1
|
Xu LY, Zhao J, Wang X, Jin XY, Wang BB, Fan YY, Pei XH. Non-sentinel lymph node metastases risk factors in patients with breast cancer with one or two sentinel lymph node macro-metastases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21254. [PMID: 37964832 PMCID: PMC10641163 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 59 % of patients with breast cancer with one or two sentinel lymph nodes (1-2 SLN) macrometastases do not benefit from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), which may also incur morbidities. It is necessary to evaluate the association between various clinicopathological characteristics and non-sentinel lymph node metastases (non-SLNM) in patients with breast cancer with 1-2 SLN macrometastases, and determine whether they 1-2 should avoid ALND. Eight electronic literature databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Scientific Journal, Wanfang, and Chinese Biomedical Literature) were searched from their inception to June 30, 2023, and two reviewers independently extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Association strength was summarized using odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Heterogeneity was accounted for using a subgroup analysis. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. There were 25 studies with 8021 participants, and 27 potential risk factors were evaluated. The risk factors for non-SLNM in patients with 1-2 SLN macrometastatic breast cancer include the following: factors of primary tumor: multifocality (OR (95 % CI (2.63 (1.96, 3.54))), tumor size ≥ T2 (2.64 (2.22, 3.14)), tumor localization (upper outer quad) (2.06 (1.23, 3.43)), histopathological grade (G3) (2.45 (1.70, 3.52)), vascular invasion (VI) (2.60 (1.35, 4.98)), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (2.87 (1.80, 4.56)), perineural invasion (PNI) (3.16 (1.18,8.43)). Factors of lymph nodes: method of SLNs detected (blue dye) (3.85 (1.54, 9.60)), SLN metastasis ratio ≥0.5 (2.79 (2.24, 3.48)), two positive SLNs (3.55, (2.08, 6.07)), zero negative SLN (3.72 (CI 2.50, 4.29)), extranodal extension (ENE) (4.69 (2.16, 10.18)). Molecular typing: Her-2 positive (2.08 (1.26, 3.43)), Her-2 over-expressing subtype (1.83 (1.22, 2.73)). Factors of examination/inspection: axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) positive on imaging (3.18 (1.68, 6.00)), cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) (4.01 (2.33,6.89)), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (2.13 (1.32-3.43)). This review identified the risk factors for non-SLNM in patients with 1-2 SLN macrometastatic breast cancer. However, additional studies are needed to confirm the above findings owing to the limited number and types of studies included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu-yan Xu
- The Third affiliated hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- The Third affiliated hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- The Third affiliated hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xin-yan Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bei-bei Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Ying-yi Fan
- The Third affiliated hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao-hua Pei
- The Xiamen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Xiamen 361001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wani S, Humaira, Farooq I, Ali S, Rehman MU, Arafah A. Proteomic profiling and its applications in cancer research. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
|
3
|
Application of plasma membrane proteomics to identify cancer biomarkers. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
|
4
|
Sajid MS, Saleem MN, Jabeen F, Saleem S, Iqbal S, Habib S, Ashiq MN, Ressom HW, Najam-ul-Haq M. Human serum N-glycome profiling via the newly developed asparagine immobilized cellulose/polymer nanohybrid. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4236-4244. [PMID: 36168850 PMCID: PMC9812403 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human serum N-linked glycans expression levels change during the disease progression. The low abundance, structural diversity, and coexisting matrices hinder their detection in mass spectrometry analysis. Considering the hydrophilic nature of N-glycans, cellulose/polymer (1,2-Epoxy-5-hexene) nanohybrid is fabricated with oxirane groups functionalized of asparagine to develop solid phase extraction based hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography sorbent (cellulose/1,2-Epoxy-5-hexene/asparagine). The morphology, elemental analysis, and surface properties are studied through scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The large surface area of cellulose/polymer nanohybrid (2.09 × 102 m2 /g) facilitates the high density of asparagine immobilization resulting in better hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography enrichment under optimized conditions. The enrichment capability of nanohybrid/asparagine is assessed by the N-Linked glycans released from ovalbumin and immunoglobulin G where 23 and 13 N-glycans are detected respectively. The nanohybrid/asparagine shows selectivity of 1:1200 with spiked bovine serum albumin and sensitivity down to 100 attomole. Human serum profiling for N-glycans identifies 52 glycan structures. This new enrichment strategy enriches serum N-linked glycans in the presence of salts, proteins, endogenous serum peptides, and so forth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Sajid
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan,Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Muhammad Nakash Saleem
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan,Corresponding Authors: 1. Prof. Dr. M. Najam-ul-Haq, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan, Tel.: +92 306 7552653, , 2. Dr. Fahmida Jabeen, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan, Tel.: +92 333 4253409,
| | - Shafaq Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University, Kutchery Campus, L.M.Q. Road, Multan, 66000, Pakistan
| | - Sabeen Iqbal
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Naeem Ashiq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Habtom W. Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Genomics and Epigenomics Shared Resource, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan,Corresponding Authors: 1. Prof. Dr. M. Najam-ul-Haq, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan, Tel.: +92 306 7552653, , 2. Dr. Fahmida Jabeen, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan, Tel.: +92 333 4253409,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prognostic Value of the Serum HER2 Extracellular Domain Level in Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194551. [PMID: 36230471 PMCID: PMC9559205 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An elevated serum HER2 extracellular domain is associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer, but the relationship between sHER2 and the efficacy of different modalities remains controversial. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of serum HER2 extracellular domain (sHER2 ECD) in breast cancer and to identify its correlation with the efficacy of different treatment regimens. A systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases was conducted to identify studies exploring the association between HER2 ECD level and clinical outcomes among patients with breast cancer. Using the random effects models, pooled hazard ratios (HRs), and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and the objective response rate (ORR). Heterogeneity was further evaluated by subgroup and sensitivity analysis. Overall, 40 studies comprising 12,229 patients were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Elevated HER2 ECD levels were associated with worse PFS (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.40−2.17; p < 0.001), and this effect was observed in patients treated with chemotherapy (HR 1.81, 95% CI 1.37−2.39; p < 0.001), endocrine therapy (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.57−2.32; p < 0.001), and trastuzumab (HR 1.74, 95% CI 1.31−2.30; p < 0.001). However, this association was not present in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) (HR 1.44, 95% CI 0.85−2.43, p = 0.17). The HRs/ORs for an elevated HER2 ECD level for DFS, OS, and ORR were 2.73 (95% CI 2.17−3.42; p < 0.001), 2.13 (95% CI 1.77−2.57; p < 0.001), and 0.80 (95% CI 0.49−1.31; p = 0.381), respectively. An elevated sHER2 ECD was an unfavorable prognostic factor in breast cancer but did not affect the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as lapatinib. Detection of sHER2 ECD may be helpful for clinicians selecting the appropriate anti-HER2 therapy for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
Collapse
|
6
|
Arshad R, Kiani MH, Rahdar A, Sargazi S, Barani M, Shojaei S, Bilal M, Kumar D, Pandey S. Nano-Based Theranostic Platforms for Breast Cancer: A Review of Latest Advancements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070320. [PMID: 35877371 PMCID: PMC9311542 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a highly metastatic multifactorial disease with various histological and molecular subtypes. Due to recent advancements, the mortality rate in BC has improved over the past five decades. Detection and treatment of many cancers are now possible due to the application of nanomedicine in clinical practice. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil® and Abraxane® have already been extensively used for BC adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. However, these products were designed initially for generic anticancer purposes and not specifically for BC treatment. With a better understanding of the molecular biology of BC, several novel and promising nanotherapeutic strategies and devices have been developed in recent years. In this context, multi-functionalized nanostructures are becoming potential carriers for enhanced chemotherapy in BC patients. To design these nanostructures, a wide range of materials, such as proteins, lipids, polymers, and hybrid materials, can be used and tailored for specific purposes against BC. Selective targeting of BC cells results in the activation of programmed cell death in BC cells and can be considered a promising strategy for managing triple-negative BC. Currently, conventional BC screening methods such as mammography, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT), ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are either costly or expose the user to hazardous radiation that could harm them. Therefore, there is a need for such analytical techniques for detecting BC that are highly selective and sensitive, have a very low detection limit, are durable, biocompatible, and reproducible. In detecting BC biomarkers, nanostructures are used alone or in conjunction with numerous molecules. This review intends to highlight the recent advances in nanomedicine in BC treatment and diagnosis, emphasizing the targeting of BC cells that overexpress receptors of epidermal growth factors. Researchers may gain insight from these strategies to design and develop more tailored nanomedicine for BC to achieve further improvements in cancer specificity, antitumorigenic effects, anti-metastasis effects, and drug resistance reversal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | | | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol 98613-35856, Iran
- Correspondence: (A.R.); or (S.P.)
