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Balakrishnan K, Krishnaa D, Balakrishnan G, Manickam M, Abdulkader AM, Dharumadurai D. Association of Bacterial Communities with Psychedelic Mushroom and Soil as Revealed in 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2566-2590. [PMID: 37103739 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities' resident in the mushroom fruiting body and the soil around it play critical roles in the growth and propagation of the mushroom. Among the microbial communities associated with psychedelic mushrooms and the rhizosphere soil, bacterial communities are considered vital since their presence greatly influences the health of the mushrooms. The present study aimed at finding the microbiota present in the psychedelic mushroom Psilocybe cubensis and the soil the mushroom inhabits. The study was conducted at two different locations in Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India. The composition and structure of microbial communities in the mushroom fruiting body and the soil were deciphered. The genomes of the microbial communities were directly assessed. High-throughput amplicon sequencing revealed distinct microbial diversity in the mushroom and the related soil. The interaction of environmental and anthropogenic factors appeared to have a significant impact on the mushroom and soil microbiome. The most abundant bacterial genera were Ochrobactrum, Stenotrophomonas, Achromobacter, and Brevundimonas. Thus, the study advances the knowledge of the composition of the microbiome and microbial ecology of a psychedelic mushroom, and paves the way for in-depth investigation of the influence of microbiota on the mushroom, with special emphasis on the impact of bacterial communities on mushroom growth. Further studies are required for a deeper understanding of the microbial communities that influence the growth of P. cubensis mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthiyayini Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- National Centre for alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dheebhashriee Krishnaa
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gowdhami Balakrishnan
- National Centre for alternatives to Animal Experiments, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthuselvam Manickam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akbarsha Mohammad Abdulkader
- Mahatma Gandhi-Dorenkamp Centre, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology & Research Coordinator, National College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vieira FR, Di Tomassi I, O'Connor E, Bull CT, Pecchia JA, Hockett KL. Manipulating Agaricus bisporus developmental patterns by passaging microbial communities in complex substrates. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0197823. [PMID: 37831469 PMCID: PMC10714785 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01978-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Agaricus bisporus is an economically important edible mushroom and manipulating its developmental patterns is crucial for maximizing yield and quality. One of the potential strategies for achieving such a goal is passaging microbial communities in compost or casing. The current study demonstrated that passaging substrates develop enriched microbial communities, and after a few passages, certain levels of changes in mushroom developmental patterns (the timing of fruiting bodies formation) were observed as well as shifts in the bacterial communities. Overall, a better understanding of the complex interactions between microorganisms present in the cultivation system may help farmers and researchers to develop more efficient and sustainable cultivation practices that can both benefit the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Rocha Vieira
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Isako Di Tomassi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eoin O'Connor
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carolee T. Bull
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John A. Pecchia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kevin L. Hockett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Microbiome Center, The Pennsylvanian State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Hou F, Yi F, Song L, Zhan S, Zhang R, Han X, Sun X, Liu Z. Bacterial community dynamics and metabolic functions prediction in white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during storage. Food Res Int 2023; 171:113077. [PMID: 37330835 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is rich in nutritional value, but it is easily infected by microorganisms during storage, which leads to spoilage and shortens the storage time. In this paper, A. bisporus at different storage times was sequenced by Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. QIIME2 and PICRUSt2 were used to analyze the changes of bacterial community diversity and predict metabolic functions during storage of A. bisporus. Then, the pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from the spoilt samples of A. bisporus with black spot. The results showed that the bacterial species richness of A. bisporus surface gradually decreased. 2,291 ASVs were finally obtained through DADA2 denoising, belonging to 27 phyla, 60 classes, 154 orders, 255 families and 484 genera. The abundance of Pseudomonas on the surface of fresh A. bisporus sample was 22.8%, which increased to 68.7% after 6 days of storage. The abundance significantly increased and became a dominant spoilage bacterium. In addition, A total of 46 secondary metabolic pathways belonging to 6 categories of primary biological metabolic pathways were predicted during storage of A. bisporus, and metabolism (71.8%) was the main functional pathway. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that the dominant bacterium Pseudomonas was positively correlated with 13 functional pathways (level 3). A total of 5 strains were isolated and purified from diseased A. bisporus surface. The test of pathogenicity showed that Pseudomonas tolaasii caused serious spoilage of A. bisporus. The study provided a theoretical basis for the development of antibacterial materials to reduce related diseases and prolong the storage time of A. bisporus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyun Hou
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Fangxuan Yi
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Lisha Song
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Shouqing Zhan
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiangbo Han
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhanli Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049 Shandong, PR China.
