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Guo W, Shao T, Peng Y, Wang H, Chen ZS, Su H. Chemical composition, biological activities, and quality standards of hawthorn leaves used in traditional Chinese medicine: a comprehensive review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1275244. [PMID: 37927599 PMCID: PMC10623334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1275244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hawthorn leaves also known as crataegi foilum, are a combination of botanical drugs used commonly in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Hawthorn, the plant from which hawthorn leaves are prepared, is distributed in Northeast China, North China, and other regions in China. Hawthorn leaves are known to activate blood circulation and eliminate stasis, invigorating Qi, eliminating turbidity, and reducing the levels of lipids. So far, over a hundred compounds have been isolated from hawthorn leaves, including flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, organic acids, and nitrogenous compounds. Hawthorn leaves are used for the treatment of hypertension, protecting against ischemic injury, angina, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and certain other conditions. Several of the currently available clinical preparations also use hawthorn leaves as raw materials, such as Yixintong capsules, Xinan capsules, etc. The present report systematically reviews the chemical composition, biological activities, and quality standards of hawthorn leaves, to provide a scientific basis and reference for detailed research on hawthorn leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Guo
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tingting Shao
- Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Peng
- The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Haixiang Su
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, China
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Hummer BH, Carter T, Sellers BL, Triplett JD, Asensio CS. Identification of the functional domain of the dense core vesicle biogenesis factor HID-1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291977. [PMID: 37751424 PMCID: PMC10522040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) mediate the regulated release of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. HID-1 is a trans-Golgi network (TGN) localized peripheral membrane protein contributing to LDCV formation. There is no information about HID-1 structure or domain architecture, and thus it remains unknown how HID-1 binds to the TGN and performs its function. We report that the N-terminus of HID-1 mediates membrane binding through a myristoyl group with a polybasic amino acid patch but lacks specificity for the TGN. In addition, we show that the C-terminus serves as the functional domain. Indeed, this isolated domain, when tethered to the TGN, can rescue the neuroendocrine secretion and sorting defects observed in HID-1 KO cells. Finally, we report that a point mutation within that domain, identified in patients with endocrine and neurological deficits, leads to loss of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake H. Hummer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Theodore Carter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Breanna L. Sellers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Jenna D. Triplett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
| | - Cedric S. Asensio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States of America
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van Bommel DM, Toonen RF, Verhage M. Mapping localization of 21 endogenous proteins in the Golgi apparatus of rodent neurons. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2871. [PMID: 36806293 PMCID: PMC9938882 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29998-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is the major sorting hub in the secretory pathway and particularly important for protein sorting in neurons. Knowledge about protein localization in Golgi compartments is largely based on work in cell lines. Here, we systematically compared protein localization of 21 endogenous proteins in the Golgi apparatus of mouse neurons using confocal microscopy and line scan analysis. We localized these proteins by measuring the distance relative to the canonical TGN marker TGN38. Based on this, proteins fell into three groups: upstream of, overlapping with or downstream of TGN38. Seven proteins showed complete overlap with TGN38, while proteins downstream of TGN38 were located at varying distances from TGN38. Proteins upstream of TGN38 were localized in between TGN38 and the cis-/medial Golgi markers Giantin and GM130. This localization was consistent with protein function. Our data provide an overview of the relative localization of endogenous proteins in the Golgi of primary mouse neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danique M. van Bommel
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud F. Toonen
- grid.12380.380000 0004 1754 9227Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Verhage
- Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Vrije Universiteit (VU) Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Functional Genomics, Department of Human Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), UMC Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Schänzer A, Achleitner MT, Trümbach D, Hubert L, Munnich A, Ahlemeyer B, AlAbdulrahim MM, Greif PA, Vosberg S, Hummer B, Feichtinger RG, Mayr JA, Wortmann SB, Aichner H, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Ruiz A, Gabau E, Sánchez JP, Ellard S, Homfray T, Stals KL, Wurst W, Neubauer BA, Acker T, Bohlander SK, Asensio C, Besmond C, Alkuraya FS, AlSayed MD, Hahn A, Weber A. Mutations in HID1 Cause Syndromic Infantile Encephalopathy and Hypopituitarism. Ann Neurol 2021; 90:143-158. [PMID: 33999436 PMCID: PMC8351430 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Precursors of peptide hormones undergo posttranslational modifications within the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Dysfunction of proteins involved at different steps of this process cause several complex syndromes affecting the central nervous system (CNS). We aimed to clarify the genetic cause in a group of patients characterized by hypopituitarism in combination with brain atrophy, thin corpus callosum, severe developmental delay, visual impairment, and epilepsy. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed in seven individuals of six unrelated families with these features. Postmortem histopathological and HID1 expression analysis of brain tissue and pituitary gland were conducted in one patient. Functional consequences of the homozygous HID1 variant p.R433W were investigated by Seahorse XF Assay in fibroblasts of two patients. RESULTS Bi-allelic variants in the gene HID1 domain-containing protein 1 (HID1) were identified in all patients. Postmortem examination confirmed cerebral atrophy with enlarged lateral ventricles. Markedly reduced expression of pituitary hormones was found in pituitary gland tissue. Colocalization of HID1 protein with the TGN was not altered in fibroblasts of patients compared to controls, while the extracellular acidification rate upon stimulation with potassium chloride was significantly reduced in patient fibroblasts compared to controls. INTERPRETATION Our findings indicate that mutations in HID1 cause an early infantile encephalopathy with hypopituitarism as the leading presentation, and expand the list of syndromic CNS diseases caused by interference of TGN function. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:149-164.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schänzer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Melanie T. Achleitner
- University Children’s Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Laurence Hubert
- Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Tanslational Genetics, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Tanslational Genetics, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Philipp A. Greif
- Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Vosberg
- Experimental Leukemia and Lymphoma Research Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Blake Hummer
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- University Children’s Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Johannes A. Mayr
- University Children’s Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Saskia B. Wortmann
- University Children’s Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University (PMU), Salzburg, Austria
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidi Aichner
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Teaching Hospital, Landeskrankenhaus Feldkirch, Feldkirch, Austria
| | | | - Anna Ruiz
- Genetics Laboratory, UDIAT-Centre Diagnòstic, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigacio i Innovacio Parc Taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gabau
- Paediatric Unit, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigacio i Innovacio Parc taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pérez Sánchez
- Paediatric Unit, Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari, Institut d’Investigacio i Innovacio Parc taulí I3PT, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Sian Ellard
- Genomic Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Tessa Homfray
- Saint George’s University Hospital and Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Karen L. Stals
- Genomic Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Center, Munich, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, Faculty of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e. V. (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd A. Neubauer
- Department of Child Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Till Acker
- Institute of Neuropathology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Bohlander
- Leukaemia and Blood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cédric Asensio
- Molecular and Cellular Biophysics Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Claude Besmond
- Inserm UMR1163, Imagine Institute, Tanslational Genetics, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moenaldeen D. AlSayed
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Department of Child Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Axel Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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5
