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Viswam J, Baptista M, Lee CK, Morgan H, McDonald IR. Investigating the lignocellulolytic gut microbiome of huhu grubs ( Prionoplus reticularis) using defined diets and dietary switch. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17597. [PMID: 38974417 PMCID: PMC11225714 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The huhu beetle (Prionoplus reticularis) is the largest endemic beetle found throughout Aotearoa New Zealand, and is characterised by feeding on wood during its larval stage. It has been hypothesised that its gut microbiome plays a fundamental role in the degradation of wood. To explore this idea we examined the fungal and bacterial community composition of huhu grubs' frass, using amplicon sequencing. Grubs were reared on an exclusive diet of either a predominantly cellulose source (cotton) or lignocellulose source (pine) for 4 months; subsequently a diet switch was performed and the grubs were grown for another 4 months. The fungal community of cellulose-reared huhu grubs was abundant in potential cellulose degraders, contrasting with the community of lignocellulose-reared grubs, which showed abundant potential soft rot fungi, yeasts, and hemicellulose and cellulose degraders. Cellulose-reared grubs showed a less diverse fungal community, however, diet switch from cellulose to lignocellulose resulted in a change in community composition that showed grubs were still capable of utilising this substrate. Conversely, diet seemed to have a limited influence on huhu grub gut bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Viswam
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato-University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Mafalda Baptista
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato-University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
- Waikato Regional Council, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Charles K. Lee
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato-University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Hugh Morgan
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato-University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
| | - Ian R. McDonald
- Te Aka Mātuatua-School of Science, Te Whare Wānanga o Waikato-University of Waikato, Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand
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2
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Steinert K, Atanasoff-Kardjalieff AK, Messner E, Gorfer M, Niehaus EM, Humpf HU, Studt-Reinhold L, Kalinina SA. Tools to make Stachybotrys chartarum genetically amendable: Key to unlocking cryptic biosynthetic gene clusters. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 172:103892. [PMID: 38636782 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The soil and indoor fungus Stachybotrys chartarum can induce respiratory disorders, collectively referred to as stachybotryotoxicosis, owing to its prolific production of diverse bioactive secondary metabolites (SMs) or mycotoxins. Although many of these toxins responsible for the harmful effects on animals and humans have been identified in the genus Stachybotrys, however a number of SMs remain elusive. Through in silico analyses, we have identified 37 polyketide synthase (PKS) genes, highlighting that the chemical profile potential of Stachybotrys is far from being fully explored. Additionally, by leveraging phylogenetic analysis of known SMs produced by non-reducing polyketide synthases (NR-PKS) in other filamentous fungi, we showed that Stachybotrys possesses a rich reservoir of untapped SMs. To unravel natural product biosynthesis in S. chartarum, genetic engineering methods are crucial. For this purpose, we have developed a reliable protocol for the genetic transformation of S. chartarum and applied it to the ScPKS14 biosynthetic gene cluster. This cluster is homologous to the already known Claviceps purpurea CpPKS8 BGC, responsible for the production of ergochromes. While no novel SMs were detected, we successfully applied genetic tools, such as the generation of deletionand overexpression strains of single cluster genes. This toolbox can now be readily employed to unravel not only this particular BGC but also other candidate BGCs present in S. chartarum, making this fungus accessible for genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna K Atanasoff-Kardjalieff
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Elias Messner
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Markus Gorfer
- Center for Health and Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Niehaus
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Humpf
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
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Pereira DS, Phillips AJL. Palm Fungi and Their Key Role in Biodiversity Surveys: A Review. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1121. [PMID: 37998926 PMCID: PMC10672035 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, a wealth of studies has shown that palm trees (Arecaceae) are a diverse habitat with intense fungal colonisation, making them an important substratum to explore fungal diversity. Palm trees are perennial, monocotyledonous plants mainly restricted to the tropics that include economically important crops and highly valued ornamental plants worldwide. The extensive research conducted in Southeast Asia and Australasia indicates that palm fungi are undoubtedly a taxonomically diverse assemblage from which a remarkable number of new species is continuously being reported. Despite this wealth of data, no recent comprehensive review on palm fungi exists to date. In this regard, we present here a historical account and discussion of the research on the palm fungi to reflect on their importance as a diverse and understudied assemblage. The taxonomic structure of palm fungi is also outlined, along with comments on the need for further studies to place them within modern DNA sequence-based classifications. Palm trees can be considered model plants for studying fungal biodiversity and, therefore, the key role of palm fungi in biodiversity surveys is discussed. The close association and intrinsic relationship between palm hosts and palm fungi, coupled with a high fungal diversity, suggest that the diversity of palm fungi is still far from being fully understood. The figures suggested in the literature for the diversity of palm fungi have been revisited and updated here. As a result, it is estimated that there are about 76,000 species of palm fungi worldwide, of which more than 2500 are currently known. This review emphasises that research on palm fungi may provide answers to a number of current fungal biodiversity challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S. Pereira
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alan J. L. Phillips