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4
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Ban GH, Kim JH, Kim SA, Rhee MS, Choi SY, Hwang IJ, Kim SR. Microbial succession during button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production evaluated via high-throughput sequencing. Food Microbiol 2023; 114:104307. [PMID: 37290864 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), are one of the most widely consumed mushrooms in the world. However, changes within its microbial community as it relates to the use of different raw materials and cultivation methods, as well as potential points of microbial contamination throughout the production process have not been investigated extensively. In the present study, button mushroom cultivation was investigated in each of the four stages (raw materials, composting (phase I, Ⅱ, and Ⅲ), casing, and harvesting), and samples (n = 186) from mushrooms and their related environments were collected from four distinct mushroom-growing farms (A-D) in Korea. Shifts within the bacterial consortium during mushroom production were characterized with 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The succession of bacterial communities on each farm was dependent on the raw material incorporated, aeration, and the farm environment. The dominant phyla of the compost stack at the four farms were Pseudomonadota (56.7%) in farm A, Pseudomonadota (43.3%) in farm B, Bacteroidota (46.0%) in farm C, and Bacillota (62.8%) in farm D. During the Phase Ⅰ, highly heat-resistant microbes, such as those from the phylum Deinococcota (0.6-65.5%) and the families Bacillaceae (1.7-36.3%), Thermaceae (0.1-65.5%), and Limnochordaceae (0.3-30.5%) greatly proliferated. The microbial diversity within compost samples exhibited a marked decline as a result of the proliferation of thermophilic bacteria. In the spawning step, there were considerable increases in Xanthomonadaceae in the pasteurized composts of farms C and D - both of which employed an aeration system. In the harvesting phase, beta diversity correlated strongly between the casing soil layer and pre-harvest mushrooms, as well as between gloves and packaged mushrooms. The results suggest that gloves may be a major source of cross-contamination for packaged mushrooms, highlighting the need for enhanced hygienic practices during the harvesting phase to ensure product safety. These findings contribute to the current understanding of the influence of environmental and adjacent microbiomes on mushroom products to benefit the mushroom industry and relevant stakeholders by ensuring quality production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Hee Ban
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, South Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, South Korea; Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Sun Ae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Suk Rhee
- Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Song Yi Choi
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - In Jun Hwang
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Se-Ri Kim
- Microbial Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, South Korea.
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Thai M, Safianowicz K, Bell TL, Kertesz MA. Dynamics of microbial community and enzyme activities during preparation of Agaricus bisporus compost substrate. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:88. [PMID: 37938292 PMCID: PMC9723551 DOI: 10.1038/s43705-022-00174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) are grown commercially on a specialized substrate that is usually prepared from wheat straw and poultry manure in a microbially-mediated composting process. The quality and yield of the mushroom crop depends critically on the quality of this composted substrate, but details of the microbial community responsible for compost production have only emerged recently. Here we report a detailed study of microbial succession during mushroom compost production (wetting, thermophilic, pasteurization/conditioning, spawn run). The wetting and thermophilic phases were characterized by a rapid succession of bacterial and fungal communities, with maximum diversity at the high heat stage. Pasteurization/conditioning selected for a more stable community dominated by the thermophilic actinomycete Mycothermus thermophilus and a range of bacterial taxa including Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis and other Proteobacteria. These taxa decreased during spawn run and may be acting as a direct source of nutrition for the proliferating Agaricus mycelium, which has previously been shown to use microbial biomass in the compost for growth. Comparison of bacterial communities at five geographically separated composting yards in south-eastern Australia revealed similarities in microbial succession during composting, although the dominant bacterial taxa varied among sites. This suggests that specific microbial taxa or combinations of taxa may provide useful biomarkers of compost quality and may be applied as predictive markers of mushroom crop yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghann Thai
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Safianowicz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tina L Bell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael A Kertesz
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Iossi MR, Palú IA, Soares DM, Vieira WG, Alves LS, Stevani CV, Caitano CEC, Atum SVF, Freire RS, Dias ES, Zied DC. Metaprofiling of the Bacterial Community in Colonized Compost Extracts by Agaricus subrufescens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8100995. [PMID: 36294560 PMCID: PMC9605601 DOI: 10.3390/jof8100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that bacteria and fungi play important roles in the relationships between mycelium growth and the formation of fruiting bodies. The sun mushroom, Agaricus subrufescens, was discovered in Brazil ca. 1960 and it has become known worldwide due to its medicinal and nutritional properties. This work evaluated the bacterial community present in mushroom-colonized compost extract (MCCE) prepared from cultivation of A. subrufescens, its dynamics with two different soaking times and the influence of the application of those extracts on the casing layer of a new compost block for A. subrufescens cultivation. MCCEs were prepared through initial submersion of the colonized compost for 1 h or 24 h in water followed by application on casing under semi-controlled conditions. Full-length 16S rRNA genes of 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE were amplified and sequenced using nanopore technology. Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, were found to be the most abundant phyla in both the 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE. A total of 275 different bacterial species were classified from 1 h soaked MCCE samples and 166 species from 24 h soaked MCCE, indicating a decrease in the bacterial diversity with longer soaking time during the preparation of MCCE. The application of 24 h soaked MCCE provided increases of 25% in biological efficiency, 16% in precociousness, 53% in the number of mushrooms and 40% in mushroom weight compared to control. Further investigation is required to determine strategies to enhance the yield and quality of the agronomic traits in commercial mushroom cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Rodrigo Iossi
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Arruda Palú
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil
| | - Douglas Moraes Soares
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Wagner G. Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Silva Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Cassius V. Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Cinthia E. C. Caitano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agropecuária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias (FCAV), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Samir V. F. Atum
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Renato S. Freire
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Eustáquio S. Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Diego Cunha Zied
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas (FCAT), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São Paulo 17900-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: or
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7
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Vieira FR, Pecchia JA. Bacterial Community Patterns in the Agaricus bisporus Cultivation System, from Compost Raw Materials to Mushroom Caps. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:20-32. [PMID: 34383127 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Different from other fungal species that can be largely cultivated in 'axenic conditions' using plant material (e.g., species of Lentinula and Pleurotus in 'sterile' straw-based substrate), the commercial Agaricus bisporus cultivation system relies heavily on ecological relationships with a broad range of microorganisms present in the system (compost and casing). Since the A. bisporus cultivation system consists of a microbial manipulation process, it is important to know the microbial community dynamics during the entire cultivation cycle to design further studies and/or crop management strategies to optimize this system. To capture the bacterial community 'flow' from compost raw materials to the casing to the formation and maturation of mushroom caps, community snapshots were generated by direct DNA recovery (amplicon sequencing). The 'bacterial community flow' revealed that compost, casing and mushrooms represent different niches for bacteria present in the cultivation system, but at the same time, a bacterial exchange between microenvironments can occur for a portion of the community. Within each microenvironment, compost showed intense bacterial populational dynamics, probably due to the environmental changes imposed by composting conditions. In casing, the colonization of A. bisporus appeared, to reshape the native bacterial community which later, with some other members present in compost, becomes the core community in mushroom caps. The current bacterial survey along with previous results provides more cues of specific bacteria groups that can be in association with A. bisporus development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Rocha Vieira
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - John Andrew Pecchia
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Suwannarach N, Kumla J, Zhao Y, Kakumyan P. Impact of Cultivation Substrate and Microbial Community on Improving Mushroom Productivity: A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040569. [PMID: 35453768 PMCID: PMC9027886 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lignocellulosic material and substrate formulations affect mushroom productivity. The microbial community in cultivation substrates affects the quality of the substrates and the efficiency of mushroom production. The elucidation of the key microbes and their biochemical function can serve as a useful guide in the development of a more effective system for mushroom cultivation. Abstract Lignocellulosic materials commonly serve as base substrates for mushroom production. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the major components of lignocellulose materials. The composition of these components depends upon the plant species. Currently, composted and non-composted lignocellulosic materials are used as substrates in mushroom cultivation depending on the mushroom species. Different substrate compositions can directly affect the quality and quantity of mushroom production yields. Consequently, the microbial dynamics and communities of the composting substrates can significantly affect mushroom production. Therefore, changes in both substrate composition and microbial diversity during the cultivation process can impact the production of high-quality substrates and result in a high degree of biological efficiency. A brief review of the current findings on substrate composition and microbial diversity for mushroom cultivation is provided in this paper. We also summarize the advantages and disadvantages of various methods of mushroom cultivation by analyzing the microbial diversity of the composting substrates during mushroom cultivation. The resulting information will serve as a useful guide for future researchers in their attempts to increase mushroom productivity through the selection of suitable substrate compositions and their relation to the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (N.S.); (J.K.)
| | - Yan Zhao
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (P.K.)
