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Heidari Z, Naeimzadeh Y, Fallahi J, Savardashtaki A, Razban V, Khajeh S. The Role of Tissue Factor In Signaling Pathways of Pathological Conditions and Angiogenesis. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1135-1151. [PMID: 37817529 DOI: 10.2174/0115665240258746230919165935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is an integral transmembrane protein associated with the extrinsic coagulation pathway. TF gene expression is regulated in response to inflammatory cytokines, bacterial lipopolysaccharides, and mechanical injuries. TF activity may be affected by phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain and alternative splicing. TF acts as the primary initiator of physiological hemostasis, which prevents local bleeding at the injury site. However, aberrant expression of TF, accompanied by the severity of diseases and infections under various pathological conditions, triggers multiple signaling pathways that support thrombosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metastasis. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are central in the downstream signaling pathways of TF. In this study, we have reviewed the TF signaling pathways in different pathological conditions, such as wound injury, asthma, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), viral infections, cancer and pathological angiogenesis. Angiogenic activities of TF are critical in the repair of wound injuries and aggressive behavior of tumors, which are mainly performed by the actions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF1-α). Pro-inflammatory effects of TF have been reported in asthma, CVDs and viral infections, including COVID-19, which result in tissue hypertrophy, inflammation, and thrombosis. TF-FVII induces angiogenesis via clotting-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Clottingdependent angiogenesis is induced via the generation of thrombin and cross-linked fibrin network, which facilitate vessel infiltration and also act as a reservoir for endothelial cells (ECs) growth factors. Expression of TF in tumor cells and ECs triggers clotting-independent angiogenesis through induction of VEGF, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPAR), early growth response 1 (EGR1), IL8, and cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (Cyr61).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Heidari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Yasaman Naeimzadeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jafar Fallahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Savardashtaki
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Razban
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Khajeh
- Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Rees PA, Castle J, Clouston HW, Lamb R, Singh U, Duff SE, Kirwan CC. The effects of coagulation factors and their inhibitors on proliferation and migration in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2023; 12:17184-17192. [PMID: 37455592 PMCID: PMC10501231 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Clotting factors promote cancer development. We investigated if coagulation proteins promote proliferation and migration in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and whether their direct inhibitors can attenuate these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS DLD-1 and SW620 cells were treated with tissue factor (0, 50, 100 and 500 pg/mL ± 10 μg/mL 10H10 [anti-tissue factor antibody]), thrombin (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 U/mL ± 0.5 μM dabigatran [thrombin inhibitor]) and Factor Xa, FXa (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 U/mL ± 100 ng/mL rivaroxaban [FXa inhibitor]) and their effects on proliferation and migration were quantified using the PrestoBlue® and transwell migration assays, respectively. RESULTS Thrombin increased proliferation from 48 h treatment compared to its control (48 h 6.57 ± 1.36 u vs. 2.42 ± 0.13 u, p = 0.001, 72 h 9.50 ± 1.54 u vs. 4.50 ± 0.47 u, p = 0.004 and 96 h 10.77 ± 1.72 u vs. 5.57 ± 0.25 u, p = 0.008). This increase in proliferation was attenuated by dabigatran at 72 h (2.23 ± 0.16 u vs. 3.26 ± 0.43 u, p = 0.04). Tissue factor (0 pg/mL 20.7 ± 1.6 cells/view vs. 50 pg/mL 32.4 ± 1.9 cells/view, p = 0.0002), FXa (0.0 U/mL 8.9 ± 1.1 cells/view vs. 10.0 U/mL 17.7 ± 1.7 cells/view, p < 0.0001) and thrombin (0.0 U/mL 8.9 ± 1.3 cells/view vs. 10.0 U/mL 20.2 ± 2.0 cells/view, p < 0.0001) all increased migration compared to their controls. However, their direct inhibitors did not attenuate these increases. CONCLUSION Thrombin, FXa and TF all increase migration in CRC in vitro. Thrombin induced increase in proliferation is abrogated by dabigatran. Dabigatran may have potential as an anti-cancer therapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adam Rees
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - John Castle
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Hamish William Clouston
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- The Christie NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Rebecca Lamb
- Department of Life SciencesManchester Metropolitan UniversityManchesterUK
| | - Urvashi Singh
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Sarah Elizabeth Duff
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
| | - Cliona Clare Kirwan
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
- Manchester University NHS Foundation TrustManchesterUK
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Shahid K, Khan K, Badshah Y, Mahmood Ashraf N, Hamid A, Trembley JH, Shabbir M, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Abusharha A, Razak S. Pathogenicity of PKCγ Genetic Variants-Possible Function as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Biomarker in Ovarian Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:236. [PMID: 36672978 PMCID: PMC9858858 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic malignancies, owing to its misdiagnosis or late diagnosis. Identification of its genetic determinants could improve disease outcomes. Conventional Protein Kinase C-γ (PKCγ) dysregulation is reported in several cancers. Similarly, its variant rs1331262028 is also reported to have an association with hepatocellular carcinoma. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the variant rs1331262028 association with ovarian cancer and to determine its impact on PKCγ's protein interactions. Association of variation was determined through genotyping PCR (cohort size:100). Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamic simulation were carried out to study the variant impact of PKCγ interactions. The study outcome indicated the positive association of variant rs1331262028 with ovarian cancer and its clinicopathological features. Molecular dynamics simulation depicted the potential influence of variation on PKCγ molecular signaling. Hence, this study provided the foundations for assessing variant rs1331262028 as a potential prognostic marker for ovarian cancer. Through further validation, it can be applied at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanza Shahid