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Zhang X, Ma Z, Song E, Xu T. Islet organoid as a promising model for diabetes. Protein Cell 2021; 13:239-257. [PMID: 33751396 PMCID: PMC7943334 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00831-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on diabetes have long been hampered by a lack of authentic disease models that, ideally, should be unlimited and able to recapitulate the abnormalities involved in the development, structure, and function of human pancreatic islets under pathological conditions. Stem cell-based islet organoids faithfully recapitulate islet development in vitro and provide large amounts of three-dimensional functional islet biomimetic materials with a morphological structure and cellular composition similar to those of native islets. Thus, islet organoids hold great promise for modeling islet development and function, deciphering the mechanisms underlying the onset of diabetes, providing an in vitro human organ model for infection of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, and contributing to drug screening and autologous islet transplantation. However, the currently established islet organoids are generally immature compared with native islets, and further efforts should be made to improve the heterogeneity and functionality of islet organoids, making it an authentic and informative disease model for diabetes. Here, we review the advances and challenges in the generation of islet organoids, focusing on human pluripotent stem cell-derived islet organoids, and the potential applications of islet organoids as disease models and regenerative therapies for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhuo Ma
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Eli Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (Bioland Laboratory), Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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6
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Aydin B, Arga KY. Co-expression Network Analysis Elucidated a Core Module in Association With Prognosis of Non-functioning Non-invasive Human Pituitary Adenoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 31244774 PMCID: PMC6563679 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are tumors with clinically challenging features since they have insidious progression. A complex network of gene interactions is thought to have roles in tumor formation and progression. Therefore, revealing the genetic network behind NFPA tumorigenesis is not only essential to attain further knowledge of tumor biology, but also plays a fundamental role in the development of efficacious treatment strategies. Differential co-expression network analysis is an outstanding approach for elucidation of groups of genes which show distinct co-expression patterns among phenotypes. In this study, we carried out a differential co-expression network analysis of NFPA-associated transcriptome dataset (n = 40) considering invasive (n = 22) and non-invasive (n = 18) phenotypes. Furthermore, we identified differentially co-expressed and co-regulated mRNA modules, which might be considered as potential systems biomarkers for NFPA prognosis and invasiveness. As a result, we have identified a novel 13-gene module, including CEACAM6, CYP4B1, EIF2S2, HID1, IFFO1, MYO18A, PDCD2, SGIP1, SWSAP1, and four unknown genes (A_24_P127621, A_24_P255786, A_24_P683553, and A_24_P916979), which was able to categorize the patients into two groups as invasive and non-invasive NFPA with distinct prognosis. The prognostic core module genes were associated with progression and prognosis of brain and glandular based cancers as well. Furthermore, these module genes were also expressed in blood, salivary gland, and spinal cord tissues. These results may provide the evidence on featured gene module which might play a prominent role in NFPA prognosis and sub-typing as effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the future.
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Genetic dissection of neuropeptide cell biology at high and low activity in a defined sensory neuron. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6890-E6899. [PMID: 29959203 PMCID: PMC6055185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714610115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are ubiquitous modulators of behavior and physiology. They are packaged in specialized secretory organelles called dense core vesicles (DCVs) that are released upon neural stimulation. Whereas local recycling of synaptic vesicles has been investigated intensively, there are few studies on recycling of DCV proteins. We set up a paradigm to study DCVs in a neuron whose activity we can control. We validate our model by confirming many previous observations on DCV cell biology. We identify a set of genes involved in recycling of DCV proteins. We also find evidence that different mechanisms of DCV priming and exocytosis may operate at high and low neural activity. Neuropeptides are ubiquitous modulators of behavior and physiology. They are packaged in specialized secretory organelles called dense core vesicles (DCVs) that are released upon neural stimulation. Unlike synaptic vesicles, which can be recycled and refilled close to release sites, DCVs must be replenished by de novo synthesis in the cell body. Here, we dissect DCV cell biology in vivo in a Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neuron whose tonic activity we can control using a natural stimulus. We express fluorescently tagged neuropeptides in the neuron and define parameters that describe their subcellular distribution. We measure these parameters at high and low neural activity in 187 mutants defective in proteins implicated in membrane traffic, neuroendocrine secretion, and neuronal or synaptic activity. Using unsupervised hierarchical clustering methods, we analyze these data and identify 62 groups of genes with similar mutant phenotypes. We explore the function of a subset of these groups. We recapitulate many previous findings, validating our paradigm. We uncover a large battery of proteins involved in recycling DCV membrane proteins, something hitherto poorly explored. We show that the unfolded protein response promotes DCV production, which may contribute to intertissue communication of stress. We also find evidence that different mechanisms of priming and exocytosis may operate at high and low neural activity. Our work provides a defined framework to study DCV biology at different neural activity levels.