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Braat N, Koster MC, Wösten HA. Beneficial interactions between bacteria and edible mushrooms. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Bánfi R, Pohner Z, Szabó A, Herczeg G, Kovács GM, Nagy A, Márialigeti K, Vajna B. Succession and potential role of bacterial communities during Pleurotus ostreatus production. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiab125. [PMID: 34498665 PMCID: PMC8445668 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in studying bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs), also the interactions of Pleurotus ostreatus, a model white-rot fungus and important cultivated mushroom. In Europe, P. ostreatus is produced on a wheat straw-based substrate with a characteristic bacterial community, where P. ostreatus is exposed to the microbiome during substrate colonisation. This study investigated how the bacterial community structure was affected by the introduction of P. ostreatus into the mature substrate. Based on the results obtained, the effect of the presence and absence of this microbiome on P. ostreatus production in an experimental cultivation setup was determined. 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and amplicon sequencing revealed a definite succession of the microbiome during substrate colonisation and fruiting body production: a sharp decrease in relative abundance of Thermus spp. and Actinobacteria, and the increasing dominance of Bacillales and Halomonas spp. The introduced experimental cultivation setup proved the protective role of the microbial community against competing fungi without affecting P. ostreatus growth. We could also demonstrate that this effect could be attributed to both living microbes and their secreted metabolites. These findings highlight the importance of bacterial-fungal interactions during mushroom production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Bánfi
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Pohner
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó út 15, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Szabó
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor M Kovács
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Nagy
- Pilze-Nagy Ltd., Talfája 50., H-6000 Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Károly Márialigeti
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Vajna
- Department of Microbiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Zhang B, Zhou J, Li X, Ye L, Jia D, Gan B, Tan W. Temperature affects substrate-associated bacterial composition during Ganoderma lucidum hyphal growth. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:281-289. [PMID: 33591216 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The growth of the well-known fungus Ganoderma lucidum is influenced by temperature, which has an impact on the associated microbial structure in the substrate. In this study, we analyzed the bacterial diversity of the substrate at different temperatures using next-generation sequencing technology. A total of 513 733 sequences from 15 samples were assigned to 19 bacterial phyla. The samples were dominated by Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes; the 2 phyla exhibited opposite changes with elevated temperature. Bacterial genera showed different abundances at different temperatures, in which Sediminibacterium maintained a stable abundance below 40 °C, while Ochrobactrum and Rhodococcus were enriched with elevated temperature and both showed their highest abundances at 40 °C. Functional prediction uncovered 39 identified KEGG pathways, and bacterial genes involved in the membrane transport pathway exhibited the highest abundance subject to heat (40 °C) during the growth of G. lucidum. In general, our findings illustrated the influence of temperatures on G. lucidum mycelial morphology and the bacterial community in the substrate, and the results will facilitate cultivation of this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Dinghong Jia
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bingcheng Gan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610066, China
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12
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Kumari S, Naraian R. Enhanced growth and yield of oyster mushroom by growth-promoting bacteria Glutamicibacter arilaitensis MRC119. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:45-54. [PMID: 33347662 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Promotion of mushroom growth by means of biological agents replacing chemicals is an emerging and highly demanded issue in the sector of mushroom cropping. The present study was aimed to search for a novel bacterium potentially able to enhance mushroom growth and yield. A total of 2165 bacterial isolates purified from different samples were scrutinized through various growth-promoting attributes. As a consequence of rigorous screening, 26 isolates found exhibiting positive traits of mushroom growth promotion. Thereafter, in response to the cocultivation (fungus and bacteria), a potent bacterial strain was isolated capable to improve significantly the mycelial growth. In cocultivation the highest radial and linear growth rate was 7.6 and 8.1 mm/day on 10th and 11th days, respectively. The fruitbody yields and biological efficiency (BE) of the inoculated sets were 28% and 58% higher than the uninoculated control sets. The bacterium was molecularly identified based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing and confirmed as Glutamicibacter arilaitensis MRC119. Therefore, the bioinoculant of the current bacterium can be potentially useful as an ecofriendly substitute stimulating the production of mushroom fruit bodies with improved BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpal Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mushroom Training and Research Center (MTRC), Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ram Naraian