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 98167-43463, Iran;
| | - Mahmood Barani
- Medical Mycology and Bacteriology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 76169-13555, Iran;
| | - Shirin Shojaei
- Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67158-47141, Iran;
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India;
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.R.); or (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Z, Zhang X, Ren H, Zhang L, Chen B. Multiple Metastases of the Liver and Lung After Breast-Conserving Surgery for Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Without Microinvasion of the Breast: A Case Report and Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:855899. [PMID: 35480092 PMCID: PMC9035873 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.855899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive disease that rarely causes distant metastasis. It is extremely rare for patients diagnosed with DCIS without microinvasion to develop distant metastasis in the absence of ipsilateral or contralateral breast recurrence. This is the first case report of multiple liver and lung metastases from DCIS after breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy.Case PresentationA 45-year-old woman who was diagnosed with DCIS and received breast-conserving surgery, radiotherapy, and sequential endocrine therapy developed multiple metastases in the liver and lung despite not having bilateral breast recurrence at the 62-month follow-up. Comprehensive advanced breast cancer therapy was administered but did not prevent the progression of metastatic foci in the liver.ConclusionsThis case shows the poor potential outcome in DCIS. Further research should be conducted on metastasis in DCIS; reexamination and monitoring are indispensable for patients diagnosed with DCIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- *Correspondence: Bo Chen, ; Lei Zhang,
| | - Bo Chen
- *Correspondence: Bo Chen, ; Lei Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lengfeld J, Zhang H, Stoesz S, Murali R, Pass F, Greene MI, Goel PN, Grover P. Challenges in Detection of Serum Oncoprotein: Relevance to Breast Cancer Diagnostics. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2021; 13:575-593. [PMID: 34703307 PMCID: PMC8524259 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s331844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy that shows improved outcomes with earlier diagnosis. Current screening and monitoring methods have improved survival rates, but the limitations of these approaches have led to the investigation of biomarker evaluation to improve early diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a specific and robust technique ideally suited for the quantification of protein biomarkers from blood or its constituents. The continued clinical relevancy of this assay format will require overcoming specific technical challenges, including the ultra-sensitive detection of trace biomarkers and the circumventing of potential assay interference due to the expanding use of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics. Approaches to increasing the sensitivity of ELISA have been numerous and include employing more sensitive substrates, combining ELISA with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and incorporating nanoparticles as shuttles for detection antibodies and enzymes. These modifications have resulted in substantial boosts in the ability to detect extremely low levels of protein biomarkers, with some systems reliably detecting antigen at sub-femtomolar concentrations. Extensive utilization of mAb therapies in oncology has presented an additional contemporary challenge for ELISA, particularly when both therapeutic and assay antibodies target the same protein antigen. Resolution of issues such as epitope overlap and steric hindrance requires a rational approach to the design of diagnostic antibodies that takes advantage of modern antibody generation pipelines, epitope binning techniques and computational methods to strategically target biomarker epitopes. This review discusses technical strategies in ELISA implemented to date and their feasibility to address current constraints on sensitivity and problems with interference in the clinical setting. The impact of these recent advancements will depend upon their transformation from research laboratory protocols into facile, reliable detection systems that can ideally be replicated in point-of-care devices to maximize utilization and transform both the diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring landscape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lengfeld
- Martell Diagnostic Laboratories, Inc., Roseville, MN, 55113, USA
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Steven Stoesz
- Martell Diagnostic Laboratories, Inc., Roseville, MN, 55113, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Research Division of Immunology; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Franklin Pass
- Martell Diagnostic Laboratories, Inc., Roseville, MN, 55113, USA
| | - Mark I Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Peeyush N Goel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Payal Grover
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Association of Preoperative Serum Levels of CEA and CA15-3 with Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:5529106. [PMID: 34621407 PMCID: PMC8492280 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5529106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Molecular subtypes are employed as a guide for targeted treatment and important prognostic factors. This study focused on investigating the association of serum levels of CEA, CA15-3, and CA125 with clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer to find prognostic markers for breast cancer and provide precise targeted therapy. Materials and Methods In this study, 961 breast cancer patients with preoperative serum levels of CEA, CA15-3, and CA125 and molecular subtypes were analyzed. Cut-off values of 5 ng/ml, 25 U/ml, and 35 U/ml were used for CEA, CA15-3, and CA125, respectively. The χ2 test and Fisher exact test along with logistic multivariate regression analysis were performed for investigating the correlation of CEA, CA15-3, and CA125 serum levels with molecular subtypes and associated factors. Results An increase in the serum concentrations of CEA, CA15-3, and CA125 was discovered in 48 (4.99%), 54 (5.62%), and 55 (5.72%) breast cancer patients, respectively. Univariate analysis demonstrated that the levels of CEA (p < 0.01) and CA15-3 (p < 0.05) were significantly linked with molecular types of breast cancer. Moreover, patients having larger tumor size (p < 0.01, p < 0.0001, and p < 0.05, respectively) along with nodal metastasis (p < 0.05, p = 0.0001, and p < 0.05, respectively) exhibited higher rates of elevated CEA, CA15-3, and CA125 levels. Status of Her-2 positive (p < 0.01) had a significant connection with elevated CEA levels. Multivariate analysis further indicated that molecular subtypes were independent factors associated with CEA and CA15-3 levels. Also, Her-2 status was significantly and independently related to CEA levels. Conclusion Preoperative serum levels of CEA and CA15-3 were independently associated with molecular subtypes of breast cancer. CEA and CA15-3 might improve the prognostic prediction for patients with breast cancer and inform the selection of specific therapies. A further biological analysis is needed for investigating the relationship between Her-2 expression and CEA levels.
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahirwar R. Recent advances in nanomaterials-based electrochemical immunosensors and aptasensors for HER2 assessment in breast cancer. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:317. [PMID: 34476602 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is one of the key molecular targets in breast cancer pathogenesis. Overexpression and/or amplification of HER2 in approximately 15-20% of breast cancer patients is associated with high mortality and poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence shows that accurate and sensitive detection of HER2 improves the survival outcomes for HER2-positive breast cancer patients from targeted therapies. The current methods of clinical determination of HER2 expression levels are based on slide-based assays that rely on invasively collected primary tumours. Alternatively, ELISA-based detection of the shredded HER2 extracellular domain (HER2-ECD) of has been suggested as a surrogate method for monitoring disease progress and treatment response in breast cancer patients. In the past decade, biosensors have emerged as an alternative modality for the detection of circulating HER2-ECD in human serum samples. In particular, electrochemical biosensors based on nanomaterials and antibodies and aptamers have been increasingly developed as promising tools for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of HER2-ECD. These biosensors harness the high affinity and specificity of antibodies and aptamers, and unique conductive properties, biocompatibility, large surface area, and chemical stability of nanomaterials for selective and sensitive assessment of the HER2. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the application of nanomaterials-based immunosensors and aptasensors for detection of circulating HER2-ECD. In particular, various electrochemical techniques, detection approaches, and nanomaterials are discussed. Further, analytical figures of merit of various HER2 immunosensors and aptasensors are compared. Finally, possible challenges and potential opportunities for biosensor-based detection of HER2-ECD are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ahirwar
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, ICMR- National Institute for Research in Environmental Health, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462030, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A Novel Approach for the Discovery of Biomarkers of Radiotherapy Response in Breast Cancer. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080796. [PMID: 34442440 PMCID: PMC8399231 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is an important treatment modality for the local control of breast cancer (BC). Unfortunately, not all patients that receive RT will obtain a therapeutic benefit, as cancer cells that either possess intrinsic radioresistance or develop resistance during treatment can reduce its efficacy. For RT treatment regimens to become personalised, there is a need to identify biomarkers that can predict and/or monitor a tumour's response to radiation. Here we describe a novel method to identify such biomarkers. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used on conditioned media (CM) samples from a radiosensitive oestrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC cell line (MCF-7) to identify cancer-secreted biomarkers which reflected a response to radiation. A total of 33 radiation-induced secreted proteins that had higher (up to 12-fold) secretion levels at 24 h post-2 Gy radiation were identified. Secretomic results were combined with whole-transcriptome gene expression experiments, using both radiosensitive and radioresistant cells, to identify a signature related to intrinsic radiosensitivity. Gene expression analysis assessing the levels of the 33 proteins showed that 5 (YBX3, EIF4EBP2, DKK1, GNPNAT1 and TK1) had higher expression levels in the radiosensitive cells compared to their radioresistant derivatives; 3 of these proteins (DKK1, GNPNAT1 and TK1) underwent in-lab and initial clinical validation. Western blot analysis using CM samples from cell lines confirmed a significant increase in the release of each candidate biomarker from radiosensitive cells 24 h after treatment with a 2 Gy dose of radiation; no significant increase in secretion was observed in the radioresistant cells after radiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that higher intracellular protein levels of the biomarkers were associated with greater radiosensitivity. Intracellular levels were further assessed in pre-treatment biopsy tissues from patients diagnosed with ER+ BC that were subsequently treated with breast-conserving surgery and RT. High DKK1 and GNPNAT1 intracellular levels were associated with significantly increased recurrence-free survival times, indicating that these two candidate biomarkers have the potential to predict sensitivity to RT. We suggest that the methods highlighted in this study could be utilised for the identification of biomarkers that may have a potential clinical role in personalising and optimising RT dosing regimens, whilst limiting the administration of RT to patients who are unlikely to benefit.