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Duong HL, Paufler S, Harms H, Schlosser D, Maskow T. Fungal Lignocellulose Utilisation Strategies from a Bioenergetic Perspective: Quantification of Related Functional Traits Using Biocalorimetry. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1675. [PMID: 36014092 PMCID: PMC9415514 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated whether a non-invasive metabolic heat flux analysis could serve the determination of the functional traits in free-living saprotrophic decomposer fungi and aid the prediction of fungal influences on ecosystem processes. For this, seven fungi, including ascomycete, basidiomycete, and zygomycete species, were investigated in a standardised laboratory environment, employing wheat straw as a globally relevant lignocellulosic substrate. Our study demonstrates that biocalorimetry can be employed successfully to determine growth-related fungal activity parameters, such as apparent maximum growth rates (AMGR), cultivation times until the observable onset of fungal growth at AMGR (tAMGR), quotients formed from the AMGR and tAMGR (herein referred to as competitive growth potential, CGP), and heat yield coefficients (YQ/X), the latter indicating the degree of resource investment into fungal biomass versus other functional attributes. These parameters seem suitable to link fungal potentials for biomass production to corresponding ecological strategies employed during resource utilisation, and therefore may be considered as fungal life history traits. A close connection exists between the CGP and YQ/X values, which suggests an interpretation that relates to fungal life history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Linh Duong
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese-German University (VGU), Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward, Thủ Dầu Một 7500, Binh Duong, Vietnam
| | - Sven Paufler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schlosser
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Maskow
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Ulrich S, Lang K, Niessen L, Baschien C, Kosicki R, Twarużek M, Straubinger RK, Ebel F. The Evolution of the Satratoxin and Atranone Gene Clusters of Stachybotrys chartarum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:340. [PMID: 35448571 PMCID: PMC9027890 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys chartarum is frequently isolated from damp building materials or improperly stored animal forage. Human and animal exposure to the secondary metabolites of this mold is linked to severe health effects. The mutually exclusive production of either satratoxins or atranones defines the chemotypes A and S. Based upon the genes (satratoxin cluster, SC1-3, sat or atranone cluster, AC1, atr) that are supposed to be essential for satratoxin and atranone production, S. chartarum can furthermore be divided into three genotypes: the S-type possessing all sat- but no atr-genes, the A-type lacking the sat- but harboring all atr-genes, and the H-type having only certain sat- and all atr-genes. We analyzed the above-mentioned gene clusters and their flanking regions to shed light on the evolutionary relationship. Furthermore, we performed a deep re-sequencing and LC-MS/MS (Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) analysis. We propose a first model for the evolution of the S. chartarum genotypes. We assume that genotype H represents the most ancient form. A loss of the AC1 and the concomitant acquisition of the SC2 led to the emergence of the genotype S. According to our model, the genotype H also developed towards genotype A, a process that was accompanied by a loss of SC1 and SC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Katharina Lang
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstr. 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Robert Kosicki
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Magdalena Twarużek
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.T.)
| | - Reinhard K. Straubinger
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
| | - Frank Ebel
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, LMU-Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.L.); (R.K.S.); (F.E.)
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Dyląg M, Spychała K, Zielinski J, Łagowski D, Gnat S. Update on Stachybotrys chartarum-Black Mold Perceived as Toxigenic and Potentially Pathogenic to Humans. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11030352. [PMID: 35336726 PMCID: PMC8945704 DOI: 10.3390/biology11030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In nature, there are many species of fungi known to produce various mycotoxins, allergens and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), as well as the commonly known etiological agents of various types of mycoses. So far, none of them have provoked so much emotion among homeowners, builders, conservators, mycologists and clinicians as Stachybotrys chartarum. This species compared to fungi of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus is not as frequently described to be a micromycete that is toxigenic and hazardous to human and animal health, but interest in it has been growing consistently for three decades. Depending on the authors of any given review article, attention is focused either on the clinical aspects alongside the role of this fungus in deterioration of biomaterials, or aspects related to its biology, ecology and taxonomic position. On the one hand, it is well established that inhalation of conidia, containing the highest concentrations of toxic metabolites, may cause serious damage to the mammalian lung, particularly with repeated exposure. On the other hand, we can find articles in which authors demonstrate that S. chartarum conidia can germinate and form hyphae in lungs but are not able to establish an effective infection. Finally, we can find case reports that suggest that S. chartarum infection is linked with acute pulmonary hemorrhage, based on fungal structures recovered from patient lung tissue. New scientific reports have verified the current state of knowledge and note that clinical significance of this fungus is exceedingly controversial. For these reasons, understanding S. chartarum requires reviewing the well-known toxigenic features and harmful factors associated with this fungus, by gathering the newest ones into a coherent whole. The research problem related to this fungus seems to be not overly publicized, and there is still a demand to truthfully define the real threats of S. chartarum and phylogenetically related species. The most important problem, which should be fully elucidated as soon as possible, remains the clarification of the pathogenicity of S. chartarum and related species. Maybe it is urgent time to ask a critical question, namely what exactly do we know 28 years after the outbreak of pulmonary hemorrhage in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, USA most likely caused by S. chartarum?
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Dyląg
- Department of Mycology and Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Klaudyna Spychała
- Student Scientific Circle (SKN Mykobiota), Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wroclaw, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jessica Zielinski
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Dominik Łagowski
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (S.G.)
| | - Sebastian Gnat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (D.Ł.); (S.G.)