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- School of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Arslan Hamid
- LIMES Institute (AG-Netea), University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Str. 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Janeen H. Trembley
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System Research Service, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44010, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Abusharha
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
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Kawano T, Inokuchi J, Eto M, Murata M, Kang JH. Protein Kinase C (PKC) Isozymes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5425. [PMID: 36358843 PMCID: PMC9658272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a large family of calcium- and phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that consists of at least 11 isozymes. Based on their structural characteristics and mode of activation, the PKC family is classified into three subfamilies: conventional or classic (cPKCs; α, βI, βII, and γ), novel or non-classic (nPKCs; δ, ε, η, and θ), and atypical (aPKCs; ζ, ι, and λ) (PKCλ is the mouse homolog of PKCι) PKC isozymes. PKC isozymes play important roles in proliferation, differentiation, survival, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and anticancer drug resistance in cancer cells. Several studies have shown a positive relationship between PKC isozymes and poor disease-free survival, poor survival following anticancer drug treatment, and increased recurrence. Furthermore, a higher level of PKC activation has been reported in cancer tissues compared to that in normal tissues. These data suggest that PKC isozymes represent potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer. This review summarizes the current knowledge and discusses the potential of PKC isozymes as biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Junichi Inokuchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Eto
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jeong-Hun Kang
- Division of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Shinmachi, Kishibe, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
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Diabetes and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A New Look at Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Role of Novel Antidiabetic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212409. [PMID: 34830295 PMCID: PMC8622770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data have demonstrated a significant association between the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation, the processes inherent to T2DM, also play active roles in the onset and progression of CRC. Recently, small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, a typical characteristic of diabetic dyslipidemia, emerged as another possible underlying link between T2DM and CRC. Growing evidence suggests that antidiabetic medications may have beneficial effects in CRC prevention. According to findings from a limited number of preclinical and clinical studies, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) could be a promising strategy in reducing the incidence of CRC in patients with diabetes. However, available findings are inconclusive, and further studies are required. In this review, novel evidence on molecular mechanisms linking T2DM with CRC development, progression, and survival will be discussed. In addition, the potential role of GLP-1RAs therapies in CRC prevention will also be evaluated.
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PRKCA Overexpression Is Frequent in Young Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients and Is Associated with Poor Prognosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092082. [PMID: 33923093 PMCID: PMC8123332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (OTSCCs) have an increasing incidence in young patients, and many have an aggressive course of disease. The objective of this study was to identify candidate prognostic protein markers associated with early-onset OTSCC. We performed an exploratory screening for differential protein expression in younger (≤45 years) versus older (>45 years) OTSCC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort (n = 97). Expression of candidate markers was then validated in an independent Austrian OTSCC patient group (n = 34) by immunohistochemistry. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates were computed, and genomic and mRNA enrichment in silico analyses were performed. Overexpression of protein kinase C alpha (PRKCA) was significantly more frequent among young patients of both the TCGA (p = 0.0001) and the Austrian cohort (p = 0.02), associated with a negative anamnesis for alcohol consumption (p = 0.009) and tobacco smoking (p = 0.02) and poorer overall survival (univariate p = 0.02, multivariate p< 0.01). Within the young subgroup, both overall and disease-free survival were significantly decreased in patients with PRKCA overexpression (both p < 0.001). TCGA mRNA enrichment analysis revealed 332 mRNAs with significant differential expression in PRKCA-upregulated versus PRKCA-downregulated OTSCC (all FDR ≤ 0.01). Our findings suggest that PRKCA overexpression may be a hallmark of a novel molecular subtype of early-onset alcohol- and tobacco-negative high-risk OTSCC. Further analysis of the molecular PRKCA interactome may decipher the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis and clinicopathological behavior of PRKCA-overexpressing OTSCC.