Collapse
|
12
|
Consensus of the Spanish society of laboratory medicine and the Spanish society of medical oncology on the methodology and criteria for evaluation of circulating tumour markers in breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1272-1280. [PMID: 33550504 PMCID: PMC8192375 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of circulating tumour markers (TMs) for the diagnosis or monitoring of breast cancer has sometimes been considered of limited utility. In addition to the overinterpretation of irrelevant changes in marker levels, the characteristics of the patient, the disease or other pathologies that can modify them are often not considered in their evaluation. On the other hand, there are recent data on the relationship of TMs with molecular subtypes and on their prognostic value, the knowledge of which may improve their clinical utility. This consensus article arises from a collaboration between the Spanish Society of Laboratory Medicine (SEQCML) and the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM). It aims to improve the use and interpretation of circulating TMs in breast cancer. The text summarizes the current knowledge and available evidence on the subject and proposes a series of recommendations mainly focussed on the indication, the frequency of testing and the factors that should be considered for correctly interpreting changes in the levels of TMs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu C, Chen M, Shi Y. Downregulation of hsa_circ_0006220 and its correlation with clinicopathological factors in human breast cancer. Gland Surg 2021; 10:816-825. [PMID: 33708563 DOI: 10.21037/gs-21-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Circular ribonucleic acids (circRNAs) are highly stable and conserved forms of RNAs present in all eukaryotes. They can modulate the expression of genes by sponging specific micro RNAs (miRNAs), thereby affecting various disease processes. However, their expression pattern in human breast cancer has not been elucidated. Methods In this study, differentially expressed circRNAs in breast cancer tissues and paired noncancerous tissues were analyzed using an Arraystar Human circRNA Microarray, and hsa_circ_0006220 was selected for its 27-fold downregulation in breast cancer tissues. Its expression was also verified in 50 breast cancer and paired noncancerous tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). An analysis of the expression of hsa_circ_0006220 and the clinicopathological factors in breast cancer was conducted. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of hsa_circ_0006220 was constructed. The interaction between hsa_circ_0006220 and five possible target miRNAs was predicted, and their expression were verified when overexpressing hsa_circ_0006220 by RT-PCR. Results Hsa_circ_0006220 was found to be significantly downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to the paired noncancerous tissues by microarray and RT-PCR. The expression of hsa_circ_0006220 was significantly inversely correlated with histological type (P=0.0028) and lymph node metastasis (P=0.0341). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.706. Five miRNAs that might be sponged by hsa_circ_0006220 were predicted. MiR-197-5p was significantly downregulated after overexpression of hsa_circ_0006220. Conclusions Our results indicated that hsa_circ_0006220 may play a role in human breast cancer and might be a potential tumor marker for breast cancer screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingshi Chen
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Applications of Blood-Based Proteomics in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092428. [PMID: 32867043 PMCID: PMC7564506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The traditional approach in identifying cancer related protein biomarkers has focused on evaluation of a single peptide/protein in tissue or circulation. At best, this approach has had limited success for clinical applications, since multiple pathological tumor pathways may be involved during initiation or progression of cancer which diminishes the significance of a single candidate protein/peptide. Emerging sensitive proteomic based technologies like liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics can provide a platform for evaluating serial serum or plasma samples to interrogate secreted products of tumor–host interactions, thereby revealing a more “complete” repertoire of biological variables encompassing heterogeneous tumor biology. However, several challenges need to be met for successful application of serum/plasma based proteomics. These include uniform pre-analyte processing of specimens, sensitive and specific proteomic analytical platforms and adequate attention to study design during discovery phase followed by validation of discovery-level signatures for prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic cancer biomarker applications. Abstract Blood is a readily accessible biofluid containing a plethora of important proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites that can be used as clinical diagnostic tools in diseases, including cancer. Like the on-going efforts for cancer biomarker discovery using the liquid biopsy detection of circulating cell-free and cell-based tumor nucleic acids, the circulatory proteome has been underexplored for clinical cancer biomarker applications. A comprehensive proteome analysis of human serum/plasma with high-quality data and compelling interpretation can potentially provide opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms, although several challenges will have to be met. Serum/plasma proteome biomarkers are present in very low abundance, and there is high complexity involved due to the heterogeneity of cancers, for which there is a compelling need to develop sensitive and specific proteomic technologies and analytical platforms. To date, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics has been a dominant analytical workflow to discover new potential cancer biomarkers in serum/plasma. This review will summarize the opportunities of serum proteomics for clinical applications; the challenges in the discovery of novel biomarkers in serum/plasma; and current proteomic strategies in cancer research for the application of serum/plasma proteomics for clinical prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic applications, as well as for monitoring minimal residual disease after treatments. We will highlight some of the recent advances in MS-based proteomics technologies with appropriate sample collection, processing uniformity, study design, and data analysis, focusing on how these integrated workflows can identify novel potential cancer biomarkers for clinical applications.
Collapse
|
15
|
Meehan J, Gray M, Martínez-Pérez C, Kay C, Pang LY, Fraser JA, Poole AV, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Argyle D, Turnbull AK. Precision Medicine and the Role of Biomarkers of Radiotherapy Response in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:628. [PMID: 32391281 PMCID: PMC7193869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains an important treatment modality in nearly two thirds of all cancers, including the primary curative or palliative treatment of breast cancer. Unfortunately, largely due to tumor heterogeneity, tumor radiotherapy response rates can vary significantly, even between patients diagnosed with the same tumor type. Although in recent years significant technological advances have been made in the way radiation can be precisely delivered to tumors, it is proving more difficult to personalize radiotherapy regimens based on cancer biology. Biomarkers that provide prognostic or predictive information regarding a tumor's intrinsic radiosensitivity or its response to treatment could prove valuable in helping to personalize radiation dosing, enabling clinicians to make decisions between different treatment options whilst avoiding radiation-induced toxicity in patients unlikely to gain therapeutic benefit. Studies have investigated numerous ways in which both patient and tumor radiosensitivities can be assessed. Tumor molecular profiling has been used to develop radiosensitivity gene signatures, while the assessment of specific intracellular or secreted proteins, including circulating tumor cells, exosomes and DNA, has been performed to identify prognostic or predictive biomarkers of radiation response. Finally, the investigation of biomarkers related to radiation-induced toxicity could provide another means by which radiotherapy could become personalized. In this review, we discuss studies that have used these methods to identify or develop prognostic/predictive signatures of radiosensitivity, and how such assays could be used in the future as a means of providing personalized radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Meehan
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gray
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pérez
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer A Fraser
- School of Applied Science, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy V Poole
- School of Applied Science, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre and Division of Pathology Laboratories, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arran K Turnbull
- Translational Oncology Research Group, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Breast Cancer Now Edinburgh Research Team, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
ELISA assay employing epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies to quantify circulating HER2 with potential application in monitoring cancer patients undergoing therapy with trastuzumab. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3016. [PMID: 32080226 PMCID: PMC7033231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59630-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating HER2 extracellular domain (HER2 ECD) levels were proposed as a surrogate for HER2 tissue expression to monitor breast cancer patients for early relapse or responses to standard or HER2-targeted therapies, such as the monoclonal antibody (mAb) trastuzumab. Currently, available commercial ELISA assays for HER2 ECD rely on antibodies recognizing undisclosed or unknown epitopes. In this work, two ELISA assays employing MGR2 and MGR3 epitope-specific mAbs for HER2 ECD were developed and validated, showing good assay precision and linearity of the dose-response signal within the dynamic range of 0.19-12.50 ng mL-1 and detection limits of 0.76 and 0.75 ng mL-1 for the MGR2 and MGR3 assays, respectively. The developed assay showed a good agreement with two widely used commercial kits for HER2 ECD quantification in serum samples from breast cancer patients. A complete characterization of mAb-HER2 ECD interaction was performed by means of surface plasmon resonance using trastuzumab as control for both epitope mapping and kinetics analysis. The epitopes recognized by the two mAbs showed no overlap with trastuzumab, which was confirmed by trastuzumab interference analysis in serum samples. The method showed to be a practical approach to determine HER2 ECD with a high degree of sensitivity, reliability and recovery in samples containing mAbs-based therapies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zulauf N, Brüggmann D, Groneberg D, Oremek GM. Expressiveness of Bone Markers in Breast Cancer with Bone Metastases. Oncology 2019; 97:236-244. [PMID: 31412345 DOI: 10.1159/000500675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On a global scale, the malignant growth of mammary gland is the most common type of cancer in women. In the progress of mammary carcinoma, osseous metastatic invasion has a pivotal significance because it is a frequent complication occurring at an early stage of the disease. BACKGROUND Bone metastases in breast cancer patients lead to increased mortality and decreased health-related quality of life. Therefore, early diagnostic assessment and treatment is requested. Meanwhile the progress of the disease should be monitored closely. Regarding health-related quality of life and lifetime prolongation, osseous metastases should be early diagnosed, therapied, and monitored. Up to date the gold standard is the whole-body scintigraphy. This kind of bone imaging features has high sensitivity but shows loss of specificity. AIM This study aims to investigate the diagnostic versatility of bone markers in its resorption and formation function to detect bone metastases in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS For this purpose, the concentration of competing bone processing tumor markers in serums of 78 patients was detected and analyzed. Two groups of women with mammary carcinoma with and without osseous metastases were built to examine the presence (or absence) of statistically significant disparity of tumor marker concentration. The tumor markers employed in this study were the carboxyterminal collagen type I telopeptid (CTX), known as beta-crosslaps (β-CTx), the alkaline phosphatase (AP), and its isoenzymes (especially the bone-specific AP [B-AP]). Additionally, the tumor markers for breast cancer (CA 15-3 and CEA) were analyzed in both groups. RESULTS Our results provide evidence that in both groups, tumor markers such as β-CTx and B-AP were a promising tool for the detection and exclusion of bone metastases in breast cancer. This comprehensive investigation shows both β-CTx and B-AP are able to fulfill the conditions of a competent appliance to detect osseous metastases of patients with mammary carcinoma. CONCLUSION Concerning the urgency of early and frequent detection, staging, and disease monitoring of mammary carcinoma with osseous metastases, this study renewed and underlined the importance of biochemical tumor markers - especially β-CTx and B-AP - and laid a clinical-based cornerstone to build up on a prospective research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Zulauf