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7
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Duong HL, Paufler S, Harms H, Maskow T, Schlosser D. Applicability and information value of biocalorimetry for the monitoring of fungal solid-state fermentation of lignocellulosic agricultural by-products. N Biotechnol 2021; 66:97-106. [PMID: 34767975 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of biocalorimetry for monitoring fungal conversion of lignocellulosic agricultural by-products during solid-state fermentation (SSF) was substantiated through linking the non-invasive measurement of metabolic heat fluxes to conventional invasive determination of fungal activity (growth, substrate degradation, enzyme activity) parameters. For this, the fast-growing, cellulose-utilising ascomycete Stachybotrys chlorohalonata and the comparatively slow-growing litter-decay basidiomycete Stropharia rugosoannulata were investigated as model organisms during growth on solid wheat straw. Both biocalorimetric and non-calorimetric data may suggest R (ruderal)- and C (combative)-selected life history strategies in S. chlorohalonata and S. rugosoannulata, respectively. For both species, a strong linear correlation of the released metabolic heat with the corresponding fungal biomass was observed. Species-specific YQ/X values (metabolic heat released per fungal biomass unit) were obtained, which potentially enable use of biocalorimetric signals for the quantification of fungal biomass during single-species SSF processes. Moreover, YQ/X values may also indicate different fungal life history strategies and therefore be considered as useful parameters aiding fungal ecology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu Linh Duong
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Vietnamese-German University (VGU), Le Lai Street, Hoa Phu Ward, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Viet Nam.
| | - Sven Paufler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Maskow
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Schlosser
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraβe 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
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8
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Chammem H, Antonielli L, Nesler A, Pindo M, Pertot I. Effect of a Wood-Based Carrier of Trichoderma atroviride SC1 on the Microorganisms of the Soil. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:751. [PMID: 34575789 PMCID: PMC8467423 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood pellets can sustain the growth of Trichoderma spp. in soil; however, little is known about their side effects on the microbiota. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of wood pellets on the growth of Trichoderma spp. in bulk soil and on the soil microbial population's composition and diversity. Trichoderma atroviride SC1 coated wood pellets and non-coated pellets were applied at the level of 10 g∙kg-1 of soil and at the final concentration of 5 × 103 conidia∙g-1 of soil and compared to a conidial suspension applied at the same concentration without the wood carrier. Untreated bulk soil served as a control. The non-coated wood pellets increased the total Trichoderma spp. population throughout the experiment (estimated as colony-forming unit g-1 of soil), while wood pellets coated with T. atroviride SC1 did not. The wood carrier increased the richness, and temporarily decreased the diversity, of the bacterial population, with Massilia being the most abundant bacterial genus, while it decreased both the richness and diversity of the fungal community. Wood pellets selectively increased fungal species having biocontrol potential, such as Mortierella, Cladorrhinum, and Stachybotrys, which confirms the suitability of such carriers of Trichoderma spp. for soil application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Chammem
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Via Mesiano, 20, 38123 Trento, TN, Italy;
| | - Livio Antonielli
- Center for Health & Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria;
| | - Andrea Nesler
- Bi-PA nv (Biological Products for Agriculture), Technologielaan, 7, B-1840 Londerzeel, Belgium;
- Reserch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Massimo Pindo
- Reserch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Reserch and Innovation Center, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy;
- Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy
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Tennakoon DS, Kuo CH, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Thambugala KM, Gentekaki E, Phillips AJL, Bhat DJ, Wanasinghe DN, de Silva NI, Promputtha I, Hyde KD. Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to Celtis formosana, Ficus ampelas, F. septica, Macaranga tanarius and Morus australis leaf litter inhabiting microfungi. FUNGAL DIVERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-021-00474-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Schultes NP, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Marra RE, Strzalkowski N, De-Wei L. Striatibotrys neoeucylindrosporus sp. nov., a Stachybotrys-like fungus from North America. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 33886447 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two isolates from Canada and the USA (UAMH 7122 and UAMH 7211, respectively) previously identified as Stachybotrys eucylindrosporus were studied by morphology and six-locus phylogeny (cmdA, ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1α and tub2). UAMH 7122 and UAMH 7211 are morphologically related but phylogenetically distinct from Striatibotrys eucylindrosporus (≡Stachybotrys eucylindrosporus) and Str. rhabdosporus. Hence, UAMH 7122 and UAMH 7211 are described as a new species, Striatibotrys neoeucylindrosporus sp. nov. with UAMH 7211 as the holotype. The characters of this species include some phialides proliferating by holoblastic extension of phialides and conidia clavate, subcylindrical or cylindrical ellipsoid, or dumbbell-shaped, dark brown to olivaceous grey when mature, longitudinally striate, 10.3-12.3×3-3.8 µm. A key to the species of Striatibotrys is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P Schultes
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Rafael F Castañeda-Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura Tropical 'Alejandro de Humboldt'(INIFAT), Académico Titular de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana, Cuba
| | - Robert E Marra
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Noelle Strzalkowski
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Department of Plant Pathology and Ecology, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Li De-Wei
- The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Valley Laboratory, 153 Cook Hill Road, Windsor, CT 06095, USA
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11
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Samarakoon BC, Wanasinghe DN, Phookamsak R, Bhat J, Chomnunti P, Karunarathna SC, Lumyong S. Stachybotrys musae sp. nov., S. microsporus, and Memnoniella levispora ( Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales) Found on Bananas in China and Thailand. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:323. [PMID: 33917011 PMCID: PMC8067748 DOI: 10.3390/life11040323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to investigate saprobic fungal niches of Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) associated with leaves of Musa (banana) in China and Thailand. Three hyphomycetous taxa were collected during the dry season of 2018 and 2019. After a careful phenotypic characterization (both macro- and microscopically) and a phylogenetic tree reconstruction using a concatenated sequence dataset of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin (cmdA), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), β-tubulin (tub2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene regions, we report three species of Stachybotryaceae. Stachybotrys musae is introduced as a novel taxon from Yunnan, China, while S.microsporus is reported from Chiang Rai Province in Thailand on Musa. In addition, Memnoniella levispora is also reported from China for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binu C. Samarakoon
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (B.C.S.); (D.N.W.); (R.P.)