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Protein Kinase C Alpha (PKCα) overexpression leads to a better response to retinoid acid therapy through Retinoic Acid Receptor Beta (RARβ) activation in mammary cancer cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3241-3253. [PMID: 32865619 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Retinoids have proved to be effective for hematologic malignancies treatment but till nowadays, their use as single agent for the solid tumor's management is still controversial. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the main active metabolite of vitamin A, exerts non-genomic interactions with different members of the protein kinase C (PKC) family, recognized modulators of different tumor progression pathways. To determine whether a group of patients could become benefited employing a retinoid therapy, in this study we have evaluated whether PKCα expression (a poor prognosis marker in breast cancer) could sensitizes mammary cells to ATRA treatment. METHODS PKCα overexpression was achieved by stable transfection and confirmed by western blot. Transfected PKC functionality was determined by nuclear translocation-induction and confocal microscopy. In vitro proliferation was evaluated by cell counting and cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometry. In vivo studies were performed to evaluate orthotopic tumor growth and experimental lung colonization. Retinoic acid response elements (RARE) and AP1 sites-dependent activity was studied by gene reporter assays and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) were measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Our findings suggest that high PKCα levels improve the differentiation response to ATRA in a RAR signaling-dependent manner. Moreover, RARβ expression appears to be critical to induce ATRA sensitization, throughout AP1 trans-repression. CONCLUSION Here we propose that retinoids could lead a highly personalized anticancer treatment, bringing benefits to patients with aggressive breast tumors resulting from high PKCα expression but, an adequate expression of the RARβ receptor is required to ensure the effect on this process.
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Construction of Protein-related Risk Score Model in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7147824. [PMID: 32802870 PMCID: PMC7421160 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7147824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Though there are several prognostic models, there is no protein-related prognostic model. The aim of this study is to identify possible prognostic-related proteins in bladder urothelial carcinoma and to try to predict the prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma based on these proteins. Methods Profile data and corresponding clinical traits were obtained from The Cancer Proteome Atlas (TCPA) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) expression. Survival-associated protein in bladder urothelial carcinoma patients were estimated with Kaplan-Meier (KM) test and COX regression analysis. The potential molecular mechanisms and properties of these bladder urothelial carcinoma-specific proteins were also explored with the help of computational skills. The risk score model was validated in different clinical traits. Sankey diagram representation is for protein correlation. A new prognostic-related risk model based on proteins was developed by using multivariable COX analysis. Next, the alteration of the corresponding genes to the 6 prognostic-related proteins was analyzed. Finally, the relation between the corresponding genes and the immune infiltration was analyzed using the TIMER. Results Six proteins were identified to be associated with the prognosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma. A prognostic signature based on proteins (BECLIN, EGFR, PKCALPHA, SRC, ANNEXIN1, and AXL) performed moderately in prognostic predictions. The alteration of corresponding genes was in 31(24%) sequenced cases. ANXA1, AXL, and EGFR were positively related to CD8+ T cell. Conclusion Our results screened six proteins of clinical significance. The importance of a personalized protein signature model in the recognition, surveillance. The abnormal expression of six prognostic-related proteins may be caused by corresponding gene alteration. Furthermore, these proteins may affect survival via the immune infiltration.