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Perinatal Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Groneberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Maximilian Oremek
- Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
The prognostic significance of preoperative tumor marker (CEA, CA15-3) elevation in breast cancer patients: data from the Korean Breast Cancer Society Registry. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2019; 177:669-678. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-019-05357-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
19
|
Fabricio ASC, Michilin S, Zancan M, Agnolon V, Peloso L, Dittadi R, Scapinello A, Ceccarelli C, Gion M. Shed HER2 surrogacy evaluation in primary breast cancer patients: a study assessing tumor tissue HER2 expression at both extracellular and intracellular levels. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2019; 79:260-267. [PMID: 30982358 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1600200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate serum HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) as a putative surrogate marker of the shedding phenomenon of HER2 receptor from the tumor tissue of primary breast cancer (BC) patients. A pilot retrospective study was conducted on 100 matched serum and tissue samples from patients with node-positive primary BC, stage II/III. Analysis of association and concordance between serum HER2 ECD levels (measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay) and the expression in matched tumor tissue of HER2 ECD and intracellular receptor domain (ICD) (determined by immunohistochemistry) were performed. The median serum HER2 ECD level was 9.4 ng/ml and cutoff values were set at 15.2 ng/ml or 13.0 ng/ml. HER2 ICD and ECD were overexpressed in tumor tissue of 19.8% and 6.9% of patients, respectively. Statistically significant associations were found between serum HER2 ECD levels and tissue expression of both HER2 ICD and ECD (p < .001; Fisher analysis). Moreover, strong concordances were found between serum HER2 ECD levels and tissue expression of HER2 ICD or ECD (cutoff 15.2 ng/ml: 80 and 92.5%, respectively). Our findings support a role for serum HER2 ECD as a surrogate marker of tissue HER2 status in primary BC, both for HER2 ICD or ECD expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline S C Fabricio
- a Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Regional Hospital , Venice , Italy
| | - Silvia Michilin
- a Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Regional Hospital , Venice , Italy
| | - Matelda Zancan
- b Istituto Oncologico Veneto (IOV), IRCCS , Padua , Italy
| | - Valentina Agnolon
- a Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Regional Hospital , Venice , Italy
| | - Lucia Peloso
- a Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Regional Hospital , Venice , Italy
| | - Ruggero Dittadi
- c Laboratory Analysis Unit, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Dell'Angelo Hospital, Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima , Mestre-Venice , Italy
| | - Antonio Scapinello
- d Department of Pathology , General Regional Hospital, Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana , Castelfranco Veneto , Italy
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- e Department of Specialized, Experimental, and Diagnostic Medicine - DIMES , University of Bologna, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi , Bologna , Italy
| | - Massimo Gion
- a Regional Center for Biomarkers, Department of Clinical Pathology and Transfusion Medicine , Azienda ULSS 3 Serenissima, Regional Hospital , Venice , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cytoplasmic HAX1 Is an Independent Risk Factor for Breast Cancer Metastasis. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:6375025. [PMID: 31093284 PMCID: PMC6481036 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6375025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
HAX1 is an antiapoptotic factor involved in the regulation of cell migration and calcium homeostasis, overexpressed in several cancers, including breast cancer. It has been suggested that HAX1 is also implicated in metastasis. Herein we report the results of meta-analysis of HAX1 expression, based on publicly available data, which confirms its significant overexpression in breast cancer and demonstrates copy number gain and prognostic value of HAX1 overexpression for metastatic relapse in ER+ tumors. IHC analysis reported here also reveals its significant overexpression in breast cancer samples from primary tumors, indicating significantly higher HAX1 protein levels in a group of patients who developed distant metastases in a disease course. Moreover, we demonstrate that HAX1 localization is important for the prediction of metastatic relapse and that cytoplasmic but not nuclear HAX1 is an independent risk factor for breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Núñez C. Blood-based protein biomarkers in breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 490:113-127. [PMID: 30597138 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is a significant healthcare problem on women worldwide. Thus, early detection is very important to reduce mortality. Furthermore, better BCa prognosis could improve selection of patients eligible for adjuvant therapy. New markers for early diagnosis, accurate prognosis and prediction of response to treatment are necessary to improve BCa care. The present review summarizes important aspects of the potential usefulness of modern technologies, strategies, and scientific findings in proteomic research for discovery of breast cancer-associated blood-based protein biomarkers in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Wu X, Yin Z, McKay C, Pett C, Yu J, Schorlemer M, Gohl T, Sungsuwan S, Ramadan S, Baniel C, Allmon A, Das R, Westerlind U, Finn MG, Huang X. Protective Epitope Discovery and Design of MUC1-based Vaccine for Effective Tumor Protections in Immunotolerant Mice. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16596-16609. [PMID: 30398345 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human mucin-1 (MUC1) is a highly attractive antigen for the development of anticancer vaccines. However, in human clinical trials of multiple MUC1 based vaccines, despite the generation of anti-MUC1 antibodies, the antibodies often failed to exhibit much binding to tumor presumably due to the challenges in inducing protective immune responses in the immunotolerant environment. To design effective MUC1 based vaccines functioning in immunotolerant hosts, vaccine constructs were first synthesized by covalently linking the powerful bacteriophage Qβ carrier with MUC1 glycopeptides containing 20-22 amino acid residues covering one full length of the tandem repeat region of MUC1. However, IgG antibodies elicited by these first generation constructs in tolerant human MUC1 transgenic (Tg) mice did not bind tumor cells strongly. To overcome this, a peptide array has been synthesized. By profiling binding selectivities of antibodies, the long MUC1 glycopeptide was found to contain immunodominant but nonprotective epitopes. Critical insights were obtained into the identity of the key protective epitope. Redesign of the vaccine focusing on the protective epitope led to a new Qβ-MUC1 construct, which was capable of inducing higher levels of anti-MUC1 IgG antibodies in MUC1.Tg mice to react strongly with and kill a wide range of tumor cells compared to the construct containing the gold standard protein carrier, i.e., keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Vaccination with this new Qβ-MUC1 conjugate led to significant protection of MUC1.Tg mice in both metastatic and solid tumor models. The antibodies exhibited remarkable selectivities toward human breast cancer tissues, suggesting its high translational potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Craig McKay
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Christian Pett
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - Jin Yu
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Manuel Schorlemer
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany
| | - Trevor Gohl
- Department of Physiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | | | - Sherif Ramadan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Benha University , Benha , Qaliobiya 13518 , Egypt
| | | | | | - Rupali Das
- Department of Physiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Ulrika Westerlind
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V. , 44227 Dortmund , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , Umeå University , 901 87 Umeå , Sweden
| | - M G Finn
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Biological Sciences , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang Z, Li C, Fan H, Xiang Q, Xu L, Liu Q, Zhou S, Xie Q, Chen S, Mu G, Cui Y. Prognostic value of baseline serum HER2 extracellular domain level with a cut-off value of 15 ng/mL in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 172:513-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
24
|
Li X, Dai D, Chen B, Tang H, Xie X, Wei W. Determination of the prognostic value of preoperative CA15-3 and CEA in predicting the prognosis of young patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4679-4688. [PMID: 30214602 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has investigated the association of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) with the prognosis for young patients (≤40 years) with breast cancer. In the present study, preoperative CEA and CA15-3 serum levels were evaluated in the prediction of the prognosis for young patients with breast cancer. In total, 699 patients were recruited, for which the CEA and CA15-3 serum levels had been measured prior to surgery via a blood sample. The optimal cut-off high and low values were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and Youden's index. The value of CEA and CA15-3 in predicting overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were measured using univariate and multivariate Cox's regression analyses. The cut-off values were 3.38 ng/ml and 12.32 U/ml for CEA and CA15-3, respectively. It was identified that CEA, but not CA15-3, was a predictor for the prognosis of the young patients with breast cancer. Multivariate analysis confirmed that CEA, but not CA15-3, was an independent prognostic marker for all young patients with breast cancer. In total, 623 young patients exhibited decreased levels of CEA; in these patients, CA15-3 with a cut-off value of 12.48 U/ml was an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS. Preoperative serum CEA may thus serve as an independent predictor of poor prognosis for young patients with breast cancer. However, for low-risk patients with decreased CEA levels, serum CA15-3 may supplement the prediction of overall prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Danian Dai
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Wei
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Imamura M, Morimoto T, Nomura T, Michishita S, Nishimukai A, Higuchi T, Fujimoto Y, Miyagawa Y, Kira A, Murase K, Araki K, Takatsuka Y, Oh K, Masai Y, Akazawa K, Miyoshi Y. Independent prognostic impact of preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen and cancer antigen 15-3 levels for early breast cancer subtypes. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:26. [PMID: 29433529 PMCID: PMC5809836 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1325-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although the prognosis for operable breast cancers is reportedly worse if serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) levels are above normal, the usefulness of this prognosis is limited due to the low sensitivity and specificity; in addition, the optimal cutoff levels remain unknown. Methods A total of 1076 patients who were operated for breast cancers (test set = 608, validation set = 468) without evidence of metastasis were recruited, and their baseline and postoperative serum CEA and CA15-3 levels were analyzed. The optimal cutoff values of CEA and CA15-3 for disease-free survival (DFS) were 3.2 ng/mL and 13.3 U/mL, respectively, based on receiver operating characteristic curve and area under the curve analyses. Results The DFS of patients with high CEA levels (CEA-high: n = 191, 5-year DFS 70.6%) was significantly worse (p < 0.0001) than that of CEA-low patients (n = 885, 5-year DFS 87.2%). There was a significant difference in DFS (p < 0.0001) between CA15-3-high and CA15-3-low patients (n = 314 and n = 762, respectively; 5-year DFS 71.8 vs. 89.3%). Significant associations between DFS and CA15-3 levels were observed irrespective of the subtypes. Multivariable analysis indicated that tumor size, lymph node metastasis, tumor grade, and CEA (p = 0.0474) and CA15-3 (p < 0.0001) levels were independent prognostic factors (hazard ratio [HR] 1.520, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.005–2.245 for CEA; HR 2.088, 95% CI 1.457–2.901 for CA15-3). Conclusions These findings suggest that CEA and CA15-3 levels might be useful for predicting the prognosis of patients with operable early breast cancer irrespective of the subtype. Serum levels at baseline may reflect tumor characteristics for metastatic potential even when these levels are within the normal ranges. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12957-018-1325-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Imamura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Morimoto