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mushroom Training and Research Center (MTRC), Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
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13
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Carrasco J, García‐Delgado C, Lavega R, Tello ML, De Toro M, Barba‐Vicente V, Rodríguez‐Cruz MS, Sánchez‐Martín MJ, Pérez M, Preston GM. Holistic assessment of the microbiome dynamics in the substrates used for commercial champignon (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1933-1947. [PMID: 32716608 PMCID: PMC7533343 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms strongly influence and are required to generate the selective substrate that provides nutrients and support for fungal growth, and ultimately to induce mushroom fructification under controlled environmental conditions. In this work, the fungal and bacterial microbiota living in the different substrates employed in a commercial crop (compost phase I, II and III, flush 1 and 2, and casing material on day 1, 6 and 8 after compost casing and during flush 1 and 2) have been characterized along the different stages of cultivation by metataxonomic analysis (16S rRNA and ITS2), analysis of phospholipid fatty acid content (PLFAs) and RT-qPCR. Additionally, laccase activity and the content of lignin and complex carbohydrates in compost and casing have been quantified. The bacterial diversity in compost and casing increased throughout the crop cycle boosted by the connection of both substrates. As reflected by the PLFAs, the total living bacterial biomass appears to be negatively correlated with the mycelium of the crop. Agaricus bisporus was the dominant fungal species in colonized substrates, displacing the pre-eminent Ascomycota, accompanied by a sustained increase in laccase activity, which is considered to be a major product of protein synthesis during the mycelial growth of champignon. From phase II onwards, the metabolic machinery of the fungal crop degrades lignin and carbohydrates in compost, while these components are hardly degraded in casing, which reflects the minor role of the casing for nourishing the crop. The techniques employed in this study provide a holistic and detailed characterization of the changing microbial composition in commercial champignon substrates. The knowledge generated will contribute to improve compost formulations (selection of base materials) and accelerate compost production, for instance, through biotechnological interventions in the form of tailored biostimulants and to design environmentally sustainable bio-based casing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordS Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - Carlos García‐Delgado
- Departamento de Geología y GeoquímicaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | - Rebeca Lavega
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - María L. Tello
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - María De Toro
- Plataforma de Genómica y BioinformáticaCentro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | - Víctor Barba‐Vicente
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA‐CSIC)SalamancaSpain
| | | | | | - Margarita Pérez
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH)AutolSpain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordS Parks RdOxfordOX1 3RBUK
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14
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McGee CF. The effects of silver nanoparticles on the microbial nitrogen cycle: a review of the known risks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:31061-31073. [PMID: 32514926 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09548-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen cycle is an integral biogeochemical function for maintaining healthy environments. Nitrogen is a key nutrient that must be continuously replenished through recycling mechanisms to sustain ecosystems, disruption to which can result in compromised ecosystem functioning. Certain stages in the microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds are performed by a limited range of micro-organisms making these key functional species in ecosystems. The growing industrial use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) potentially poses significant risks for microbial nitrogen cycling species. AgNPs possess potent antimicrobial properties and are expected to reach a range of natural environments through several routes of exposure. Certain functional nitrogen cycling microbes have been shown to be highly susceptible to AgNP toxicity. The current literature indicates that AgNPs can negatively affect certain nitrogen fixing, nitrifying and denitrifying microbes in vitro. In vivo studies investigating the effect of AgNPs on nitrogen cycling microbial communities and nitrogen transformation rates in soil, sediment and sludge environments have also indicated disruption of these functional processes. This review provides a comprehensive description of the current state of knowledge regarding the toxicity of AgNPs to nitrogen cycling communities. The aim of the review is to highlight the most susceptible stages in the nitrogen cycle and the implications for the affected ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Francis McGee
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Cellbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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15
