes electron leakage, and triggers reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, creating oxidative stress in plants. Several enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems marshal a plant's antioxidant defenses. While stress responses and the protective role of the antioxidant defense system have been well-documented in recent investigations, the interrelationships among plant hormones, plant neurotransmitters (NTs, such as serotonin, melatonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, and γ-aminobutyric acid), and antioxidant defenses are not well explained. Thus, this review discusses recent advances in plant hormones, transgenic and metabolic developments, and the potential interaction of plant hormones with NTs in plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges and future directions (transgenic breeding and genome editing) for metabolic improvement in plants using modern molecular tools. The interaction of plant hormones and NTs involved in regulating antioxidant defense systems, molecular hormone networks, and abiotic-induced oxidative stress tolerance in plants are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hajar Salehi
- Laboratory of Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Md Atikur Rahman
- Grassland and Forage Division, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Zainab Zahid
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Madadkar Haghjou
- Department of Biology, Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Shiva Najafi-Kakavand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sidra Charagh
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hany S. Osman
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Albaqami
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuhui Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | | | - Weijian Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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The Phytotoxin Myrigalone A Triggers a Phased Detoxification Programme and Inhibits Lepidium sativum Seed Germination via Multiple Mechanisms including Interference with Auxin Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094618. [PMID: 35563008 PMCID: PMC9104956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular responses of plants to natural phytotoxins comprise more general and compound-specific mechanisms. How phytotoxic chalcones and other flavonoids inhibit seedling growth was widely studied, but how they interfere with seed germination is largely unknown. The dihydrochalcone and putative allelochemical myrigalone A (MyA) inhibits seed germination and seedling growth. Transcriptome (RNAseq) and hormone analyses of Lepidium sativum seed responses to MyA were compared to other bioactive and inactive compounds. MyA treatment of imbibed seeds triggered the phased induction of a detoxification programme, altered gibberellin, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid and jasmonate metabolism, and affected the expression of hormone transporter genes. The MyA-mediated inhibition involved interference with the antioxidant system, oxidative signalling, aquaporins and water uptake, but not uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation or p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase expression/activity. MyA specifically affected the expression of auxin-related signalling genes, and various transporter genes, including for auxin transport (PIN7, ABCG37, ABCG4, WAT1). Responses to auxin-specific inhibitors further supported the conclusion that MyA interferes with auxin homeostasis during seed germination. Comparative analysis of MyA and other phytotoxins revealed differences in the specific regulatory mechanisms and auxin transporter genes targeted to interfere with auxin homestasis. We conclude that MyA exerts its phytotoxic activity by multiple auxin-dependent and independent molecular mechanisms.
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Bouissil S, Guérin C, Roche J, Dubessay P, El Alaoui-Talibi Z, Pierre G, Michaud P, Mouzeyar S, Delattre C, El Modafar C. Induction of Defense Gene Expression and the Resistance of Date Palm to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Albedinis in Response to Alginate Extracted from Bifurcaria bifurcata. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:88. [PMID: 35200618 PMCID: PMC8876945 DOI: 10.3390/md20020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In many African countries, the Bayoud is a common disease spread involving the fungus Fusarium oxusporum f. sp. albedinis (Foa). The induction of plant natural defenses through the use of seaweed polysaccharides to help plants against pathogens is currently a biological and ecological approach that is gaining more and more importance. In the present study, we used alginate, a natural polysaccharide extracted from a brown algae Bifurcaria bifurcata, to activate date palm defenses, which involve phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), a key enzyme of phenylpropanoid metabolism. The results obtained showed that at low concentration (1 g·L-1), alginate stimulated PAL activity in date palm roots 5 times more compared to the negative control (water-treated) after 24 h following treatment and 2.5 times more compared to the laminarin used as a positive stimulator of plant natural defenses (positive control of induction). Using qRT-PCR, the expression of a selection of genes involved in three different levels of defense mechanisms known to be involved in response to biotic stresses were investigated. The results showed that, generally, the PAL gene tested and the genes encoding enzymes involved in early oxidative events (SOD and LOX) were overexpressed in the alginate-treated plants compared to their levels in the positive and negative controls. POD and PR protein genes selected encoding β-(1,3)-glucanases and chitinases in this study did not show any significant difference between treatments; suggesting that other genes encoding POD and PR proteins that were not selected may be involved. After 17 weeks following the inoculation of the plants with the pathogen Foa, treatment with alginate reduced the mortality rate by up to 80% compared to the rate in control plants (non-elicited) and plants pretreated with laminarin, which agrees with the induction of defense gene expression and the stimulation of natural defenses in date palm with alginate after 24 h. These results open promising prospects for the use of alginate in agriculture as an inducer that triggers immunity of plants against telluric pathogens in general and of date palm against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soukaina Bouissil
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (G.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Claire Guérin
- UMR 1095 GDEC INRA-Université Clermont-Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, 63178 Aubière, France; (C.G.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Jane Roche
- UMR 1095 GDEC INRA-Université Clermont-Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, 63178 Aubière, France; (C.G.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Pascal Dubessay
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (G.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Zainab El Alaoui-Talibi
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
| | - Guillaume Pierre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (G.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (G.P.); (C.D.)