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yao Municipal Hospital, Ryuka-cho 1-3-1, Yao City, Osaka, 581-0069, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yao Municipal Hospital, Ryuka-cho 1-3-1, Yao City, Osaka, 581-0069, Japan
| | - Shintaro Michishita
- Department of Breast Surgery, Yao Municipal Hospital, Ryuka-cho 1-3-1, Yao City, Osaka, 581-0069, Japan
| | - Arisa Nishimukai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoko Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yukie Fujimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Ayako Kira
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Keiko Murase
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Araki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takatsuka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koshi Oh
- Department of Surgery, Kobe Adventist Hospital, Arinodai,Kita-ku 8-4-1, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-1312, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Masai
- Masai Breast Clinic, Funado-cho 2-1-205, Ashiya, Hyogo, 659-0093, Japan
| | - Kouhei Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Mukogawa-cho 1-1, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Copur MS, Wurdeman JM, Nelson D, Ramaekers R, Gauchan D, Crockett D. Normalization of Elevated Tumor Marker CA27-29 After Bilateral Lung Transplantation in a Patient With Breast Cancer and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Oncol Res 2017; 26:515-518. [PMID: 29229020 PMCID: PMC7844615 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x15128550060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid tumors involving glandular organs express mucin glycoprotein that is eventually shed into the circulation. As a result, these proteins can easily be measured in the serum and be used as potential tumor markers. The most commonly used tumor markers for breast cancer are CA27-29 and CA15-3, which both measure the glycoprotein product of the mucin-1 (MUC1) gene. CA27-29 has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for monitoring disease activity in breast cancer patients. Most oncology clinical practice guidelines do not recommend the use of tumor markers for routine surveillance of early stage disease but recognize their utility in the metastatic setting. We present a patient with stage IIIA breast cancer and preexisting hypersensitivity pneumonitis who was found to have an elevated serum tumor marker CA27-29. After successful curative intent treatment of her early stage breast cancer, she developed gradual and progressive worsening of her lung disease with eventual development of severe pulmonary fibrosis requiring bilateral lung transplantation. As part of the pretransplant evaluation, she was found to have an elevation of serum tumor marker CA27-29. While the diagnostic evaluation, including imaging studies, was negative for the presence of recurrent disease, the serial serum tumor marker CA27-29 levels remained persistently elevated. The decision was made for her to undergo bilateral lung transplantation. Shortly after surgery, her CA27-29 tumor marker level returned to normal range, and it has continued to remain in the normal range with no evidence of breast cancer recurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Debra Nelson
- CHI St. Francis Cancer Treatment CenterGrand Island, NEUSA
| | - Ryan Ramaekers
- CHI St. Francis Cancer Treatment CenterGrand Island, NEUSA
| | - Dron Gauchan
- CHI St. Francis Cancer Treatment CenterGrand Island, NEUSA
| | - David Crockett
- CHI St. Francis Cancer Treatment CenterGrand Island, NEUSA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yang Y, Zhang H, Zhang M, Meng Q, Cai L, Zhang Q. Elevation of serum CEA and CA15-3 levels during antitumor therapy predicts poor therapeutic response in advanced breast cancer patients. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7549-7556. [PMID: 29344201 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the correlation between therapeutic response and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) levels in advanced breast cancer patients with non-assessable lesions or stable disease (SD) according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. A total of 232 female patients with recurrent tumors following radical mastectomy were recruited, including 76 patients with non-assessable lesions and 60 patients with SD. The correlation between CEA and CA15-3 changes, progression-free survival (PFS) and therapeutic response were analyzed in the non-assessable and SD patient groups. For all subjects, the association between the patients' serum tumor markers levels and the clinical presentation of the tumor, as well as the correlation between initial tumor marker levels and PFS, were analyzed. An increase in CEA (an increment of >2 ng/ml) or CA15-3 levels (an increase of >15 U/ml) following the second cycle of treatment correlated with shorter PFS in both non-assessable and SD patients, and with poor clinical outcome in SD patients. High CA15-3 levels correlated with hormone receptor-positive tumors, multiple metastases and liver metastases. Bone metastases correlated with high levels of both CEA and CA15-3. Relatively low CEA and CA15-3 concentrations were associated with triple-negative and locally invasive tumors. High CEA and CA15-3 levels at the beginning of relapse correlated with shorter PFS. The present study illustrates that CEA and CA15-3 levels correlate with several factors in recurrent breast cancer patients. Elevated levels of CEA and CA15-3 at the beginning of relapse may predict shorter PFS. Furthermore, elevation of CEA and CA15-3 levels following the second therapeutic cycle predict poor therapeutic response in patients with non-assessable lesions and SD. Our findings suggest that alterations in CEA and CA15-3 levels can predict therapeutic response in advanced breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yang
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Mingyan Zhang
- Laboratory Department, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Li Cai
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qingyuan Zhang
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.,Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China.,Third Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hu L, Hu S, Guo L, Shen C, Yang M, Rasooly A. DNA Generated Electric Current Biosensor. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2547-2552. [PMID: 28219246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its primary function as a genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is also a potential biologic energy source for molecular electronics. For the first time, we demonstrate that DNA can generate a redox electric current. As an example of this new functionality, DNA generated redox current was used for electrochemical detection of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), a clinically important breast cancer biomarker. To induce redox current, the phosphate of the single stranded DNA aptamer backbone was reacted with molybdate to form redox molybdophosphate precipitate and generate an electrochemical current of ∼16.8 μA/μM cm2. This detection of HER2 was performed using a sandwich detection assay. A HER2 specific peptide was immobilized onto a gold electrode surface for capturing HER2 in buffer and serum. The HER2 specific aptamer was used as both ligand to bind the captured HER2 and to generate a redox current signal. When tested for HER2 detection, the electrochemical current generated by the aptasensor was proportional to HER2 concentration in the range of 0.01 to 5 ng/mL, with a current generated in the range of ∼6.37 to 31.8 μA/cm2 in both buffer and serum. This detection level is within the clinically relevant range of HER2 concentrations. This method of electrochemical signal amplification greatly simplifies the signal transduction of aptasensors, broadening their use for HER2 analysis. This novel approach of using the same aptamer as biosensor ligand and as transducer can be universally extended to other aptasensors for a wide array of biodetection applications. Moreover, electric currents generated by DNA or other nucleic acids can be used in molecular electronics or implanted devices for both power generation and measurement of output.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanshuang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China , 410083
| | - Shengqiang Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China , 410083
| | - Linyan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China , 410083
| | - Congcong Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China , 410083
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University , Changsha, China , 410083
| | - Avraham Rasooly
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Biomarkers for the identification of recurrence in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol 2016; 28:476-483. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
30
|
Dai D, Chen B, Tang H, Wang B, Zhao Z, Xie X, Wei W. Nomograms for Predicting the Prognostic Value of Pre-Therapeutic CA15-3 and CEA Serum Levels in TNBC Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161902. [PMID: 27561099 PMCID: PMC4999206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15–3 (CA15-3) levels are both independent prognostic factors in breast cancer. However, the utility of CEA and CA15-3 levels as conventional cancer biomarkers in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains controversial. The current study was performed to explore the predictive value of pre-therapeutic serum CEA and CA15-3 levels, and nomograms were developed including these serum cancer biomarkers to improve the prognostic evaluation of TNBC patients. Pre-therapeutic CA15-3 and CEA concentrations were measured in 247 patients with stage I–IV TNBC. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that TNBC patients with high levels of both CEA and CA15-3 had shorter overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates than those in the low-level groups (p<0.05). Multivariate analysis suggested that pre-therapeutic CA15-3 and CEA levels are independent predictive elements for OS (p = 0.022 and p = 0.040, respectively) and DFS (p = 0.023 and p = 0.028, respectively). In addition, novel nomograms were established and validated to provide personal forecasts of OS and DFS for patients with TNBC. These novel nomograms may help physicians to select the optimal treatment plans to ensure the best outcomes for TNBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danian Dai
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiping Zhao
- Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XX)
| | - Weidong Wei
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XX)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jarczewska M, Kékedy-Nagy L, Nielsen JS, Campos R, Kjems J, Malinowska E, Ferapontova EE. Electroanalysis of pM-levels of urokinase plasminogen activator in serum by phosphorothioated RNA aptamer. Analyst 2016; 140:3794-802. [PMID: 25620243 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein biomarkers of cancer allow a dramatic improvement in cancer diagnostics as compared to the traditional histological characterisation of tumours by enabling a non-invasive analysis of cancer development and treatment. Here, an electrochemical label-free assay for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a universal biomarker of several cancers, has been developed based on the recently selected uPA-specific fluorinated RNA aptamer, tethered to a gold electrode via a phosphorothioated dA tag, and soluble redox indicators. The binding properties of the uPA-aptamer couple and interference from the non-specific adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were modulated by the electrode surface charge. A nM uPA electroanalysis at positively charged surfaces, complicated by the competitive adsorption of BSA, was tuned to the pM uPA analysis at negative surface charges of the electrode, being improved in the presence of negatively charged BSA. The aptamer affinity for uPA displayed via the binding/dissociation constant relationship correspondingly increased, ca. three orders of magnitude, from 0.441 to 367. Under optimal conditions, the aptasensor allowed 10(-12)-10(-9) M uPA analysis, also in serum, being practically useful for clinical applications. The proposed strategy for optimization of the electrochemical protein sensing is of particular importance for the assessment and optimization of in vivo protein ligand binding by surface-tethered aptamers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jarczewska