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8
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Hummer BH, de Leeuw NF, Burns C, Chen L, Joens MS, Hosford B, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Asensio CS. HID-1 controls formation of large dense core vesicles by influencing cargo sorting and trans-Golgi network acidification. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3870-3880. [PMID: 29074564 PMCID: PMC5739301 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-08-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral membrane protein HID-1 localizes to the trans-Golgi network, where it contributes to the formation of large dense core vesicles of neuroendocrine cells by influencing cargo sorting and trans-Golgi network acidification. Large dense core vesicles (LDCVs) mediate the regulated release of neuropeptides and peptide hormones. They form at the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where their soluble content aggregates to form a dense core, but the mechanisms controlling biogenesis are still not completely understood. Recent studies have implicated the peripheral membrane protein HID-1 in neuropeptide sorting and insulin secretion. Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated HID-1 KO rat neuroendocrine cells, and we show that the absence of HID-1 results in specific defects in peptide hormone and monoamine storage and regulated secretion. Loss of HID-1 causes a reduction in the number of LDCVs and affects their morphology and biochemical properties, due to impaired cargo sorting and dense core formation. HID-1 KO cells also exhibit defects in TGN acidification together with mislocalization of the Golgi-enriched vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit isoform a2. We propose that HID-1 influences early steps in LDCV formation by controlling dense core formation at the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake H Hummer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
| | - Noah F de Leeuw
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
| | - Christian Burns
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
| | - Lan Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
| | - Matthew S Joens
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Bethany Hosford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
| | - James A J Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Cedric S Asensio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80210
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9
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Siddiqui R, Ali IKM, Cope JR, Khan NA. Biology and pathogenesis of Naegleria fowleri. Acta Trop 2016; 164:375-394. [PMID: 27616699 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri is a protist pathogen that can cause lethal brain infection. Despite decades of research, the mortality rate related with primary amoebic meningoencephalitis owing to N. fowleri remains more than 90%. The amoebae pass through the nose to enter the central nervous system killing the host within days, making it one of the deadliest opportunistic parasites. Accordingly, we present an up to date review of the biology and pathogenesis of N. fowleri and discuss needs for future research against this fatal infection.
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Du W, Zhou M, Zhao W, Cheng D, Wang L, Lu J, Song E, Feng W, Xue Y, Xu P, Xu T. HID-1 is required for homotypic fusion of immature secretory granules during maturation. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27751232 PMCID: PMC5094852 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory granules, also known as dense core vesicles, are generated at the trans-Golgi network and undergo several maturation steps, including homotypic fusion of immature secretory granules (ISGs) and processing of prehormones to yield active peptides. The molecular mechanisms governing secretory granule maturation are largely unknown. Here, we investigate a highly conserved protein named HID-1 in a mouse model. A conditional knockout of HID-1 in pancreatic β cells leads to glucose intolerance and a remarkable increase in the serum proinsulin/insulin ratio caused by defective proinsulin processing. Large volume three-dimensional electron microscopy and immunofluorescence imaging reveal that ISGs are much more abundant in the absence of HID-1. We further demonstrate that HID-1 deficiency prevented secretory granule maturation by blocking homotypic fusion of immature secretory granules. Our data identify a novel player during the early maturation of immature secretory granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Du
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maoge Zhou
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongwan Cheng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lifen Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingze Lu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eli Song
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Feng
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Xue
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pingyong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Takamitsu E, Otsuka M, Haebara T, Yano M, Matsuzaki K, Kobuchi H, Moriya K, Utsumi T. Identification of Human N-Myristoylated Proteins from Human Complementary DNA Resources by Cell-Free and Cellular Metabolic Labeling Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136360. [PMID: 26308446 PMCID: PMC4550359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins, 90 cDNA clones predicted to encode human N-myristoylated proteins were selected from a human cDNA resource (4,369 Kazusa ORFeome project human cDNA clones) by two bioinformatic N-myristoylation prediction systems, NMT-The MYR Predictor and Myristoylator. After database searches to exclude known human N-myristoylated proteins, 37 cDNA clones were selected as potential human N-myristoylated proteins. The susceptibility of these cDNA clones to protein N-myristoylation was first evaluated using fusion proteins in which the N-terminal ten amino acid residues were fused to an epitope-tagged model protein. Then, protein N-myristoylation of the gene products of full-length cDNAs was evaluated by metabolic labeling experiments both in an insect cell-free protein synthesis system and in transfected human cells. As a result, the products of 13 cDNA clones (FBXL7, PPM1B, SAMM50, PLEKHN, AIFM3, C22orf42, STK32A, FAM131C, DRICH1, MCC1, HID1, P2RX5, STK32B) were found to be human N-myristoylated proteins. Analysis of the role of protein N-myristoylation on the intracellular localization of SAMM50, a mitochondrial outer membrane protein, revealed that protein N-myristoylation was required for proper targeting of SAMM50 to mitochondria. Thus, the strategy used in this study is useful for the identification of physiologically important human N-myristoylated proteins from human cDNA resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takamitsu