| | - Said Mouzeyar
- UMR 1095 GDEC INRA-Université Clermont-Auvergne, 1 Impasse Amélie Murat, 63178 Aubière, France; (C.G.); (J.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Cédric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (P.D.); (G.P.); (C.D.)
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 Rue Descartes, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cherkaoui El Modafar
- Centre d’Agrobiotechnologie et Bioingénierie, Unité de Recherche Labellisée CNRST (Centre AgroBiotech-URL-CNRST-05), Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (Z.E.A.-T.); (C.E.M.)
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Reis ADP, Carvalho RF, Costa IB, Girio RJS, Gualberto R, Spers RC, Gaion LA. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in drought stress long-distance signaling controlling early stomatal closure in tomato plants. BRAZ J BIOL 2022; 82:e267343. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.267343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract It has long been hypothesized that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may play an essential role in root-to-shoot long-distance signaling during drought conditions. Thus, to better understand the involvement of H2O2 in drought signaling, two experiments were carried out using tomato plants. In the first experiment, a split-root scheme was used, while in the second experiment, the tomato plants were grown in a single pot and subjected to drought stress. In both experiments, H2O2 and catalase were applied together with irrigation. Control plants continued to be irrigated according to the water loss. In the split-root experiment, it was verified that the application of H2O2 to roots induced a clear reduction in plant transpiration compared to untreated or catalase-treated plants. In the second experiment, we observed that H2O2-treated plants exhibited similar transpiration when compared to untreated and catalase-treated plants under drought stress. Similarly, no difference in water use efficiency was observed. Thus, we conclude that the increase in H2O2 in the root system can act as a long-distance signal leading to reduced transpiration even when there is no water limitation in the shoot. But it has little effect when there is a reduction in the shoot water potential.
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Molina L, Segura A. Biochemical and Metabolic Plant Responses toward Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals Present in Atmospheric Pollution. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2305. [PMID: 34834668 PMCID: PMC8622723 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic components of atmospheric particles. These pollutants induce a wide variety of responses in plants, leading to tolerance or toxicity. Their effects on plants depend on many different environmental conditions, not only the type and concentration of contaminant, temperature or soil pH, but also on the physiological or genetic status of the plant. The main detoxification process in plants is the accumulation of the contaminant in vacuoles or cell walls. PAHs are normally transformed by enzymatic plant machinery prior to conjugation and immobilization; heavy metals are frequently chelated by some molecules, with glutathione, phytochelatins and metallothioneins being the main players in heavy metal detoxification. Besides these detoxification mechanisms, the presence of contaminants leads to the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the dynamic of ROS production and detoxification renders different outcomes in different scenarios, from cellular death to the induction of stress resistances. ROS responses have been extensively studied; the complexity of the ROS response and the subsequent cascade of effects on phytohormones and metabolic changes, which depend on local concentrations in different organelles and on the lifetime of each ROS species, allow the plant to modulate its responses to different environmental clues. Basic knowledge of plant responses toward pollutants is key to improving phytoremediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lázaro Molina
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, C.S.I.C., Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain;
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von der Mark C, Ivanov R, Eutebach M, Maurino VG, Bauer P, Brumbarova T. Reactive oxygen species coordinate the transcriptional responses to iron availability in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2181-2195. [PMID: 33159788 PMCID: PMC7966954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play a central role in the regulation of plant responses to environmental stress. Under prolonged iron (Fe) deficiency, increased levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) initiate signaling events, resulting in the attenuation of Fe acquisition through the inhibition of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT). As this H2O2 increase occurs in a FIT-dependent manner, our aim was to understand the processes involved in maintaining H2O2 levels under prolonged Fe deficiency and the role of FIT. We identified the CAT2 gene, encoding one of the three Arabidopsis catalase isoforms, as regulated by FIT. CAT2 loss-of-function plants displayed severe susceptibility to Fe deficiency and greatly increased H2O2 levels in roots. Analysis of the Fe homeostasis transcription cascade revealed that H2O2 influences the gene expression of downstream regulators FIT, BHLH genes of group Ib, and POPEYE (PYE); however, H2O2 did not affect their upstream regulators, such as BHLH104 and ILR3. Our data shows that FIT and CAT2 participate in a regulatory loop between H2O2 and prolonged Fe deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia von der Mark