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Center for DNA Nanotechnology (CDNA), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Duffy MJ, Walsh S, McDermott EW, Crown J. Biomarkers in Breast Cancer: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? Adv Clin Chem 2015; 71:1-23. [PMID: 26411409 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers play an important role in the detection and management of patients with breast cancer. Thus, BRCA1/2 mutation testing is used for risk assessment in families with a high prevalence of breast and ovarian cancer. Following a diagnosis of breast cancer, measurement of multi-analyte profiles such as uPA/PAI-1 or Oncotype DX may be used for determining prognosis and identifying lymph node-negative patients who may be spared from having to receive adjuvant chemotherapy. Other -gene tests such as the PAM50 ROR, Breast Cancer Index, and EndoPredict have been reported to predict the development of late recurrences and thus may be of value in selecting patients for extended hormone therapy. Mandatory assays include estrogen receptors for identification of endocrine-sensitive cancers and HER2 in selecting patients for treatment with anti-HER2 therapy (e.g., trastuzumab, lapatinib, pertuzumab, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine). Finally, serum biomarkers such as CA 15-3 or CEA may be used in monitoring therapy in patients with advanced disease receiving systemic therapy. Promising new biomarkers undergoing evaluation include circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor-derived DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; UCD Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Siun Walsh
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Enda W McDermott
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chen Z, Xu S, Su D, Liu W, Yang H, Xie S, Meng X, Lei L, Wang X. A new tumor biomarker, serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z, in patients with node-positive breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 17:486-94. [PMID: 25511546 PMCID: PMC4452254 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1264-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To explore the association between the 3,144 m/z protein peak and the clinicopathological features and prognosis in breast cancer. Methods Using SELDI–TOF MS, we analyzed serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z in 283 patients with node-positive breast cancer, its relationship with clinicopathological features and their prognosis evaluating value of survival. Results 3,144 m/z positive rate was higher in elderly patients (42.8 % in ≥50-year-old vs. 31.2 % in <50, P = 0.04). However, no correlation was observed between 3,144 m/z and other clinicopathological features (body mass index, menstrual status, family history, TNM, molecular subtypes, vascular invasion, neural invasion, p53 and CA15-3). However, the positive rate of 3,144 m/z was higher than that of CA15-3 (35.5 vs. 11.4 %, McNemar χ2 test, p < 0.001). 3,144 m/z-negative patients (n = 177) had a better 3-year overall survival (OS) than 3,144 m/z-positive patients (n = 106) (89.8 vs. 81.2 %, P = 0.045). Younger patients (P = 0.016), postmenopausal status (P = 0.019), small tumor (P < 0.001), less positive nodes (P < 0.001), early stage (P < 0.001), favorable molecular subtype (P = 0.007), normal CA15-3 (P = 0.003) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.001) predicted better survival. Cox analysis showed that T3–4 (95 % CI 1.419–8.057, P = 0.006), lymph node metastasis (95 % CI 1.242–3.632, P = 0.006) and p53 mutation (95 % CI 1.088–6.378, P = 0.032) were independent adverse prognostic factors. But childbirth ≥2 (95 % CI 0.163–0.986, P = 0.046), adjuvant chemotherapy (95 % CI 0.062–0.921, P = 0.038) and adjuvant radiotherapy (95 % CI 0.148–0.928, P = 0.034) were the independent factors in reducing risk of death in breast cancer patients. Combination testing of 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 will improve the prognosis value of 3-year survival (P = 0.011); patients with CA153−/3144− were characterized by the longest survival (89.8 %) and the CA153+/3144+ patients by the shortest. Conclusions Serum protein peak at 3,144 m/z is a new biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis and showed a higher positive rate than serum CA15-3. Combining 3,144 m/z and CA15-3 testing may improve prognosis of longer survival in breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310022, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee SB, Lee JW, Yu JH, Ko BS, Kim HJ, Son BH, Gong G, Lee HJ, Kim SB, Jung KH, Ahn JH, Lee W, Sung J, Ahn SH. Preoperative serum HER2 extracellular domain levels in primary invasive breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:929. [PMID: 25491647 PMCID: PMC4295268 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the preclinical outcomes and biologic significance of the presence of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) extracellular domain (ECD), there is little evidence supporting the measurement of ECD levels in any clinical setting. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of elevated serum HER2 ECD levels, the association between these levels and tissue HER2 overexpression, and the potential clinical prognostic value of HER2 ECD in primary invasive breast cancer. Methods Serum HER2 ECD levels were examined preoperatively in 2,862 consecutive stage I–III primary breast cancer patients between 2007 and 2009. Serum HER2 ECD levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay (ADVIA Centaur), and the tissue HER2 status was assessed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The cutoff value for the serum level of HER2 ECD was set at 15.2 ng/ml. Results Among the 2,862 patients, 126 (4.4%) had elevated serum HER2 ECD levels, and HER2 was overexpressed in the tumor tissue of 692 patients (24.2%), with a concordance of 78.7%. Multivariate analysis revealed that elevated serum HER2 ECD was a significant independent prognostic factor for worse distant-metastasis-free survival [DMFS; hazard ratio (HR) = 2.50, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–4.3, P = 0.001] and breast-cancer-specific survival (BCSS; HR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.1–3.8, P = 0.036), which were much stronger in patients with tissue HER2-positive tumors (DMFS: HR = 3.8, 95% CI = 2.0–7.0, P < 0.001; BCSS: HR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.2-5.3, P = 0.012). Conclusions Given the prevalence of HER2 expression, its measurement as an independent prognostic factor can be clinically useful, particularly in patients with tissue HER2-positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 388-1 Pungnap 2 dong, Songpa-Gu, Seoul 138-736, Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Di Gioia D, Dresse M, Mayr D, Nagel D, Heinemann V, Stieber P. Serum HER2 in combination with CA 15-3 as a parameter for prognosis in patients with early breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 440:16-22. [PMID: 25444743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM HER2 in breast cancer tissue is a marker of high prognostic and predictive relevance. Soluble HER2, the extracellular domain of the HER2/neu receptor (HER2 ECD), which is shed into the blood, has been suggested to be a helpful tumor marker. We investigated the relationship between the concentrations of HER2 ECD, CEA and CA 15-3, the association of these markers with clinicopathological features and the impact of HER2 ECD alone and in combination with known prognostic factors on disease free survival (DFS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) in untreated early breast cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS HER2 ECD (ADVIA, Bayer), CEA (AxSYM, Abbott) and CA 15-3 (Elecsys, Roche) were measured at time of primary diagnosis in the pre-therapeutic (pre-operative) sera of 241 breast cancer patients and were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and outcome. RESULTS Higher HER2 ECD levels were significantly correlated with postmenopausal status (p=0.016) and tissue HER2-overexpression (p<0.0001). Higher serum levels of CA 15-3 were associated with larger tumor size (p=0.019), positive lymph nodes (p=0.019), UICC stage III (p<0.01), positive tissue HER2-overexpression (p<0.05) and negative hormone receptor status (p=0.016). In multivariate analysis, serum HER2 ECD levels, CA 15-3 levels, large tumor size and negative hormonal status were independent prognostic factors in DFS. Patients with both high levels of HER2 ECD (>15 ng/mL) and high serum levels of CA 15-3 (>24 U/mL) had the poorest prognosis with a DFS after 3 years of 50.0%. Patients without elevated serum levels had a better outcome with a DFS of 91.2%. CONCLUSIONS In our retrospective analysis, HER2 ECD and CA 15-3 were independent and better prognostic tools than HER2 in tissue. Prospective validation is necessary to confirm their usefulness in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Di Gioia
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Marie Dresse
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothea Nagel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Stieber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, 81377 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sasaki T, Fuse N, Kuwata T, Nomura S, Kaneko K, Doi T, Yoshino T, Asano H, Ochiai A, Komatsu Y, Sakamoto N, Ohtsu A. Serum HER2 levels and HER2 status in tumor cells in advanced gastric cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 45:43-8. [PMID: 25378649 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 levels have been found in metastatic breast cancer patients and are correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression in tumor cells. However, the prevalence of serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 in gastric cancer patients has not been elucidated. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues and serum samples from 96 advanced gastric cancer patients. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 expression and gene amplification in tumor cells were determined by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity in tumor cells was defined as immunohistochemistry 2+ with fluorescence in situ hybridization positive or immunohistochemistry 3+ with any fluorescence in situ hybridization results. RESULTS All tissue samples and serum samples were successfully measured. Nineteen patients (20%) were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive in tumor cells. The median serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 level was 9.3 ng/ml (range, 5.0-332.4 ng/ml), and serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 levels were significantly separated according to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in tumor cells (P < 0.0001, Wilcoxon's rank sum test); median serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 levels in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative patients and -positive patients were 8.9 (range, 5.0-20.5) and 24.0 (range, 9.7-332.4), respectively. There were 15 serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive patients (16%) using a cutoff value of 15 ng/ml. The sensitivity and the specificity of serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 with respect to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity in tumor cells were 53 and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 measurements cannot be substituted for tissue human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 diagnosis in advanced gastric cancer patients. However, serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 levels are associated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 overexpression in tumor cells. Further investigations of clinical significance of serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 as a predictive marker and a therapy-monitoring marker are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Sasaki
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo
| | - Nozomu Fuse
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | - Shogo Nomura
- Biostatistics Division, Center for Research Administration and Support, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa
| | - Kazuhiro Kaneko
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endoscopy Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | - Toshihiko Doi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | | | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa
| | | | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo
| | - Atsushi Ohtsu
- Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Circulating Her-2/neu extracellular domain in breast cancer patients-correlation with prognosis and clinicopathological parameters including steroid receptor, Her-2/neu receptor coexpression. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:589-95. [PMID: 25367073 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9859-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HER-2/neu extracellular domain (ECD) can be detected in blood as a soluble circulating protein. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between HER-2/neu extracellular domain in the serum and the prognosis in breast cancer patients. We also correlated HER-2/neu ECD with various clinicopathological factors including steroid receptor, HER-2/neu receptor coexpression. The serum from seventy nine patients with invasive breast cancer and twenty individuals without malignancy was analyzed using the enzyme-linked immune adsorbent assay method. The cut-off value was estimated by the ROC curve analysis (15.86 μg/L). HER-2/neu ECD values in the serum of patients with breast cancer were significantly higher than in control subjects. Circulating HER-2/neu ECD was significantly associated with the histological grade of tumors and the status of axillary lymph nodes. Negative correlation was observed between HER-2/neu ECD in the serum and estrogen receptor positivity. When we analyzed HER-2/neu ECD in relation with coexpression of steroid receptor and HER-2/neu receptor in tissue, statistically higher values were found in the subgroup of patients with steroid receptor negative, HER-2/neu negative tumors than in the other subgroups. HER-2/neu ECD was not an independent factor in the univariate and multivariate analysis. However, elevated HER-2/neu ECD levels were found in patients with breast cancer possessing more aggressive phenotype.