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Taparia T, Krijger M, Haynes E, Elphinstone JG, Noble R, van der Wolf J. Molecular characterization of Pseudomonas from Agaricus bisporus caps reveal novel blotch pathogens in Western Europe. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:505. [PMID: 32698767 PMCID: PMC7374911 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial blotch is a group of economically important diseases affecting the cultivation of common button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. Despite being studied for more than a century, the identity and nomenclature of blotch-causing Pseudomonas species is still unclear. This study aims to molecularly characterize the phylogenetic and phenotypic diversity of blotch pathogens in Western Europe. Methods In this study, blotched mushrooms were sampled from farms across the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Belgium. Bacteria were isolated from symptomatic cap tissue and tested in pathogenicity assays on fresh caps and in pots. Whole genome sequences of pathogenic and non-pathogenic isolates were used to establish phylogeny via multi-locus sequence alignment (MLSA), average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in-silico DNA:DNA hybridization (DDH) analyses. Results The known pathogens “Pseudomonas gingeri”, P. tolaasii, “P. reactans” and P. costantinii were recovered from blotched mushroom caps. Seven novel pathogens were also identified, namely, P. yamanorum, P. edaphica, P. salomonii and strains that clustered with Pseudomonas sp. NC02 in one genomic species, and three non-pseudomonads, i.e. Serratia liquefaciens, S. proteamaculans and a Pantoea sp. Insights on the pathogenicity and symptom severity of these blotch pathogens were also generated. Conclusion A detailed overview of genetic and regional diversity and the virulence of blotch pathogens in Western Europe, was obtained via the phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses. This information has implications in the study of symptomatic disease expression, development of diagnostic tools and design of localized strategies for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Taparia
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands. .,Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Marjon Krijger
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edward Haynes
- Department of Plant Protection, Fera Science Limited, York, UK
| | | | - Ralph Noble
- Pershore College, Warwickshire College Group, Worcestershire, UK
| | - Jan van der Wolf
- Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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16
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Osdaghi E, Martins SJ, Ramos-Sepulveda L, Vieira FR, Pecchia JA, Beyer DM, Bell TH, Yang Y, Hockett KL, Bull CT. 100 Years Since Tolaas: Bacterial Blotch of Mushrooms in the 21 st Century. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:2714-2732. [PMID: 31560599 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-19-0589-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the biotic constraints of common mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) production, bacterial blotch is considered the most important mushroom disease in terms of global prevalence and economic impact. Etiology and management of bacterial blotch has been a major concern since its original description in 1915. Although Pseudomonas tolaasii is thought to be the main causal agent, various Pseudomonas species, as well as organisms from other genera have been reported to cause blotch symptoms on mushroom caps. In this review, we provide an updated overview on the etiology, epidemiology, and management strategies of bacterial blotch disease. First, diversity of the causal agent(s) and utility of high throughput sequencing-based approaches in the precise characterization and identification of blotch pathogen(s) is explained. Further, due to the limited options for use of conventional pesticides in mushroom farms against blotch pathogen(s), we highlight the role of balanced threshold of relative humidity and temperature in mushroom farms to combat the disease in organic and conventional production. Additionally, we discuss the possibility of the use of biological control agents (either antagonistic mushroom-associated bacterial strains or bacteriophages) for blotch management as one of the sustainable approaches for 21st century agriculture. Finally, we aim to elucidate the association of mushroom microbiome in cap development and productivity on one hand, and blotch incidence/outbreaks on the other hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Osdaghi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran
| | - Samuel J Martins
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Laura Ramos-Sepulveda
- Department of Biology, Millersville University of Pennsylvania, Millersville, PA 17551, U.S.A
| | - Fabrício Rocha Vieira
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - John A Pecchia
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - David Meigs Beyer
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Terrence H Bell
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Yinong Yang
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Kevin L Hockett
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
| | - Carolee T Bull
- Plant Pathology & Environmental Microbiology Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, U.S.A
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17
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Carrasco J, Preston GM. Growing edible mushrooms: a conversation between bacteria and fungi. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:858-872. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
- Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH) Autol Spain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of Oxford, S Parks Rd Oxford OX1 3RB UK
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18