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Unruh D, Horbinski C. Beyond thrombosis: the impact of tissue factor signaling in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32665005 PMCID: PMC7362520 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00932-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade, though its effects extend well beyond hemostasis. When TF binds to Factor VII, the resulting TF:FVIIa complex can proteolytically cleave transmembrane G protein-coupled protease-activated receptors (PARs). In addition to activating PARs, TF:FVIIa complex can also activate receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins. These signaling pathways are utilized by tumors to increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and cancer stem-like cell maintenance. Herein, we review in detail the regulation of TF expression, mechanisms of TF signaling, their pathological consequences, and how it is being targeted in experimental cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusten Unruh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Craig Horbinski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior St, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Madkhali Y, Featherby S, Collier ME, Maraveyas A, Greenman J, Ettelaie C. The Ratio of Factor VIIa:Tissue Factor Content within Microvesicles Determines the Differential Influence on Endothelial Cells. TH OPEN 2019; 3:e132-e145. [PMID: 31259295 PMCID: PMC6598090 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)-positive microvesicles from various sources can promote cellular proliferation or alternatively induce apoptosis, but the determining factors are unknown. In this study the hypothesis that the ratio of fVIIa:TF within microvesicles determines this outcome was examined. Microvesicles were isolated from HepG2, BxPC-3, 786-O, MDA-MB-231, and MCF-7 cell lines and microvesicle-associated fVIIa and TF antigen and activity levels were measured. Human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) were incubated with these purified microvesicles, or with combinations of fVIIa-recombinant TF, and cell proliferation/apoptosis was measured. Additionally, by expressing mCherry-PAR2 on HCAEC surface, PAR2 activation was quantified. Finally, the activation of PAR2 on HCAEC or the activities of TF and fVIIa in microvesicles were blocked prior to addition of microvesicles to cells. The purified microvesicles exhibited a range of fVIIa:TF ratios with HepG2 and 786-O cells having the highest (54:1) and lowest (10:1) ratios, respectively. The reversal from proapoptotic to proliferative was estimated to occur at a fVIIa:TF molar ratio of 15:1, but HCAEC could not be rescued at higher TF concentrations. The purified microvesicles induced HCAEC proliferation or apoptosis according to this ruling. Blocking PAR2 activation on HCAEC, or inhibiting fVIIa or TF-procoagulant function on microvesicles prevented the influence on HCAEC. Finally, incubation of HCAEC with recombinant TF resulted in increased surface exposure of fVII. The induction of cell proliferation or apoptosis by TF-positive microvesicles is dependent on the ratio of fVIIa:TF and involves the activation of PAR2. At lower TF concentrations, fVIIa can counteract the proapoptotic stimulus and induce proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom.,Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, KSA, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sophie Featherby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Collier
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Maraveyas
- Division of Cancer-Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - John Greenman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Camille Ettelaie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
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Martín MJ, Gigola G, Zwenger A, Carriquiriborde M, Gentil F, Gentili C. Potential therapeutic targets for growth arrest of colorectal cancer cells exposed to PTHrP. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 478:32-44. [PMID: 30009852 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although PTHrP is implicated in several cancers, its role in chemoresistance is not fully elucidated. We found that in CRC cells, PTHrP exerts proliferative and protective effects and induces cell migration. The aim of this work was to further study the effects of PTHrP in CRC cells. Herein we evidenced, for the first time, that PTHrP induces resistance to CPT-11 in Caco-2 and HCT116 cells; although both cell lines responded to the drug through different molecular mechanisms, the chemoresistance by PTHrP in these models is mediated through ERK, which in turn is activated by PCK, Src and Akt. Moreover, continue administration of PTHrP in nude mice xenografts increased the protein levels of this MAPK and of other markers related to tumorigenic events. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms leading to ERK 1/2 activation and the study of ERK targets may facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Martín
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Dept. Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Graciela Gigola
- Dept. Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ariel Zwenger
- Dept. de Oncología, Hospital Provincial de Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina
| | | | - Florencia Gentil
- Fac. de Cs. Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudia Gentili
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Dept. Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Islam SMA, Patel R, Bommareddy RR, Khalid KM, Acevedo-Duncan M. The modulation of actin dynamics via atypical Protein Kinase-C activated Cofilin regulates metastasis of colorectal cancer cells. Cell Adh Migr 2018; 13:106-120. [PMID: 30417717 PMCID: PMC6527392 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2018.1546513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the United States. The exact mechanism of CRC cells metastasis is poorly understood. Actin polymerization is thought to be an initial step in the cancer cell motility cycle which drives the formation of cell protrusions and defines the direction of migration. Cofilin, a significant actin-regulating molecule, regulates the migration of cancer cells by the formation of lamellipodia and filopodia, however, little is known about the upstream regulation of cofilin. In this study, the effect of atypical Protein Kinase C (atypical PKC) on Cofilin activity in CRC was studied. This study demonstrates that the atypical PKC inhibition impedes the metastasis of CRC cells by increasing phospho-Cofilin (S3) and changing actin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Anisul Islam
