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Gerlai R. Magic mushroom and zebrafish: A new recipe? Lab Anim (NY) 2024; 53:91-92. [PMID: 38467873 DOI: 10.1038/s41684-024-01350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gerlai
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
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Hernandez-Leon A, Escamilla-Orozco RI, Tabal-Robles AR, Martínez-Vargas D, Romero-Bautista L, Escamilla-Soto G, González-Romero OS, Torres-Valencia M, González-Trujano ME. Antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like activities and acute toxicity evaluation of the Psilocybe cubensis mushroom in experimental models in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2024; 320:117415. [PMID: 37977425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Central nervous system (CNS) diseases can be diverse and usually present with comorbidity, as in the case of depression and anxiety. Despite alternatives like Psilocybe mushrooms for mental health there is no basic research to evidence their CNS benefits. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects, as well as the acute toxicity of P. cubensis mushroom. MATERIAL AND METHODS First, the acute toxicity (LD50) of P. cubensis (2000 mg/kg) was determined after the esophageal (p.o.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) route of administration. The rota-rod test and electroencephalogram (EEG) were included to assess CNS toxicity in free moving mice. Anxiolytic (ambulatory or exploratory and rearing behaviors) and antidepressant behavioral responses were assayed in the open-field, plus-maze, and forced swimming test, respectively, after administration of 1000 mg/kg, p.o., of the whole P. cubensis mushroom or the polar aqueous (AQ) or methanolic (MeOH) extractions (1, 10, and/or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in comparison to the reference drugs buspirone (4 mg/kg, i.p.), fluoxetine and/or imipramine (10 mg/kg, s.c. and i.p., respectively). A chemical analysis of the AQ and MeOH extractions was performed to detect psilocybin and/or psilocin by using UHPLC. RESULTS Neurotoxic effects of P. cubensis mushroom administered at high doses were absent in mice assessed in the rota-rod test or for EEG activity. A LD50 > 2000 mg/kg was calculated by p.o. or i.p. administration. While significant and/or dose-response antidepressant-like effects were produced with the whole P. cubensis mushroom, p.o., and after parenteral administration of the AQ or MeOH extractions resembling the effects of the reference drugs. Behavioral responses were associated with an anxiolytic-like effect in the open-field as corroborated in the plus-maze tests. The presence of psilocybin and psilocin was mainly characterized in the AQ extraction. CONCLUSION Our results provide preclinical evidence of the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of the P. cubensis mushroom without producing neurotoxicity after enteral or parenteral administration, where psilocybin and psilocin were identified mainly after AQ extraction. This study reinforces the benefits of the P. cubensis mushroom in mental health and therapy for anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Hernandez-Leon
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, C.P. 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Iván Escamilla-Orozco
- Servicios Clínicos, Dirección de Servicios Clínicos, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, C.P. 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Aylín R Tabal-Robles
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km. 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42184, Mexico.
| | - David Martínez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología del Control y la Regulación, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, C.P. 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Leticia Romero-Bautista
- Laboratorio de Micología Integral, Área Académica de Biología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42184, Mexico.
| | - Gerson Escamilla-Soto
- Universidad Virtual del Estado de Michoacán, Defensor de Chapultepec 1175, Reserva de Guadalupe, Morelia, Michoacán, C.P. 58147, Mexico.
| | - Osiris S González-Romero
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of History, Research Group "History of Medicine", 5A5, 9 Campus Dr. #619, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 4L3, Canada.
| | - Martín Torres-Valencia
- Área Académica de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Km. 4.5 Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo, Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, C.P. 42184, Mexico.
| | - María Eva González-Trujano
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología de Productos Naturales, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calz. México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia Huipulco, Alcaldía Tlalpan, C.P. 14370, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Goff R, Smith M, Islam S, Sisley S, Ferguson J, Kuzdzal S, Badal S, Kumar AB, Sreenivasan U, Schug KA. Determination of psilocybin and psilocin content in multiple Psilocybe cubensis mushroom strains using liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342161. [PMID: 38220293 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
A method for clinical potency determination of psilocybin and psilocin in hallucinogenic mushroom species Psilocybe cubensis was developed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Five strains of dried, intact mushrooms were obtained and analyzed: Blue Meanie, Creeper, B-Plus, Texas Yellow, and Thai Cubensis. An extraction protocol was developed; this included an evaluation of sample milling technique, extraction solvents, and recovery/stability. Reversed phase chromatography on fused-core particle phases was developed for the determination of the two analytes using internal standard calibration with deuterated isotopologues of each analyte. The separation takes less than 5 min. Matrix effects were investigated by comparing signal response of calibration samples in neat solution and several mushroom matrices; no significant matrix effects were observed. The limit of detection for psilocybin was 1.5 ng/mL (1.5 pg on-column; 300 ng/g mushroom) and for psilocin was 0.15 ng/mL (0.15 pg on-column; 30 ng/g mushroom) using a Shimadzu LCMS-8050 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Assessment of the accuracy and precision of the method indicated percent error and RSD were <6 % at all concentration levels. Three whole, intact mushrooms from each strain were analyzed individually to obtain average content differences both between strains and between mushrooms of the same strain. From most to least potent, the study found that the average total psilocybin and psilocin concentrations for the Creeper, Blue Meanie, B+, Texas Yellow, and Thai Cubensis strains were 1.36, 1.221, 1.134, 1.103, and 0.879 % (w/w), respectively. A subset of these mushrooms was also tested in a separate non-affiliated laboratory, and the results were comparable between the two laboratories. Results from the secondary laboratory showed improved precision when multiple mushrooms were homogenized together, prior to extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goff
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Morgan Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Sabrina Islam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Arlington, TX, 76019, USA
| | - Sue Sisley
- Scottsdale Research Institute, 12815 N. Cave Creek Rd., Phoenix, AZ, 85022, USA
| | - Jonathan Ferguson
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, 7102 Riverwood Dr., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Scott Kuzdzal
- Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, 7102 Riverwood Dr., Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Sunil Badal
- Millipore-Sigma, 811 Paloma Dr. Ste A, Round Rock, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Arun Babu Kumar
- Millipore-Sigma, 811 Paloma Dr. Ste A, Round Rock, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Uma Sreenivasan
- Millipore-Sigma, 811 Paloma Dr. Ste A, Round Rock, TX, 78759, USA
| | - Kevin A Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Pl., Arlington, TX, 76019, USA.