Collapse
|
38
|
Di Gioia D, Dresse M, Mayr D, Nagel D, Heinemann V, Kahlert S, Stieber P. Serum HER2 supports HER2-testing in tissue at the time of primary diagnosis of breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 430:86-91. [PMID: 24412321 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM HER2 in tissue is of high prognostic value. Soluble HER2, the extracellular domain (ECD), has been suggested to be a helpful biomarker. We investigated whether there is a relationship between HER2 ECD and HER2 in tissue and whether this relationship could be used for diagnostic purposes. METHODS HER2 ECD was measured in healthy individuals (N=283, 184 females, 99 males), in patients with history of breast cancer (BC) with no evidence of disease (N=249) as well as in BC patients before any treatment (N=565). HER2 in tissue was determined by immunohistochemistry and HER2 ECD was analyzed by immunoassay. RESULTS HER2 ECD levels were higher in healthy men than in healthy women (medians 12.9 ng/mL vs. 9.9 ng/mL, p<0.001). We observed an age dependency in women that means the older the women the higher the HER2 ECD level. In treated BC patients there was only a weak difference between younger and older women. For patients without distant metastases as well as patients with metastatic disease we observed a correlation of HER2 in serum and tissue. The median concentrations of HER2 ECD were 11.7 ng/mL (13.2 ng/mL) for the HER2-negative (HER2-positive) patients in the non-metastatic-group (p<0.001) and 11.9 ng/mL (16.0 ng/mL) in the metastatic-group (p=0.01). Using a cut-off of 30 ng/mL the HER2 in tissue was always positive, corresponding to a specificity of 99.8% and a sensitivity of 10.3%. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong correlation between HER2 ECD and HER2 in tissue. HER2 ECD supports the HER2 testing in tissue and may reveal false-negative tissue findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Di Gioia
- Medical Department III, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany.
| | - Marie Dresse
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Dorothea Nagel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Medical Department III, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Kahlert
- Gynecological Department, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Stieber
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Klinikum Großhadern, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu SG, He ZY, Zhou J, Sun JY, Li FY, Lin Q, Guo L, Lin HX. Serum levels of CEA and CA15-3 in different molecular subtypes and prognostic value in Chinese breast cancer. Breast 2013; 23:88-93. [PMID: 24291374 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognostic significance of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15-3 (CA15-3) levels in breast cancer is controversial. This study evaluated the prognostic value of preoperative serum CEA and CA15-3 levels in Chinese breast cancer patients. A total of 470 patients with breast cancer had preoperative CEA and CA15-3 concentrations measured. The relationships between preoperative concentration and clinicopathological factors and outcomes were determined. CEA and CA15-3 levels were increased in 34 (7.2%) and 58 (12.3%) patients, respectively. Elevations of serum CEA and CA-15-3 levels correlated with the primary tumor size and axillary lymph node status. CEA levels were lower in patients with triple-negative breast cancer than in those with other subtypes (P = 0.002). The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) of CEA-negative vs. CEA-positive patients were 84.1% vs. 54.5% (P < 0.001), 82.7% vs. 54.8% (P < 0.001), and 89.7% vs. 78.5% (P = 0.007), respectively. The 5-year DMFS, DFS, and OS of CA15-3-negative vs. CA15-3-positive patients were 84.0% vs. 69.6% (P = 0.002), 83.0% vs. 66.2% (P < 0.001), 90.9% vs. 74.2% (P = 0.005), respectively. Multivariate analysis of prognosis indicated that CEA and CA15-3 levels were independent prognostic factors for DMFS (P = 0.021) and DFS (P = 0.032), and DFS (P = 0.014) and OS (P = 0.032), respectively. Serum levels of CEA and CA15-3 may differ in breast cancer molecular subtypes and preoperative levels of CEA and CA15-3 have a significant effect on prognosis in Chinese women with breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- San-gang Wu
- Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Lin
- Xiamen Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huan-xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of serum tumor markers CA 15-3 and CEA are prognostic factors for diagnosis of metastatic breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 141:477-84. [PMID: 24072270 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the prognostic value of tumor markers, cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels at diagnosis of systemic recurrence. After primary treatments of locoregional breast cancers, serum CA 15-3 and/or CEA concentrations were regularly measured, and systemic recurrences were identified in 351 patients between January 1999 and December 2009. The association between tumor marker levels at systemic recurrence and survival were investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Elevated CA 15-3 and CEA levels were identified in 194 of 349 (55.6 %) and 111 of 308 (36.0 %) patients, respectively, at diagnosis of systemic recurrence. Elevated levels of CA 15-3 and CEA were correlated with visceral or multiple recurrences and elevated preoperative levels. Elevation of CA 15-3 was more prominent in younger patients and in primary node-positive tumors, while CEA was elevated in older patients at diagnosis and in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive tumors. Elevated tumor markers as well as ER negativity, short disease-free interval, and advanced stage at initial diagnosis showed independent prognostic significance on multivariate analysis. Among 306 patients for whom levels of both tumor markers at recurrence were available, 106 patients without elevation of either marker showed significantly better overall survival than those with elevated levels of either one or both markers, and the significance persisted in multivariate analysis. Elevated serum CA 15-3 and CEA levels at recurrence suggest increased tumor burden and may be prognostic for survival for metastatic breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sang Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Carney WP, Bernhardt D, Jasani B. Circulating HER2 Extracellular Domain: A Specific and Quantitative Biomarker of Prognostic Value in all Breast Cancer Patients? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:31-9. [PMID: 24179396 PMCID: PMC3791951 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The HER2 oncoprotein has emerged as an essential biomarker in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Once the primary breast cancer is removed, there is an increasing need to detect breast cancer recurrence as early as possible with the hope that earlier intervention with new anti-HER2 therapies will improve quality of life and increase overall survival. Numerous publications have shown that increasing blood levels of circulating HER2 is an early indicator of progression, particularly in HER2-positive patients and that the rise and fall parallels the clinical course of disease and independent of therapy. Many studies show that the HER2 status of the primary tumor may not fully and accurately reflect the HER2 status of recurrent cancer. Thus, elevated serum HER2 levels may be an early signal of the emergence of a HER2-positive metastatic tumor and therefore alert the physician to re-assess HER2 status using a tissue test.