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Rekha Patel
- a Department of Chemistry , University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
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Burbury K, MacManus MP. The coagulome and the oncomir: impact of cancer-associated haemostatic dysregulation on the risk of metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:237-246. [PMID: 29492795 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at high risk of both thromboembolic and haemorrhagic events during the course of their disease. The pathogenesis of haemostatic dysfunction in cancer is complex and involves the interplay of multiple factors. There is growing evidence that interactions between malignancies and the coagulation system are not random but can represent coordinated and clinically-significant adaptations that enhance tumour cell survival, proliferation and metastatic potential. A detailed understanding of the interactions between the haemostatic systems and the pathophysiology of metastasis may not only provide insight into strategies that could potentially reduce the incidence of thrombohaemorrhagic events and complications, but could also help design strategies that are capable of modifying tumour biology, progression and metastatic potential in ways that could enhance anticancer therapies and thereby improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Burbury
- Departments of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, A'Beckett Street, Locked Bag 1, Melbourne, VIC, 8006, Australia. .,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Dowling CM, Phelan J, Callender JA, Cathcart MC, Mehigan B, McCormick P, Dalton T, Coffey JC, Newton AC, O'Sullivan J, Kiely PA. Protein kinase C beta II suppresses colorectal cancer by regulating IGF-1 mediated cell survival. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20919-33. [PMID: 26989024 PMCID: PMC4991501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, cancer therapies directed at the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases have failed in clinical trials. These therapies have been directed at inhibiting PKC and have, in some cases, worsened disease outcome. Here we examine colon cancer patients and show not only that PKC Beta II is a tumour suppressor, but patients with low levels of this isozyme have significantly decreased disease free survival. Specifically, analysis of gene expression levels of all PKC genes in matched normal and cancer tissue samples from colon cancer patients revealed a striking down-regulation of the gene coding PKC Beta in the cancer tissue (n = 21). Tissue microarray analysis revealed a dramatic down-regulation of PKC Beta II protein levels in both the epithelial and stromal diseased tissue (n = 166). Of clinical significance, low levels of the protein in the normal tissue of patients is associated with a low (10%) 10 year survival compared with a much higher (60%) survival in patients with relatively high levels of the protein. Consistent with PKC Beta II levels protecting against colon cancer, overexpression of PKC Beta II in colon cancer cell lines reveals that PKC Beta II reverses transformation in cell based assays. Further to this, activation of PKC Beta II results in a dramatic downregulation of IGF-I-induced AKT, indicating a role for PKCs in regulating IGF-1 mediated cell survival. Thus, PKC Beta II is a tumour suppressor in colon cancer and low levels serve as a predictor for poor survival outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catríona M Dowling
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - James Phelan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julia A Callender
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tara Dalton
- Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - John C Coffey
- 4i Centre for Interventions in Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick A Kiely
- Graduate Entry Medical School and Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Department of Life Sciences, and Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Stokes Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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15
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Ungefroren H, Witte D, Fiedler C, Gädeken T, Kaufmann R, Lehnert H, Gieseler F, Rauch BH. The Role of PAR2 in TGF-β1-Induced ERK Activation and Cell Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122776. [PMID: 29261154 PMCID: PMC5751374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, the expression of proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been shown to be essential for activin receptor-like kinase 5 (ALK5)/SMAD-mediated signaling and cell migration by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. However, it is not known whether activation of non-SMAD TGF-β signaling (e.g., RAS–RAF–MEK–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling) is required for cell migration and whether it is also dependent on PAR2. Methods: RNA interference was used to deplete cells of PAR2, followed by xCELLigence technology to measure cell migration, phospho-immunoblotting to assess ERK1/2 activation, and co-immunoprecipitation to detect a PAR2–ALK5 physical interaction. Results: Inhibition of ERK signaling with the MEK inhibitor U0126 blunted the ability of TGF-β1 to induce migration in pancreatic cancer Panc1 cells. ERK activation in response to PAR2 agonistic peptide (PAR2–AP) was strong and rapid, while it was moderate and delayed in response to TGF-β1. Basal and TGF-β1-dependent ERK, but not SMAD activation, was blocked by U0126 in Panc1 and other cell types indicating that ERK activation is downstream or independent of SMAD signaling. Moreover, cellular depletion of PAR2 in HaCaT cells strongly inhibited TGF-β1-induced ERK activation, while the biased PAR2 agonist GB88 at 10 and 100 µM potentiated TGF-β1-dependent ERK activation and cell migration. Finally, we provide evidence for a physical interaction between PAR2 and ALK5. Our data show that both PAR2–AP- and TGF-β1-induced cell migration depend on ERK activation, that PAR2 expression is crucial for TGF-β1-induced ERK activation, and that the functional cooperation of PAR2 and TGF-β1 involves a physical interaction between PAR2 and ALK5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Ungefroren