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Motoaki Otsuka
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Haebara
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Manami Yano
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Kanako Matsuzaki
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Kobuchi
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, 700–8558, Japan
| | - Koko Moriya
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Utsumi
- Applied Molecular Bioscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sharabi K, Charar C, Gruenbaum Y. Pharyngeal pumping inhibition and avoidance by acute exposure to high CO2 levels are both regulated by the BAG neurons via different molecular pathways. WORM 2015; 4:e1008898. [PMID: 26430557 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2015.1008898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key molecule in many biological processes. Studies in humans, mice, D. melanogaster, C. elegans, unicellular organisms and plants have shed light on the molecular pathways activated by elevated levels of CO2. However, the mechanisms that organisms use to sense and respond to high CO2 levels remain largely unknown. Previous work has shown that C. elegans quickly avoid elevated CO2 levels using mechanisms that involve the BAG, ASE and AFD neurons via cGMP- and calcium- signaling pathways. Here, we discuss our recent finding that exposure of C. elegans to high CO2 levels leads to a very rapid cessation in the contraction of the pharynx muscles. Surprisingly, none of the tested CO2 avoidance mutants affected the rapid pumping inhibition response to elevated CO2 levels. A forward genetic screen identified that the hid-1-mediated pathway of dense core vesicle maturation regulates the pumping inhibition, probably through affecting neuropeptide secretion. Genetic studies and laser ablation experiments showed that the CO2 response of the pharyngeal muscle pumping is regulated by the BAG neurons, the same neurons that mediate CO2 avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Genetics; Institute of Life Sciences ; Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chayki Charar
- Department of Genetics; Institute of Life Sciences ; Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yosef Gruenbaum
- Department of Genetics; Institute of Life Sciences ; Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Jerusalem, Israel
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13
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Sharabi K, Charar C, Friedman N, Mizrahi I, Zaslaver A, Sznajder JI, Gruenbaum Y. The response to high CO2 levels requires the neuropeptide secretion component HID-1 to promote pumping inhibition. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004529. [PMID: 25101962 PMCID: PMC4125093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a key molecule in many biological processes; however, mechanisms by which organisms sense and respond to high CO2 levels remain largely unknown. Here we report that acute CO2 exposure leads to a rapid cessation in the contraction of the pharynx muscles in Caenorhabditis elegans. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this response, we performed a forward genetic screen and found that hid-1, a key component in neuropeptide signaling, regulates this inhibition in muscle contraction. Surprisingly, we found that this hid-1-mediated pathway is independent of any previously known pathways controlling CO2 avoidance and oxygen sensing. In addition, animals with mutations in unc-31 and egl-21 (neuropeptide secretion and maturation components) show impaired inhibition of muscle contraction following acute exposure to high CO2 levels, in further support of our findings. Interestingly, the observed response in the pharynx muscle requires the BAG neurons, which also mediate CO2 avoidance. This novel hid-1-mediated pathway sheds new light on the physiological effects of high CO2 levels on animals at the organism-wide level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Sharabi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chayki Charar
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nurit Friedman
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inbar Mizrahi
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Zaslaver
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob I. Sznajder
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yosef Gruenbaum
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Zysset-Burri DC, Müller N, Beuret C, Heller M, Schürch N, Gottstein B, Wittwer M. Genome-wide identification of pathogenicity factors of the free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:496. [PMID: 24950717 PMCID: PMC4082629 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The free-living amoeba Naegleria fowleri is the causative agent of the rapidly progressing and typically fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in humans. Despite the devastating nature of this disease, which results in > 97% mortality, knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of the amoeba is incomplete. This work presents a comparative proteomic approach based on an experimental model in which the pathogenic potential of N. fowleri trophozoites is influenced by the compositions of different media. RESULTS As a scaffold for proteomic analysis, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of N. fowleri. Since the sequence similarity of the recently published genome of Naegleria gruberi was far lower than the close taxonomic relationship of these species would suggest, a de novo sequencing approach was chosen. After excluding cell regulatory mechanisms originating from different media compositions, we identified 22 proteins with a potential role in the pathogenesis of PAM. Functional annotation of these proteins revealed, that the membrane is the major location where the amoeba exerts its pathogenic potential, possibly involving actin-dependent processes such as intracellular trafficking via vesicles. CONCLUSION This study describes for the first time the 30 Mb-genome and the transcriptome sequence of N. fowleri and provides the basis for the further definition of effective intervention strategies against the rare but highly fatal form of amoebic meningoencephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Wittwer
- Biology Division, Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Austrasse, CH-3700 Spiez, Switzerland.
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