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Foster K, Morrison I, Tyler M, Delgoda R. The effect of casing and gypsum on the yield and psychoactive tryptamine content of Psilocybe cubensis (Earle) Singer. Fungal Biol 2024; 128:1590-1595. [PMID: 38341264 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Psychedelic fungi have experienced a surge in interest in recent years. Most notably, the fungal secondary metabolite psilocybin has shown tremendous promise in the treatment of various psychiatric disorders. The mushroom species that produce this molecule are poorly understood. Here we sought to examine for the first time, the response of a psilocybin-producing species Psilocybe cubensis to casing (peat moss and vermiculite) and supplementation with gypsum (calcium sulfate dihydrate), two common practices in commercial mushroom cultivation. Mycelial samples of genetically authenticated P. cubensis were used to inoculate popcorn grain bags. The fully colonized bags of popcorn grain (0.15 kg) were transferred to bins of 0.85 kg pasteurized horse manure, with or without 1 cm thick layer of casing and/or 5 % gypsum. Our results indicate that the use of a casing layer significantly increases the biological efficiency (161.5 %), by approximately four fold, in comparison to control (40.5 %), albeit with a slight delay (∼2 days) for obtaining fruiting bodies and a somewhat reduced total tryptamine content (0.85 %) as gauged by High Performance Liquid Chromatography measurements. Supplementation with both casing and gypsum, however, appears to promote maximal yields (896.6 g/kg of dried substrate), with a biological efficiency of 89.6 %, while also maintaining high total tryptamine expressions (0.95 %). These findings, revealing methods for maximizing yield of harvest and expressions of psychoactive tryptamines, may prove useful for both home growers and commercial cultivators of this species, and ultimately support the growth of a robust industry with high quality natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Foster
- Natural Products Institute, 6 Belmopan Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Future Wellness (formerly Field Trip Natural Products), 2 St. George's Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Isaac Morrison
- Natural Products Institute, 6 Belmopan Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica; Future Wellness (formerly Field Trip Natural Products), 2 St. George's Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Marshall Tyler
- Future Wellness (formerly Field Trip Natural Products), 2 St. George's Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica
| | - Rupika Delgoda
- Natural Products Institute, 6 Belmopan Close, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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Nguyen TQT, Lund FW, Zanjani AAH, Khandelia H. Magic mushroom extracts in lipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr 2022; 1864:183957. [PMID: 35561790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The active hallucinogen of magic mushrooms, psilocin, is being repurposed to treat nicotine addiction and treatment-resistant depression. Psilocin belongs to the tryptamine class of psychedelic compounds which include the hormone serotonin. It is believed that psilocin exerts its effect by binding to the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor. However, recent in-vivo evidence suggests that psilocin may employ a different mechanism to exert its effects. Membrane-mediated receptor desensitization of neurotransmitter receptors is one such mechanism. We compare the impact of the neutral and charged versions of psilocin and serotonin on the properties of zwitterionic and anionic lipid membranes using molecular dynamics simulations and calorimetry. Both compounds partition to the lipid interface and induce membrane thinning. The tertiary amine in psilocin, as opposed to the primary amine in serotonin, limits psilocin's impact on the membrane although more psilocin partitions into the membrane than serotonin. Calorimetry corroborates that both compounds induce a classical melting point depression like anesthetics do. Our results also lend support to a membrane-mediated receptor-binding mechanism for both psilocin and serotonin and provide physical insights into subtle chemical changes that can alter the membrane-binding of psychedelic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Quynh Tram Nguyen
- Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Frederik Wendelboe Lund
- Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Ali Asghar Hakami Zanjani
- Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Physical Life Science, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Morita I, Kiguchi Y, Oyama H, Takeuchi A, Tode C, Tanaka R, Ogata J, Kikura-Hanajiri R, Kobayashi N. Derivatization-assisted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identifying hallucinogenic mushrooms with enhanced sensitivity. Anal Methods 2021; 13:3954-3962. [PMID: 34528944 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01157j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive immunochemical method for identifying hallucinogenic mushrooms (magic mushrooms) is required for regulating their illicit use. We have previously generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that targets psilocin (Psi), the major psychoactive compound in hallucinogenic mushrooms, and developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, this ELISA failed to achieve the expected low-picomole-range sensitivity, as a result of insufficient affinity of the mAb to Psi. It is recognized that haptenic antigens with a larger molecular mass tend to induce antibodies with higher affinities. Thus, we herein report a "derivatization-assisted ELISA," in which the "real analyte" Psi was determined as a "surrogate analyte," the tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether analog thereof (TBS/Psi) having a 1.6-fold greater molecular mass (Mr 318.53) than Psi. A novel mAb against TBS/Psi, prepared by immunizing mice with a TBS/Psi-albumin conjugate showed a 69-fold higher affinity to TBS/Psi residues (Ka = 3.6 × 107 M-1 as IgG) than that of our previous mAb against Psi. This mAb consequently enabled a competitive ELISA for measuring TBS/Psi with the desired sensitivity: the dose-response curve midpoint (12.1 pmol per assay) was >100-fold lower than that of the previous ELISA for determining Psi. Extracts of dried mushroom powders were mixed with TBS triflate for 30 min at room temperature, converting Psi into TBS/Psi in approximately 50% yield. The reaction mixture was then subjected to an ELISA using the anti-TBS/Psi mAb to determine TBS/Psi. Psilocybe cubensis, a species of hallucinogenic mushrooms, gave rise to positive signals, indicating the presence of Psi therein in the expected quantity, while no detectable response was observed for four kinds of edible mushrooms available in the markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Morita
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Yuki Kiguchi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Oyama
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Takeuchi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Chisato Tode
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Rie Tanaka
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Jun Ogata
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kobayashi
- Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1, Motoyama-Kitamachi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-8558, Japan.
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Fricke J, Sherwood AM, Halberstadt AL, Kargbo RB, Hoffmeister D. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 5-Methylpsilocybin: A Tryptamine with Potential Psychedelic Activity. J Nat Prod 2021; 84:1403-1408. [PMID: 33667102 PMCID: PMC9191645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel analogue of psilocybin was produced by hybrid chemoenzymatic synthesis in sufficient quantity to enable bioassay. Utilizing purified 4-hydroxytryptamine kinase from Psilocybe cubensis, chemically synthesized 5-methylpsilocin (2) was enzymatically phosphorylated to provide 5-methylpsilocybin (1). The zwitterionic product was isolated from the enzymatic step with high purity utilizing a solvent-antisolvent precipitation approach. Subsequently, 1 was tested for psychedelic-like activity using the mouse head-twitch response assay, which indicated activity that was more potent than the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine, but less potent than that of psilocybin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Fricke
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Adam L Halberstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0804, United States
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, United States
| | | | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Lim TH, Wasywich CA, Ruygrok PN. A fatal case of 'magic mushroom' ingestion in a heart transplant recipient. Intern Med J 2013; 42:1268-9. [PMID: 23157524 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02955.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Müller K, Püschel K, Iwersen-Bergmann S. [Suicide under the influence of "magic mushrooms"]. Arch Kriminol 2013; 231:193-198. [PMID: 23878898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Psilocybin/psilocin from so-called psychoactive mushrooms causes hallucinogenic effects. Especially for people with mental or psychiatric disorders ingestion of magic mushrooms may result in horror trips combined with the intention of self-destruction and suicidal thoughts. Automutilation after consumption of hallucinogenic mushrooms has already been described. Our case report demonstrates the suicide of a man by self-inflicted cut and stab injuries. A causal connection between suicidal behaviour and previous ingestion of psychoactive mushrooms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Müller
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Hamburg
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MCCAWLEY EL, BRUMMETT RE, DANA GW. Convulsions from psilocybe mushroom poisoning. Proc West Pharmacol Soc 1962; 5:27-33. [PMID: 13932070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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12
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RUEMMELE W, GNIRSS F. [Research on psiloybin, a psychotropic substance from Psilocybe mexicana]. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 1961; 87:365-85. [PMID: 13744546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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13
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HEIM R, CAILLEUX R. [New contribution to the knowledge of the hallucinogenic Psilocybes of Mexico]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 1959; 249:1842-5. [PMID: 14400659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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14
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GNIRSS F. [Studies on psilocybin, a hallucinogenic drug from the Mexican mushroom Psilocybe mexicana]. Schweiz Arch Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 1959; 84:346-8. [PMID: 13850311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
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HEIM R, BRACK A, KOBEL H, HOFMANN A, CAILLEUX R. [Determinism of carpophore and slerote formation in culture of Psilocybe mexicana Heim, a hallucinogenic agaric of Mexico and demonstration of psilocybine and psicoline]. C R Hebd Seances Acad Sci 1958; 246:1346-51. [PMID: 13537389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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