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (B.C.S.); (D.N.W.); (R.P.)
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Rungtiwa Phookamsak
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (B.C.S.); (D.N.W.); (R.P.)
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jayarama Bhat
- Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, Res: House No. 128/1-J, Azad Co-Op Housing Society, Curca, P.O. Goa Velha 403108, India;
| | - Putarak Chomnunti
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia (KLPB), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; (B.C.S.); (D.N.W.); (R.P.)
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, 132 Lanhei Road, Kunming 650201, China
- Centre for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming 650201, China
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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12
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Lange L, Barrett K, Meyer AS. New Method for Identifying Fungal Kingdom Enzyme Hotspots from Genome Sequences. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030207. [PMID: 33799907 PMCID: PMC8000046 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal genome sequencing data represent an enormous pool of information for enzyme discovery. Here, we report a new approach to identify and quantitatively compare biomass-degrading capacity and diversity of fungal genomes via integrated function-family annotation of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) encoded by the genomes. Based on analyses of 1932 fungal genomes the most potent hotspots of fungal biomass processing CAZymes are identified and ranked according to substrate degradation capacity. The analysis is achieved by a new bioinformatics approach, Conserved Unique Peptide Patterns (CUPP), providing for CAZyme-family annotation and robust prediction of molecular function followed by conversion of the CUPP output to lists of integrated “Function;Family” (e.g., EC 3.2.1.4;GH5) enzyme observations. An EC-function found in several protein families counts as different observations. Summing up such observations allows for ranking of all analyzed genome sequenced fungal species according to richness in CAZyme function diversity and degrading capacity. Identifying fungal CAZyme hotspots provides for identification of fungal species richest in cellulolytic, xylanolytic, pectinolytic, and lignin modifying enzymes. The fungal enzyme hotspots are found in fungi having very different lifestyle, ecology, physiology and substrate/host affinity. Surprisingly, most CAZyme hotspots are found in enzymatically understudied and unexploited species. In contrast, the most well-known fungal enzyme producers, from where many industrially exploited enzymes are derived, are ranking unexpectedly low. The results contribute to elucidating the evolution of fungal substrate-digestive CAZyme profiles, ecophysiology, and habitat adaptations, and expand the knowledge base for novel and improved biomass resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Lange
- BioEconomy, Research & Advisory, Copenhagen, 2500 Valby, Denmark;
| | - Kristian Barrett
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-4525-2600
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13
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Picart P, Pastor FIJ, Orejas M. Transcriptional analysis of the lichenase-like gene cel12A of the filamentous fungus Stachybotrys atra BP-A and its relevance for lignocellulose depolymerization. Int Microbiol 2021; 24:197-205. [PMID: 33404932 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-020-00155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To rationally optimize the production of industrial enzymes by molecular means requires previous knowledge of the regulatory circuits controlling the expression of the corresponding genes. The genus Stachybotrys is an outstanding producer of cellulose-degrading enzymes. Previous studies isolated and characterized the lichenase-like/non-typical cellulase Cel12A of S. atra (AKA S. chartarum) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 12 (GH12). In this study, we used RT-qPCR to determine the pattern of expression of cel12A under different carbon sources and initial ambient pH. Among the carbon sources examined, rice straw triggered a greater increase in the expression of cel12A than 1% lactose or 0.1% glucose, indicating specific induction by rice straw. In contrast, cel12A was repressed in the presence of glucose even when combined with this inducer. The proximity of 2 adjacent 5'-CTGGGGTCTGGGG-3' CreA consensus target sites to the translational start site of cel12A strongly suggests that the carbon catabolite repression observed is directly mediated by CreA. Ambient pH did not have a significant effect on cel12A expression. These findings present new knowledge on transcriptional regulatory networks in Stachybotrys associated with cellulose/hemicellulose depolymerization. Rational engineering of CreA to remove CCR could constitute a novel strategy for improving the production of Cel12A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Picart
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F I Javier Pastor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Margarita Orejas
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Ekruth J, Gottschalk C, Ulrich S, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Differentiation of S. chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes Chemotypes A and S via FT-IR Spectroscopy. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:993-1004. [PMID: 33037964 PMCID: PMC7779419 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum is a cellulolytic mould with the ability to produce highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes. Two chemotypes are defined according to their ability to produce either atranones or satratoxins. S. chartarum has been well known as the causative agent of the lethal disease stachybotryotoxicosis in horses. Further investigations revealed that this disease is strictly correlated with the presence of macrocyclic trichothecenes. Furthermore, their occurrence in water-damaged buildings has been linked to adverse health effects such as the sick building syndrome. As the chemotypes cannot be characterized via phenotypic criteria, different methods such as PCR, MALDI–TOF MS, LC–MS/MS, thin-layer chromatography and cytotoxicity assays have been used so far. Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) is commonly used for the differentiation of bacteria and yeasts, but this technique is also applicable to filamentous fungi. Hence, this study aimed at evaluating to which extent a reliable differentiation of S. chartarum chemotypes A and S is possible. Besides, another objective was to verify if the recently introduced third genotype of S. chartarum can be identified. Therefore, 28 strains including the two chemotypes and the third genotype H were cultivated on malt extract agar (MEA) and potato dextrose agar in three biological replicates. Each sample was applied to FT-IR measurements on day 7, 14 and 21 of cultivation. In this study, we achieved a distinction of the chemotypes A and S via FT-IR spectroscopy after incubation for 7 days on MEA. In terms of genotype differentiation, the PCR detecting satratoxin- and atranone-gene clusters remained the only applicable method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ekruth