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - David Witte
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christian Fiedler
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gädeken
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Roland Kaufmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hendrik Lehnert
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Frank Gieseler
- First Department of Medicine, UKSH, Campus Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Bernhard H Rauch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Department of General Pharmacology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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16
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Huang KT, Kuo IY, Tsai MC, Wu CH, Hsu LW, Chen LY, Kung CP, Cheng YF, Goto S, Chou YW, Chen CL, Lin CC, Chen KD. Factor VII-Induced MicroRNA-135a Inhibits Autophagy and Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:274-283. [PMID: 29246306 PMCID: PMC5675721 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive malignancies worldwide. Treatment outcomes remain poor mainly due to lack of good diagnostic/prognostic markers and limited therapeutic strategies. We previously characterized aberrant activation of the TF/FVII/PAR2 pathway, which subsequently results in decreased autophagy, as a crucial event in malignant progression of HCC. Here, we identified miR-135a as a highly upregulated miRNA in HCC in response to TF/FVII/PAR2 activation. Analyzing 103 HCC patient specimens, we confirmed that miR-135a was frequently elevated in HCC tissues with higher FVII expression compared to adjacent non-cancerous counterparts. Increased miR-135a levels in HCC were also associated with tumor staging, recurrence, microvascular invasion, and decreased disease-free survival. We subsequently identified Atg14, a key component that regulates the formation of autophagosome as a direct target of miR-135a. Ectopic expression of miR-135a suppressed Atg14 levels and inhibited the autophagic processes. Our results indicate strong positive correlations between miR-135a levels and malignant behaviors in HCC patients and also suggest novel functions of miR-135a in regulation of autophagy, which could be useful as a potential target for prognostic and therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Tzu Huang
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - I-Ying Kuo
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chao Tsai
- Division of Hepato-gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsien Wu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Pin Kung
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Cheng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shigeru Goto
- Fukuoka Institute of Occupational Health, Fukuoka 815-0081, Japan
| | - Yu-Wei Chou
- Tissue Bank and BioBank, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Long Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Che Lin
- Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Den Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; Liver Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
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17
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Tzeng HT, Li TH, Tang YA, Tsai CH, Frank Lu PJ, Lai WW, Chiang CW, Wang YC. Phosphorylation of Rab37 by protein kinase C alpha inhibits the exocytosis function and metastasis suppression activity of Rab37. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108556-108570. [PMID: 29312551 PMCID: PMC5752464 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel Rab small GTPase protein, Rab37, which plays a critical role in regulating exocytosis of secreted glycoproteins, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) to suppress lung cancer metastasis. Patients with preserved Rab37 protein expression were associated with better prognosis. However, a significant number of the patients with preserved Rab37 expression showed poor survival. In addition, the molecular mechanism for the regulation of Rab37-mediated exocytosis remained to be further identified. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the dysregulation of Rab37-mediated exocytosis and metastasis suppression. Here, we report a novel mechanism for Rab37 inactivation by phosphorylation. Lung cancer patients with preserved Rab37, low TIMP1, and high PKCα expression profile correlate with worse progression-free survival examined by Kaplan-Meier survival, suggesting that PKCα overexpression leads to dysfunction of Rab37. This PKCα-Rab37-TIMP1 expression profile predicts the poor outcome by multivariate Cox regression analysis. We also show that Rab37 is phosphorylated by protein kinase Cα (PKCα) at threonine 172 (T172), leading to attenuation of its GTP-bound state, and impairment of the Rab37-mediated exocytosis of TIMP1, and thus reduces its suppression activity on lung cancer cell motility. We further demonstrate that PKCα reduces vesicle colocalization of Rab37 and TIMP1, and therefore inhibits Rab37-mediated TIMP1 trafficking. Moreover, Phospho-mimetic aspartate substitution mutant T172D of Rab37 significantly promotes tumor metastasis in vivo. Our findings reveal a novel regulation of Rab37 activity by PKCα-mediated phosphorylation which inhibits exocytic transport of TIMP1 and thereby enhances lung tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tai Tzeng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-An Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Chung-Han Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Frank Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Wei Lai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wu Chiang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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18