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhao T, Miao Z, Wang Z, Xu Y, Wu J, Liu X, You Y, Li J. CARMA3 overexpression accelerates cell proliferation and inhibits paclitaxel-induced apoptosis through NF-κB regulation in breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3041-7. [PMID: 23708960 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CARMA3 was recently reported to be overexpressed in several cancers and associated with malignant behavior of cancer cells. However, the expression pattern and biological roles of CARMA3 in breast cancer have not been reported. In the present study, we found that CARMA3 was overexpressed in 41.9 % of breast cancer specimens. Significant association was observed between CARMA3 overexpression and TNM stage (p = 0.0223), tumor size (p = 0.0227), and ErbB-2 status (p = 0.0049). Furthermore, knockdown of CARMA3 expression in MDA-MB-435 cells with high endogenous expression decreased cell proliferation and sensitized cell to paclitaxel-induced apoptosis, while overexpression of CARMA3 in MDA-MB-231 cell line promoted cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. Further analysis showed that CARMA3 depletion downregulated, and its overexpression upregulated cyclin D1, Bcl-2, and p-IκB levels. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that CARMA3 is overexpressed in breast cancers. CARMA3 facilitates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis through nuclear factor-kappaB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110001, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dai SQ, An X, Wang F, Shao Q, Chen YC, Kong YN, Chen C, Li C, Luo HY, Liang Y, Wang FH, Xu RH, Li YH. Serum HER 2 extracellular domain level is correlated with tissue HER 2 status in metastatic gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63458. [PMID: 23691049 PMCID: PMC3653938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the association between serum human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER 2) extracellular domain (ECD) levels and tissue HER 2 status in metastatic gastric cancer. Patients and Methods HER 2 status was retrospectively analyzed in 219 advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) patients. Serum HER 2 ECD was measured by chemiluminescent assay and tissue HER 2 was assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Results Significant associations were found between serum HER 2 ECD levels and tissue HER 2 status. Twenty-four patients had HER 2 ECD levels >16.35 ng/mL, which has a sensitivity of 51.4% and a specificity of 97.3% to predict tissue HER 2 status. When the cut-off value was increased to 22 ng/mL, then all 12 patients with serum HER 2 ECD levels>22 ng/mL were tissue HER 2 positive, corresponding to a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 32.4%. High serum HER 2 ECD levels were strongly associated with the intestinal histological type (Lauren’s classification), liver metastasis, multiple metastasis (>2) and increased LDH levels, but not with overall survival. Conclusions The high specificity of the serum HER 2 ECD assay in predicting tissue HER 2 status suggests its potential as a surrogate marker of the HER 2 status in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Qin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Examination, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin An
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu- Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lee KJ, Yi SW, Chung MJ, Park SW, Song SY, Chung JB, Park JY. Serum CA 19-9 and CEA levels as a prognostic factor in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Yonsei Med J 2013; 54:643-9. [PMID: 23549809 PMCID: PMC3635646 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2013.54.3.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the use of pretreatment carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as prognostic factors to determine survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective review of the medical records of patients who were diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and received surgery, chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy was performed. Factors, including CA 19-9 and CEA, associated with the survival of pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed. RESULTS Patients with the median age of 65 years were included (n=187). Elevated serum CA 19-9 levels and CEA levels were observed in 75.4% and 39% of patients at diagnosis, respectively. CEA was correlated with tumor stages (p=0.005), but CA 19-9 was not. CA 19-9 and CEA were elevated in 69.0% and 33.3% of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer, and elevated in 72.9% and 47.2% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, respectively. The median overall survival of the normal serum CEA group was longer than that of the elevated serum CEA group (16.3 months vs. 10.2 months, p=0.004). However, the median overall survival of the normal serum CA 19-9 group was not different from that of the elevated serum CA 19-9 group (12.4 months vs. 13.5 months, p=0.969). The independent factors associated with overall survival were advanced pancreatic cancer [harzard ratio (HR) 4.33, p=0.001] and elevated serum CEA level (HR 1.52, p=0.032). CONCLUSION Patients with elevated serum CEA level at diagnosis demonstrated poor overall survival. Pretreatment CEA level may predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Joo Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Yi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Jae Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Bock Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Alsaeed EF, Abdulkarim H, Tunio MA. Elevated preoperative serum cancer antigen 15.3 levels are associated with reduced disease-free survival: a single-institution experience. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2013; 5:53-9. [PMID: 24648758 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s48568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of the preoperative tumor-marker cancer antigen (CA) 15.3 in Saudi patients with breast cancer and to find out whether any correlation exists between preoperative CA 15.3 and tumor size and nodal status. MATERIALS AND METHODS Preoperative blood samples for serum CA 15.3 levels were taken in 112 breast cancer patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery or modified radical mastectomy between February 1988 and August 2008. Serum levels of CA 15.3 below 35 U/mL were considered normal. The correlation between pre- and postoperative CA 15.3 levels with tumor size and nodal status was calculated using Pearson correlative coefficients. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to determine disease-free survival (DFS) according to CA 15.3 groups (<35, 36-100 and above >100 U/mL). RESULTS The mean age of the cohort was 47.0 years (range 23-76, standard deviation 10.3). According to menopausal status, 93 patients (83.0%) were premenopausal, and 19 patients (17.0%) were postmenopausal. Mean preoperative CA 15.3 levels were 43.69 U/mL (1.0-209.87). Ten-year DFS rates were 100%, 84%, and 57.7% for CA 15.3 <35 U/mL, 36-100 U/mL, and >100 U/mL, respectively (P = 0.003). Preoperative CA 15.3 levels showed positive correlation with primary tumor size (R = 0.43, R (2) = 0.83, P = 0.03) and nodal status (R = 0.59, R (2) = 0.28, P < 0.0001), respectively. CONCLUSION Elevated preoperative CA 15.3 above 35 U/mL in Saudi women breast cancer patients showed correlation with primary tumor size and nodal status, and preoperative CA 15.3 level is an independent prognostic factor for DFS. Preoperative serum CA 15.3 levels may be helpful for risk stratification along with other factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Fawzi Alsaeed
- Radiation Oncology Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Abdulkarim
- Department of Medical Oncology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutahir A Tunio
- Department of Radiation Oncology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lee JS, Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Kim SI, Park BW. Elevated levels of preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA serum levels have independently poor prognostic significance in breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2012; 24:1225-31. [PMID: 23230137 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the prognostic value of preoperative tumor markers, cancer antigen 15-3 (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), in breast cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA levels of 1681 patients were measured. The association of both tumor markers levels with clinicopathological parameters and outcomes was investigated by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Among 1681 patients, elevated preoperative CA15-3 and CEA levels were identified in 176 and 131 patients, respectively. Higher preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA levels were significantly associated with a larger tumor size, axillary node metastases, and advanced stage. Patients with elevated CA 15-3 and CEA levels showed worse survival, even in stage-matched analysis. Patients with normal levels of both CA15-3 and CEA showed better survival than those with one or both markers levels elevated. In multivariate analysis, elevated preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA levels were independent prognostic factors. The statistical significance of elevated preoperative tumor markers levels on survival was solidified with longer follow-up and larger study population. CONCLUSIONS Elevated preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA levels are associated with tumor burden and showed independent prognostic significance. Therefore, new treatment strategies are necessary for patients with elevated preoperative CA 15-3 and CEA levels in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Lee
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Only in patients with hormone‐dependent breast infiltrating ductal carcinomas, CA15.3 serum levels are inversely correlated with the immunohistochemical expression of Bcl2. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:1792-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
48
|
Shukla HD, Vaitiekunas P, Cotter RJ. Advances in membrane proteomics and cancer biomarker discovery: current status and future perspective. Proteomics 2012; 12:3085-104. [PMID: 22890602 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteomic analysis has been proven to be a promising tool for identifying new and specific biomarkers that can be used for prognosis and monitoring of various cancers. Membrane proteins are of great interest particularly those with functional domains exposed to the extracellular environment. Integral membrane proteins represent about one-third of the proteins encoded by the human genome and assume a variety of key biological functions, such as cell-to-cell communication, receptor-mediated signal transduction, selective transport, and pharmacological actions. More than two-thirds of membrane proteins are drug targets, highlighting their immensely important pharmaceutical significance. Most plasma membrane proteins and proteins from other cellular membranes have several PTMs; for example, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and nitrosylation, and moreover, PTMs of proteins are known to play a key role in tumor biology. These modifications often cause change in stoichiometry and microheterogeneity in a protein molecule, which is apparent during electrophoretic separation. Furthermore, the analysis of glyco- and phosphoproteome of cell membrane presents a number of challenges mainly due to their low abundance, their large dynamic range, and the inherent hydrophobicity of membrane proteins. Under pathological conditions, PTMs, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation are frequently altered and have been recognized as a potential source for disease biomarkers. Thus, their accurate differential expression analysis, along with differential PTM analysis is of paramount importance. Here we summarize the current status of membrane-based biomarkers in various cancers, and future perspective of membrane biomarker research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hem D Shukla
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pennings JL, Van Dycke KC, van Oostrom CT, Kuiper RV, Rodenburg W, de Vries A. Biomarker discovery using a comparative omics approach in a mouse model developing heterogeneous mammary cancer subtypes. Proteomics 2012; 12:2149-57. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Kirsten C.G. Van Dycke
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Conny T.M. van Oostrom
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
| | - Raoul V. Kuiper
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Center; Department of Pathobiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Wendy Rodenburg
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics; Erasmus University Medical Center; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke de Vries
- Laboratory for Health Protection Research (GBO); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Marleau AM, Chen CS, Joyce JA, Tullis RH. Exosome removal as a therapeutic adjuvant in cancer. J Transl Med 2012; 10:134. [PMID: 22738135 PMCID: PMC3441244 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosome secretion is a notable feature of malignancy owing to the roles of these nanoparticles in cancer growth, immune suppression, tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Exosomes are 30-100 nm membrane vesicles released by many cells types during normal physiological processes. Tumors aberrantly secrete large quantities of exosomes that transport oncoproteins and immune suppressive molecules to support tumor growth and metastasis. The role of exosomes in intercellular signaling is exemplified by human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) over-expressing breast cancer, where exosomes with the HER2 oncoprotein stimulate tumor growth and interfere with the activity of the therapeutic antibody Herceptin®. Since numerous observations from experimental model systems point toward an important clinical impact of exosomes in cancer, several pharmacological strategies have been proposed for targeting their malignant activities. We also propose a novel device strategy involving extracorporeal hemofiltration of exosomes from the entire circulatory system using an affinity plasmapheresis platform known as the Aethlon ADAPT™ (adaptive dialysis-like affinity platform technology) system, which would overcome the risks of toxicity and drug interactions posed by pharmacological approaches. This technology allows affinity agents, including exosome-binding lectins and antibodies, to be immobilized in the outer-capillary space of plasma filtration membranes that integrate into existing kidney dialysis systems. Device therapies that evolve from this platform allow rapid extracorporeal capture and selective retention of target particles < 200 nm from the entire circulatory system. This strategy is supported by clinical experience in hepatitis C virus-infected patients using an ADAPT™ device, the Hemopurifier®, to reduce the systemic load of virions having similar sizes and glycosylated surfaces as cancer exosomes. This review discusses the possible therapeutic approaches for targeting immune suppressive exosomes in cancer patients, and the anticipated significance of these strategies for reversing immune dysfunction and improving responses to standard of care treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annette M Marleau
- Aethlon Medical Inc, 8910 University Center Lane, Suite 660, San Diego, CA 92122, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|