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Bacteriology and Mycology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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15
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Ulrich S, Schäfer C. Toxin Production by Stachybotrys chartarum Genotype S on Different Culture Media. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E159. [PMID: 32887224 PMCID: PMC7559122 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum had been linked to severe health problems in humans and animals, which occur after exposure to the toxic secondary metabolites of this mold. S. chartarum had been isolated from different environmental sources, ranging from culinary herbs and improperly stored fodder to damp building materials. To access the pathogenic potential of isolates, it is essential to analyze them under defined conditions that allow for the production of their toxic metabolites. All Stachybotrys species are assumed to produce the immunosuppressive phenylspirodrimanes, but the highly cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively generated by the genotype S of S. chartarum. In this study, we have analyzed four genotype S strains initially isolated from three different habitats. We grew them on five commonly used media (malt-extract-agar, glucose-yeast-peptone-agar, potato-dextrose-agar, cellulose-agar, Sabouraud-dextrose-agar) to identify conditions that promote mycotoxin production. Using LC-MS/MS, we have quantified stachybotrylactam and all S-type specific macrocyclic trichothecenes (satratoxin G, H, F, roridin E, L-2, verrucarin J). All five media supported a comparable fungal growth and sporulation at 25 °C in the dark. The highest concentrations of macrocyclic trichothecenes were detected on potato-dextrose-agar or cellulose-agar. Malt-extract-agar let to an intermediate and glucose-yeast-peptone-agar and Sabouraud-dextrose-agar to a poor mycotoxin production. These data demonstrate that the mycotoxin production clearly depends on the composition of the respective medium. Our findings provide a starting point for further studies in order to identify individual components that either support or repress the production of mycotoxins in S. chartarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelius Schäfer
- BÜCHI Labortechnik GmbH, Altendorfer Straße 3, 45127 Essen, Germany;
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16
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Phukhamsakda C, McKenzie EHC, Phillips AJL, Gareth Jones EB, Jayarama Bhat D, Stadler M, Bhunjun CS, Wanasinghe DN, Thongbai B, Camporesi E, Ertz D, Jayawardena RS, Perera RH, Ekanayake AH, Tibpromma S, Doilom M, Xu J, Hyde KD. Microfungi associated with Clematis (Ranunculaceae) with an integrated approach to delimiting species boundaries. FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Mapook A, Hyde KD, McKenzie EHC, Jones EBG, Bhat DJ, Jeewon R, Stadler M, Samarakoon MC, Malaithong M, Tanunchai B, Buscot F, Wubet T, Purahong W. Taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungi associated with the invasive weed Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed). FUNGAL DIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-020-00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Luo ZL, Hyde KD, Liu JK(J, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Jeewon R, Bao DF, Bhat DJ, Lin CG, Li WL, Yang J, Liu NG, Lu YZ, Jayawardena RS, Li JF, Su HY. Freshwater Sordariomycetes. FUNGAL DIVERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-019-00438-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of Ascomycota that comprises a highly diverse range of fungi mainly characterized by perithecial ascomata and inoperculate unitunicate asci. Freshwater Sordariomycetes play an important role in ecosystems and some of them have the potential to produce bioactive compounds. This study documents and reviews the freshwater Sordariomycetes, which is one of the largest and important groups of fungi in aquatic habitats. Based on evidence from DNA sequence data and morphology, we introduce a new order Distoseptisporales, two new families, viz. Ceratosphaeriaceae and Triadelphiaceae, three new genera, viz. Aquafiliformis, Dematiosporium and Neospadicoides, 47 new species, viz. Acrodictys fluminicola, Aquafiliformis lignicola, Aquapteridospora fusiformis, Arthrinium aquaticum, Ascosacculus fusiformis, Atractospora aquatica, Barbatosphaeria lignicola, Ceratosphaeria aquatica, C. lignicola, Chaetosphaeria aquatica, Ch. catenulata, Ch. guttulata, Ch. submersa, Codinaea yunnanensis, Conioscypha aquatica, C. submersa, Cordana aquatica, C. lignicola, Cosmospora aquatica, Cylindrotrichum submersum, Dematiosporium aquaticum, Dictyochaeta cangshanensis, D. ellipsoidea, D. lignicola, D. submersa, Distoseptispora appendiculata, D. lignicola, D. neorostrata, D. obclavata, Hypoxylon lignicola, Lepteutypa aquatica, Myrmecridium aquaticum, Neospadicoides aquatica, N. lignicola, N. yunnanensis, Ophioceras submersum, Peroneutypa lignicola, Phaeoisaria filiformis, Pseudostanjehughesia lignicola, Rhodoveronaea aquatica, Seiridium aquaticum, Sporidesmiella aquatica, Sporidesmium lageniforme, S. lignicola, Tainosphaeria lunata, T. obclavata, Wongia aquatica, two new combinations, viz. Acrodictys aquatica, Cylindrotrichum aquaticum, and 9 new records, viz. Chaetomium globosum, Chaetosphaeria cubensis, Ch. myriocarpa, Cordana abramovii, Co. terrestris, Cuspidatispora xiphiago, Sporidesmiella hyalosperma, Stachybotrys chartarum,S. chlorohalonata. A comprehensive classification of the freshwater Sordariomycetes is presented based on updated literature. Phylogenetic inferences based on DNA sequence analyses of a combined LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1α dataset comprising species of freshwater Sordariomycetes are provided. Detailed information including their habitats distribution, diversity, holotype, specimens collected and classification are provided.