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Zhu M, Wang P, Feng F, Li MY. LRF inhibits p53 expression in colon cancer cells via modulating DAP5 activity. Cell Biochem Funct 2017; 35:401-406. [PMID: 28849590 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p53 protein plays a critical role in suppression of tumour growth; its regulation is not fully understood. Leukaemia/lymphoma-related factor (LRF) promotes tumour cell growth. This study tests a hypothesis that LRF inhibits p53 expression in colon cancer cells. In this study, human colon cancer cell lines, LIM1215 and HCT116 cells, were used. The expression of LRF and p53 in the cells was analysed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We observed that the expression of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) was detected in both LIM1215 and HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Activation of PAR2 increased the expression of LRF and inhibited the p53 expression in the cancer cells. We also detected a complex of LRF and DAP5, one of the p53 gene transcription factors. The interaction of LRF and DAP5 resulted in the repression of p53 expression in the colon cancer cells. In conclusion, PAR2 activation increases the expression of LRF in colon cancer cells, which interacts with DAP5 to repress the p53 expression. Leukaemia/lymphoma-related factor may be a novel target in the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Nan Lou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nan Lou Division, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Feng
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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19
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Dowling CM, Hayes SL, Phelan JJ, Cathcart MC, Finn SP, Mehigan B, McCormick P, Coffey JC, O'sullivan J, Kiely PA. Expression of protein kinase C gamma promotes cell migration in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72096-72107. [PMID: 29069771 PMCID: PMC5641114 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts, Protein Kinase Cs (PKCs) have proven to be an intractable target in cancer therapies. Traditionally it was accepted that PKCs act as tumour promoters, however new research suggests that PKCs may play an important role in the suppression of cancer. A challenge in targeting PKCs is the limited data available in patient samples. One of the PKC isozymes, PKC gamma, is thought to be present only in the brain and has been largely neglected in the context of cancer. Analysis of gene expression levels of PKC gamma in patient matched normal and colon cancer tissue samples revealed an up-regulation of the gene in the cancer tissue of 54% of the patients examined. Mechanistically we demonstrate that a reduction in the levels of PKC gamma in the colon cancer cells inhibits cell migration and foci formation. Further to this, we observe an increase in cell adhesion and proliferation following the reduction of PKC gamma levels in the cell. Thus, PKC gamma plays a key role in colon cancer; making it an important isozyme that needs to be reconsidered in the context of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catríona M Dowling
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Sheri L Hayes
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - James J Phelan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Clare Cathcart
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen P Finn
- Department of Histopathology, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - John C Coffey
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jacintha O'sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick A Kiely
- Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Health Research Institute University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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20
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Isakov N. Protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in cancer, tumor promotion and tumor suppression. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 48:36-52. [PMID: 28571764 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The AGC family of serine/threonine kinases (PKA, PKG, PKC) includes more than 60 members that are critical regulators of numerous cellular functions, including cell cycle and differentiation, morphogenesis, and cell survival and death. Mutation and/or dysregulation of AGC kinases can lead to malignant cell transformation and contribute to the pathogenesis of many human diseases. Members of one subgroup of AGC kinases, the protein kinase C (PKC), have been singled out as critical players in carcinogenesis, following their identification as the intracellular receptors of phorbol esters, which exhibit tumor-promoting activities. This observation attracted the attention of researchers worldwide and led to intense investigations on the role of PKC in cell transformation and the potential use of PKC as therapeutic drug targets in cancer diseases. Studies demonstrated that many cancers had altered expression and/or mutation of specific PKC genes. However, the causal relationships between the changes in PKC gene expression and/or mutation and the direct cause of cancer remain elusive. Independent studies in normal cells demonstrated that activation of PKC is essential for the induction of cell activation and proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. Based on these observations and the general assumption that PKC isoforms play a positive role in cell transformation and/or cancer progression, many PKC inhibitors have entered clinical trials but the numerous attempts to target PKC in cancer has so far yielded only very limited success. More recent studies demonstrated that PKC function as tumor suppressors, and suggested that future clinical efforts should focus on restoring, rather than inhibiting, PKC activity. The present manuscript provides some historical perspectives on the tumor promoting function of PKC, reviewing some of the observations linking PKC to cancer progression, and discusses the role of PKC in the pathogenesis of cancer diseases and its potential usage as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Isakov
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and the Cancer Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel.