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Carrasco J, Tello ML, de Toro M, Tkacz A, Poole P, Pérez-Clavijo M, Preston G. Casing microbiome dynamics during button mushroom cultivation: implications for dry and wet bubble diseases. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2019; 165:611-624. [PMID: 30994437 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The casing material required in mushroom cultivation presents a very rich ecological niche, which is inhabited by a diverse population of bacteria and fungi. In this work three different casing materials, blonde peat, black peat and a 50 : 50 mixture of both, were compared for their capacity to show a natural suppressive response against dry bubble, Lecanicillium fungicola (Preuss) Zare and Gams, and wet bubble, Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacroix. The highest mushroom production was collected from crops cultivated using the mixed casing and black peat, which were not significantly different in yield. However, artificial infection with mycoparasites resulted in similar yield losses irrespective of the material used, indicating that the casing materials do not confer advantages in disease suppression. The composition of the microbiome of the 50 : 50 casing mixture along the crop cycle and the compost and basidiomes was evaluated through next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal ITS2 region. Once colonized by Agaricus bisporus, the bacterial diversity of the casing microbiome increased and the fungal diversity drastically decreased. From then on, the composition of the casing microbiome remained relatively stable. Analysis of the composition of the bacterial microbiome in basidiomes indicated that it is highly influenced by the casing microbiota. Notably, L. fungicola was consistently detected in uninoculated control samples of compost and casing using NGS, even in asymptomatic crops. This suggests that the naturally established casing microbiota was able to help to suppress disease development when inoculum levels were low, but was not effective in suppressing high pressure from artificially introduced fungal inoculum. Determination of the composition of the casing microbiome paves the way for the development of synthetic casing communities that can be used to investigate the role of specific components of the casing microbiota in mushroom production and disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- 2Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH), Autol, Spain.,1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1, UK
| | - Maria Luisa Tello
- 2Centro Tecnológico de Investigación del Champiñón de La Rioja (CTICH), Autol, Spain
| | - Maria de Toro
- 3Plataforma de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Andrzej Tkacz
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1, UK
| | - Philip Poole
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1, UK
| | | | - Gail Preston
- 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1, UK
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19
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Carrasco J, Zied DC, Pardo JE, Preston GM, Pardo-Giménez A. Supplementation in mushroom crops and its impact on yield and quality. AMB Express 2018; 8:146. [PMID: 30229415 PMCID: PMC6143494 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushroom supplementation is an agronomic process which consists of the application of nutritional amendments to the substrates employed for mushroom cultivation. Different nitrogen and carbohydrate rich supplements have been evaluated in crops with a substantial impact on mushroom yield and quality; however, there is still controversy regarding the nutritional requirements of mushrooms and the necessity for the development of new commercial additives. The addition of external nutrients increases the productivity of some low-yielding mushroom varieties, and therefore is a useful tool for the industry to introduce new commercially viable varieties. Spent mushroom compost is a waste material that could feasibly be recycled as a substrate to support a new commercially viable crop cycle when amended with supplements. On the other hand, a new line of research based on the use of mushroom growth promoting microorganisms is rising above the horizon to supplement the native microbiota, which appears to cover nutritional deficiencies. Several supplements employed for the cultivated mushrooms and their agronomic potential in terms of yield and quality are reviewed in this paper as a useful guide to evaluate the nutritional requirements of the crop and to design new formulas for commercial supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Carrasco
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3RB UK
| | - Diego C. Zied
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Câmpus de Dracena, Dracena, São Paulo 17900-000 Brazil
| | - Jose E. Pardo
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos y de Montes (ETSIAM), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario, s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Gail M. Preston
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, S Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3RB UK
| | - Arturo Pardo-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación, Experimentación y Servicios del Champiñón, Quintanar del Rey, Cuenca Spain
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20
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Zhang X, Zhang B, Miao R, Zhou J, Ye L, Jia D, Peng W, Yan L, Zhang X, Tan W, Li X. Influence of Temperature on the Bacterial Community in Substrate and Extracellular Enzyme Activity of Auricularia cornea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2018; 46:224-235. [PMID: 30294482 PMCID: PMC6171455 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1497795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental factor that can greatly influence the cultivation of Auricularia cornea. In this study, lignin peroxidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and cellulose in A. cornea fruiting bodies were tested under five different temperatures (20 °C, 25 °C, 30 °C, 35 °C, and 40 °C) in three different culture periods (10 days, 20 days and 30 days). In addition, the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the substrate of A. cornea cultivated for 30 days at different temperatures were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology to explore the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the substrate. Temperature and culture days had a significant effect on