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19
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Zheng H, Zhang Z, Liu DZ, Yu ZF. Memnoniella sinensis sp. nov., a new species from China and a key to species of the genus. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:3161-3169. [PMID: 31390326 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During a survey of fungal diversity in a deserted rocky area in Yunnan, PR China, a new species, Memnoniella sinensis, was identified. This new species is characterized by having phialidic conidiogenous cells with conspicuous collarettes, and aseptate, verrucose, ellipsoidal to sometimes ovoid, olivaceous brown to dark brown conidia. Morphologically, M. sinensis is similar to M. dichroa, but can be easily distinguished due to its hyaline conidiophores and smaller conidia. Phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences at five loci showed that our strain grouped together with M. dichroa and M. oenanthes. Here, the new species is described and illustrated, and a key to the species of the genus Memnoniella is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, and Key Laboratory for Southwest Microbial Diversity of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - De-Zhen Liu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
| | - Ze-Fen Yu
- School of Life Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650032, PR China
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20
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Rameshkumar G, Sikha M, Ponlakshmi M, Selva pandiyan A, Lalitha P. A rare case of Myrothecium species causing mycotic keratitis: Diagnosis and management. Med Mycol Case Rep 2019; 25:53-55. [PMID: 31453080 PMCID: PMC6702144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report two cases of keratitis caused by a rare fungus Myrothecium species. Clinical presentation, identification, and management were studied. Both fungi were grown from corneal scraping and identified as M. verrucaria and M. gramineum based on the microbiological techniques and DNA sequencing analysis. Both patients were treated with topical natamycin and or voriconazole/econazole. In the first patient, there was total healing of the with scar formation, however, the prognosis was poor in the second patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasekaran Rameshkumar
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Misra Sikha
- Department of Cornea & Refractive Surgery Services, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mariappan Ponlakshmi
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Appavu Selva pandiyan
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Prajna Lalitha
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, No.1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author. Aravind Eye Hospital, No. 1, Anna Nagar, Madurai, 625 020, Tamil Nadu, India.
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21
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Ulrich S, Niessen L, Ekruth J, Schäfer C, Kaltner F, Gottschalk C. Truncated satratoxin gene clusters in selected isolates of the atranone chemotype of Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) S. Hughes. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 36:83-91. [PMID: 31435889 PMCID: PMC6971138 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungus Stachybotrys (S.) chartarum was isolated from culinary herbs, damp building materials, and improperly stored animal forage. Two distinct chemotypes of the fungus were described that produced either high-cytotoxic macrocyclic trichothecenes (S type) or low-cytotoxic atranones (A type). Recently, two distinct gene clusters were described that were found to be necessary for the biosynthesis of either macrocyclic trichothecenes (21 SAT (Satratoxin) genes) or atranones (14 ATR (Atranone) genes). In the current study, PCR primers were designed to detect SAT and ATR genes in 19 S. chartarum chemotype S and eight S. chartarum chemotype A strains. Our analysis revealed the existence of three different genotypes: satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all SAT genes but lacked the ATR gene cluster (genotype S), non-satratoxin-producing strains that possessed the ATR genes but lacked SAT genes (genotype A), and a hitherto undescribed hybrid genotype among non-satratoxin-producing strains that harbored all ATR genes and an incomplete set of SAT genes (genotype H). In order to improve the discrimination of genotypes, a triplex PCR assay was developed and applied for the analysis of S. chartarum and S. chlorohalonata cultures. The results show that genes for macrocyclic trichothecenes and atranones are not mutually exclusive in S. chartarum. Correlation of the new genotype-based concept with mycotoxin production data shows also that macrocyclic trichothecenes are exclusively produced by S. chartarum genotype S strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Bacteriology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539, Munich, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Niessen
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Julia Ekruth
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Cornelius Schäfer
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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22
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Lee SH, Park HS, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB. Characterization of Three Species of Sordariomycetes Isolated from Freshwater and Soil Samples in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:20-30. [PMID: 30988988 PMCID: PMC6450575 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2019.1574372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During a survey of fungal diversity in the class Sordariomycetes, 3 fungal strains, CNUFC-KMHY6-1, CNUFC-MSW24-2-11, and CNUFC-GW2S-4 were isolated from soil and freshwater samples, respectively in Korea. The strains were analyzed both morphologically and phylogenetically on the basis of internal transcribed spacer and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene sequences. On the basis of their morphology and phylogeny, CNUFC-KMHY6-1, CNUFC-MSW24-2-11, and CNUFC-GW2S-4 isolates were identified as Arcopilus aureus, Memnoniella echinata, and Stachybotrys sansevieriae, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, Ar. aureus and M. echinata have not been previously recorded in Korea, and this is the first report of S. sansevieriae from freshwater niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Hee Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyo Sun Park