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Group of Plant Vascular Development, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rumen Ivanov
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Monique Eutebach
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Veronica G Maurino
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Kirschalle 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: or
| | - Tzvetina Brumbarova
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: or
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Dvořák P, Krasylenko Y, Zeiner A, Šamaj J, Takáč T. Signaling Toward Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging Enzymes in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:618835. [PMID: 33597960 PMCID: PMC7882706 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.618835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are produced as byproducts of aerobic metabolism and are affected by adverse environmental conditions. The ROS content is controlled on the side of their production but also by scavenging machinery. Antioxidant enzymes represent a major ROS-scavenging force and are crucial for stress tolerance in plants. Enzymatic antioxidant defense occurs as a series of redox reactions for ROS elimination. Therefore, the deregulation of the antioxidant machinery may lead to the overaccumulation of ROS in plants, with negative consequences both in terms of plant development and resistance to environmental challenges. The transcriptional activation of antioxidant enzymes accompanies the long-term exposure of plants to unfavorable environmental conditions. Fast ROS production requires the immediate mobilization of the antioxidant defense system, which may occur via retrograde signaling, redox-based modifications, and the phosphorylation of ROS detoxifying enzymes. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on signaling processes regulating the enzymatic antioxidant capacity of plants.
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Zia R, Nawaz MS, Siddique MJ, Hakim S, Imran A. Plant survival under drought stress: Implications, adaptive responses, and integrated rhizosphere management strategy for stress mitigation. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126626. [PMID: 33189069 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In many regions of the world, the incidence and extent of drought spells are predicted to increase which will create considerable pressure on global agricultural yields. Most likely among all the abiotic stresses, drought has the strongest effect on soil biota and plants along with complex environmental effects on other ecological systems. Plants being sessile appears the least resilient where drought creates osmotic stress, limits nutrient mobility due to soil heterogeneity, and reduces nutrient access to plant roots. Drought tolerance is a complex quantitative trait controlled by many genes and is one of the difficult traits to study and characterize. Nevertheless, existing studies on drought have indicated the mechanisms of drought resistance in plants on the morphological, physiological, and molecular basis and strategies have been devised to cope with the drought stress such as mass screening, breeding, marker-assisted selection, exogenous application of hormones or osmoprotectants and or engineering for drought resistance. These strategies have largely ignored the role of the rhizosphere in the plant's drought response. Studies have shown that soil microbes have a substantial role in modulation of plant response towards biotic and abiotic stress including drought. This response is complex and involves alteration in host root system architecture through hormones, osmoregulation, signaling through reactive oxygen species (ROS), induction of systemic tolerance (IST), production of large chain extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and transcriptional regulation of host stress response genes. This review focuses on the integrated rhizosphere management strategy for drought stress mitigation in plants with a special focus on rhizosphere management. This combinatorial approach may include rhizosphere engineering by addition of drought-tolerant bacteria, nanoparticles, liquid nano clay (LNC), nutrients, organic matter, along with plant-modification with next-generation genome editing tool (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) for quickly addressing emerging challenges in agriculture. Furthermore, large volumes of rainwater and wastewater generated daily can be smartly recycled and reused for agriculture. Farmers and other stakeholders will get a proper knowledge-exchange and an ideal road map to utilize available technologies effectively and to translate the measures into successful plant-water stress management. The proposed approach is cost-effective, eco-friendly, user-friendly, and will impart long-lasting benefits on agriculture and ecosystem and reduce vulnerability to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabisa Zia
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shoib Nawaz
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawad Siddique
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sughra Hakim
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Asma Imran
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577 Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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