the activities of the four enzymes, and changes in activity were not synchronized with changes in temperature and culture days. Overall, we obtained 487,694 sequences from 15 samples and assigned them to 16 bacterial phyla. Bacterial community composition and structure in the substrate changed when the temperature was above 35 °C. The relative abundances of some bacteria were significantly affected by temperature. A total of 35 genera at five temperatures in the substrate were correlated, and 41 functional pathways were predicted in the study. Bacterial genes associated with the membrane transport pathway had the highest average abundance (16.16%), and this increased at 35 °C and 40 °C. Generally, different temperatures had impacts on the physiological activity of A. cornea and the bacterial community in the substrate; therefore, the data presented herein should facilitate cultivation of A. cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyun Miao
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Dinghong Jia
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena,Germany
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Chengdu, China
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21
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Zhang B, Yan L, Li Q, Zou J, Tan H, Tan W, Peng W, Li X, Zhang X. Dynamic succession of substrate-associated bacterial composition and function during Ganoderma lucidum growth. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4975. [PMID: 29915697 PMCID: PMC6004108 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum, a valuable medicinal fungus, is widely distributed in China. It grows alongside with a complex microbial ecosystem in the substrate. As sequencing technology advances, it is possible to reveal the composition and functions of substrate-associated bacterial communities. Methods We analyzed the bacterial community dynamics in the substrate during the four typical growth stages of G. lucidum using next-generation sequencing. Results The physicochemical properties of the substrate (e.g. acidity, moisture, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) changed between different growth stages. A total of 598,771 sequences from 12 samples were obtained and assigned to 22 bacterial phyla. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla. Bacterial community composition and diversity significantly differed between the elongation stage and the other three growth stages. LEfSe analysis revealed a large number of bacterial taxa (e.g. Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae) with significantly higher abundance at the elongation stage. Functional pathway prediction uncovered significant abundance changes of a number of bacterial functional pathways between the elongation stage and other growth stages. At the elongation stage, the abundance of the environmental information processing pathway (mainly membrane transport) decreased, whereas that of the metabolism-related pathways increased. Discussion The changes in bacterial community composition, diversity and predicted functions were most likely related to the changes in the moisture and nutrient conditions in the substrate with the growth of G. lucidum, particularly at the elongation stage. Our findings shed light on the G. lucidum-bacteria-substrate relationships, which should facilitate the industrial cultivation of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.,Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Chair for Aquatic Geomicrobiology, Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Qiang Li
- Biotechnology and Nuclear Technology Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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22
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Bacterial population dynamics in recycled mushroom compost leachate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5335-5342. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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McGee CF. Microbial ecology of the Agaricus bisporus mushroom cropping process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1075-1083. [PMID: 29222576 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus is the most widely cultivated mushroom species in the world. Cultivation is commenced by inoculating beds of semi-pasteurised composted organic substrate with a pure spawn of A. bisporus. The A. bisporus mycelium subsequently colonises the composted substrate by degrading the organic material to release nutrients. A layer of peat, often called "casing soil", is laid upon the surface of the composted substrate to induce the development of the mushroom crop and maintain compost environmental conditions. Extensive research has been conducted investigating the biochemistry and genetics of A. bisporus throughout the cultivation process; however, little is currently known about the wider microbial ecology that co-inhabits the composted substrate and casing layers. The compost and casing microbial communities are known to play important roles in the mushroom production process. Microbial species present in the compost and casing are known for (1) being an important source of nitrogen for the A. bisporus mycelium, (2) releasing sugar residues through the degradation of the wheat straw in the composted substrate, (3) playing a critical role in inducing development of the A. bisporus fruiting bodies and (4) acting as pathogens by parasitising the mushroom mycelium/crop. Despite a long history of research into the mushroom cropping process, an extensive review of the microbial communities present in the compost and casing has not as of yet been undertaken. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature investigating the compost and casing microbial communities throughout cultivation of the A. bisporus mushroom crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor F McGee
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland.
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