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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24
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Ribeiro AI, Costa ES, Thomasi SS, Brandão DFR, Vieira PC, Fernandes JB, Forim MR, Ferreira AG, Pascholati SF, Gusmão LFP, da Silva MFDGF. Biological and Chemical Control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum using Stachybotrys levispora and Its Secondary Metabolite Griseofulvin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:7627-7632. [PMID: 29944364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is responsible for the white mold of soybeans, and the difficulty to control the disease in Brazil is causing million-dollar damages. Stachybotrys levispora has shown activity against S. sclerotiorum. In our present investigation, we analyzed the chemical basis of this inhibition. Eight compounds were isolated, and using spectroscopic methods, we identified their structures as the known substances 7-dechlorogriseofulvin, 7-dechlorodehydrogriseofulvin, griseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, 3,13-dihydroxy-5,9,11-trimethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, griseophenone A, 13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone, and 12-chloro-13-hydroxy-3,5,9,11-tetramethoxy-1-methylbenzophenone. Griseofulvin inhibited the mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum at 2 μg mL-1. Thus, the antagonistic effect of S. levispora to S. sclerotiorum may well be due to the presence of griseofulvins. Our results stimulate new work on the biosynthesis of griseofulvins, to locate genes that encode key enzymes in these routes and use them to increase the production of these compounds and thus potentiate the fungicide effect of this fungus. S. levispora represents an agent for biocontrol, and griseofulvin represents a fungicide to S. sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alany Ingrid Ribeiro
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Eveline Soares Costa
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Sergio Scherrer Thomasi
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de Lavras , CP 3037, Lavras 37200-000 , Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Vieira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | - Antonio Gilberto Ferreira
- Departamento de Química , Universidade Federal de São Carlos , CP 676, São Carlos , SP 13565-905 , Brazil
| | | | - Luis Fernando Pascholati Gusmão
- Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Departamento de Ciências Biológicas , BR 116, Km 03, Feira de Santana , BA 44031-460 , Brasil
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Hyde KD, Norphanphoun C, Abreu VP, Bazzicalupo A, Thilini Chethana KW, Clericuzio M, Dayarathne MC, Dissanayake AJ, Ekanayaka AH, He MQ, Hongsanan S, Huang SK, Jayasiri SC, Jayawardena RS, Karunarathna A, Konta S, Kušan I, Lee H, Li J, Lin CG, Liu NG, Lu YZ, Luo ZL, Manawasinghe IS, Mapook A, Perera RH, Phookamsak R, Phukhamsakda C, Siedlecki I, Soares AM, Tennakoon DS, Tian Q, Tibpromma S, Wanasinghe DN, Xiao YP, Yang J, Zeng XY, Abdel-Aziz FA, Li WJ, Senanayake IC, Shang QJ, Daranagama DA, de Silva NI, Thambugala KM, Abdel-Wahab MA, Bahkali AH, Berbee ML, Boonmee S, Bhat DJ, Bulgakov TS, Buyck B, Camporesi E, Castañeda-Ruiz RF, Chomnunti P, Doilom M, Dovana F, Gibertoni TB, Jadan M, Jeewon R, Jones EBG, Kang JC, Karunarathna SC, Lim YW, Liu JK, Liu ZY, Plautz HL, Lumyong S, Maharachchikumbura SSN, Matočec N, McKenzie EHC, Mešić A, Miller D, Pawłowska J, Pereira OL, Promputtha I, Romero AI, Ryvarden L, Su HY, Suetrong S, Tkalčec Z, Vizzini A, Wen TC, Wisitrassameewong K, Wrzosek M, Xu JC, Zhao Q, Zhao RL, Mortimer PE. Fungal diversity notes 603–708: taxonomic and phylogenetic notes on genera and species. FUNGAL DIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-017-0391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ridge CD, Mazzola EP, Coles MP, Hinkley SFR. Isolation and characterization of roridin E. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2017; 55:337-340. [PMID: 27737497 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The commonly occurring, high-cytotoxicity macrolide roridin E has been re-isolated from Stachybotrys chartarum and characterized by 1-D and 2-D NMR spectroscopy. Assignment of the spectral data for roridin E revealed differences from the accepted literature, and spectra are reported herein to aid in future identification. For the first time confirmation of structure was provided by a crystallographic solution for roridin E. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark D Ridge
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Eugene P Mazzola
- Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Martyn P Coles
- The Ferrier Research Institute, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- The Ferrier Research Institute, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
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Correspondence. IMA Fungus 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03449423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Ulrich S, Biermaier B, Bader O, Wolf G, Straubinger RK, Didier A, Sperner B, Schwaiger K, Gareis M, Gottschalk C. Identification of Stachybotrys spp. by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:7565-7581. [PMID: 27475444 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Stachybotrys (S.) spp. are omnipresent cellulolytic molds. Some species are highly toxic owing to their ability to synthesize various secondary metabolites such as macrocyclic trichothecenes or hemolysins. The reliable identification of Stachybotrys at species level is currently limited to genome-based identification. This study aimed to establish a fast and reliable MALDI-TOF MS identification method by optimizing the pre-analytical steps for protein extraction for subsequent generation of high-quality fingerprint mass spectra. Eight reference strains of the American Type Culture Collection and the Technical University of Denmark were cultivated in triplicate (biological repetitions) for 2 days in malt extract broth. The mycelia (1.5 ml) were first washed with 75 % ethanol and an additional washing step with dimethyl sulfoxide (10 %) was added to remove unspecific low weight masses. Furthermore, mycelia were broken with roughened glass beads in formic acid (70 %) and acetonitrile. The method was successfully applied to a total of 45 isolates of Stachybotrys originating from three different habitats (indoor, feed, and food samples; n = 15 each): Twenty-seven isolates of S. chartarum and 18 isolates of S. chlorohalonata could be identified by MALDI-TOF MS. The data obtained exactly matched those obtained by genome-based identification. The mean score values for S. chartarum ranged from 2.509 to 2.739 and from 2.148 to 2.622 for S. chlorohalonata with a very good reproducibility: the relative standard deviations were between 0.3 % and 6.8 %. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS proved to be a fast and reliable alternative to identification of Stachybotrys spp. by nucleotide amplification and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulrich
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Barbara Biermaier
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Bader
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Kreuzbergring 57, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Georg Wolf
- Chair of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard K Straubinger
- Chair of Microbiology and Mycology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Didier
- Chair for Hygiene and Technology of Milk, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Brigitte Sperner
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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Maharachchikumbura SSN, Hyde KD, Jones EBG, McKenzie EHC, Bhat JD, Dayarathne MC, Huang SK, Norphanphoun C, Senanayake IC, Perera RH, Shang QJ, Xiao Y, D’souza MJ, Hongsanan S, Jayawardena RS, Daranagama DA, Konta S, Goonasekara ID, Zhuang WY, Jeewon R, Phillips AJL, Abdel-Wahab MA, Al-Sadi AM, Bahkali AH, Boonmee S, Boonyuen N, Cheewangkoon R, Dissanayake AJ, Kang J, Li QR, Liu JK, Liu XZ, Liu ZY, Luangsa-ard JJ, Pang KL, Phookamsak R, Promputtha I, Suetrong S, Stadler M, Wen T, Wijayawardene NN. Families of Sordariomycetes. FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Velez P, Gasca-Pineda J, Rosique-Gil E, Eguiarte LE, Espinosa-Asuar L, Souza V. Microfungal oasis in an oligotrophic desert: diversity patterns and community structure in three freshwater systems of Cuatro Ciénegas, Mexico. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2064. [PMID: 27280070 PMCID: PMC4893334 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) comprises several oligotrophic aquatic ecosystems limited by phosphorus. These aquatic systems are dominated by a high prokaryotic diversity, shaped by the stress of low nutrient supplies and interspecific competition. Although fungi constitute a diverse and important component of microbial diversity, the microfungal diversity in the CCB remains to be unveiled. With the aim to explore microfungal diversity and ecological patterns in this area, we present the first investigation analyzing cultivable taxa from sediment and water, as well as lignocellulolytic taxa obtained from incubated submerged plant debris, and wood panels in three contrasting freshwater systems in the CCB: Churince, Becerra and Pozas Rojas. We chose a culture-based approach to analyze sediment and water samples in order to obtain fungal cultures, providing opportunities for a posteriori studies, and the possibility of ex situ preservation of the diversity. We evaluated sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer including the 5.8 rDNA region for 126 isolates, revealing 37 OTUs. These OTUs were phylogenetically affiliated to several genera in the fungal phyla: Zygomycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota. We recorded two OTUs with saline affinity, agreeing with previous findings on the prokaryotic communities with ancestral marine resemblances. All the studied systems showed moderate diversity levels, however discrepancies among the diversity indexes were observed, due to the occurrence of abundant taxa in the samples. Our results indicated that lignocellulolytic microfungal communities are dominated by transient fungal taxa, as resident species were not recorded perhaps as a result of the long-term strong competition with the highly adapted prokaryotic community. Moreover, the obtained microfungal taxa occurred mostly on the resident plant debris, rather than submerged wood panels, perhaps as a result of the high adaptation to specific environmental conditions. In conclusion, the CCB possess a moderate taxonomical diversity compared to other arid environments, probably as a result of high selective pressures. Nonetheless, due to high spatial and temporal heterogeneity, the functional fungal diversity was considerable as predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Decisively, the assessment of microfungal diversity freshwater systems is relevant, since this ecological group of microorganisms represents an important indicator of trophic complexity and biotic interactions among microbial communities, having important implications for understanding eukaryotic survival at the oligotrophic limit for life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Velez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jaime Gasca-Pineda
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Rosique-Gil
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Eguiarte
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Espinosa-Asuar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Valeria Souza
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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