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21
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Interacting post-muscarinic receptor signaling pathways potentiate matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression and invasion of human colon cancer cells. Biochem J 2017; 474:647-665. [PMID: 28008134 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) expression is increased in colon cancer; M3R activation stimulates colon cancer cell invasion via cross-talk with epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), post-EGFR activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and induction of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) expression. MMP1 expression is strongly associated with tumor metastasis and adverse outcomes. Here, we asked whether other MAPKs regulate M3R agonist-induced MMP1 expression. In addition to activating ERK1/2, we found that treating colon cancer cells with acetylcholine (ACh) stimulated robust time- and dose-dependent phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Unlike ERK1/2 activation, ACh-induced p38 phosphorylation was EGFR-independent and blocked by inhibiting protein kinase C-α (PKC-α). Inhibiting activation of PKC-α, EGFR, ERK1/2, or p38-α/β alone attenuated, but did not abolish ACh-induced MMP1 expression, a finding that predicted potentiating interactions between these pathways. Indeed, ACh-induced MMP1 expression was abolished by incubating cells with either an EGFR or MEK/ERK1/2 inhibitor combined with a p38-α/β inhibitor. Activating PKC-α and EGFR directly with the combination of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and EGF potentiated MMP1 gene and protein expression, and cell invasion. PMA- and ACh-induced MMP1 expression were strongly diminished by inhibiting Src and abolished by concurrently inhibiting both p38-α/β and Src, indicating that Src mediates the cross-talk between PKC-α and EGFR signaling. Using siRNA knockdown, we identified p38-α as the relevant p38 isoform. Collectively, these studies uncover novel functional interactions between post-muscarinic receptor signaling pathways that augment MMP1 expression and drive colon cancer cell invasion; targeting these potentiating interactions has therapeutic potential.
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22
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Shahbazi S, Khorasani M, Mahdian R. Gene expression profile of FVII and AR in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:353-358. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Shahbazi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khorasani
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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23
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Maurya AK, Vinayak M. PI-103 attenuates PI3K-AKT signaling and induces apoptosis in murineT-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:1153-1161. [PMID: 27658642 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1225207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of PI3K-AKT signaling in many pathological conditions including cancer has attracted much of interest for drug targeting. Various isoforms are known from three classes of PI3K. Targeting selective isoform is advantageous to overcome the global deleterious effects of drug. PI-103 is a specific inhibitor of p110α of class I PI3K. The present study is aimed to analyze anti-carcinogenic activity of PI-103 in Dalton's lymphoma ascite (DLA) cells. Result shows regression in cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in terms of increased Annexin V binding, nuclear fragmentation and active caspase 3 level. It is correlated with attenuation of PI3K-AKT signaling by PI-103 via downregulation of the level of p110α, phospho-p85α, phospho- AKT, and PKCα in DLA cells as well as in H2O2 induced DLA cells. Additionally, ROS accumulation is declined in H2O2 induced DLA cells. Overall result suggests that PI-103 attenuates PI3K-AKT signaling via induction of apoptosis in murine T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhilendra Kumar Maurya
- a Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Manjula Vinayak
- a Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
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24
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Stahn S, Thelen L, Albrecht IM, Bitzer J, Henkel T, Teusch NE. Teleocidin A2 inhibits human proteinase-activated receptor 2 signaling in tumor cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00230. [PMID: 28116092 PMCID: PMC5242168 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhanced expression of the proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is linked to cell proliferation and migration in many cancer cell types. The role of PAR2 in cancer progression strongly illustrates the need for PAR2‐inhibiting compounds. However, to date, potent and selective PAR2 antagonists have not been reported. The natural product teleocidin A2 was characterized against PAR2‐activating peptide SLIGKV‐NH2, and trypsin‐induced PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in tumor and in primary endothelial or epithelial cells. Further biochemical and cell‐based studies were conducted to evaluate teleocidin specificity. The antagonizing effect of teleocidin A2 was confirmed in PAR2‐dependent cell migration and rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton of human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MDA‐MB 231) breast cancer cells. Teleocidin A2 antagonizes PAR2‐dependent intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by either SLIGKV‐NH2 or trypsin with IC50 values from 15 to 25 nmol/L in MDA‐MB 231, lung carcinoma cell line, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell. Half maximal inhibition of either PAR1 or P2Y receptor‐dependent Ca2+ release is only achieved with 10‐ to 20‐fold higher concentrations of teleocidin A2. In low nanomolar concentrations, teleocidin A2 reverses both SLIGKV‐NH2 and trypsin‐mediated PAR2‐dependent migration of MDA‐MB 231 cells, and has no effect itself on cell migration and no effect on cell viability. Teleocidin A2 further controls PAR2‐induced actin cytoskeleton rearrangement of MDA‐MB 231 cells. Thus, for the first time, the small molecule natural product teleocidin A2 exhibiting PAR2 antagonism in the low nanomolar range with potent antimigratory activity is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Stahn
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Lisa Thelen
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | - Ina-Maria Albrecht
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Elisabeth Teusch
- Bio-Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences Cologne University of Applied Sciences Chem Park Leverkusen Leverkusen Germany
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Sun Z, Cao B, Wu J. Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances renal cell carcinoma cell invasion and migration via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Vaškovičová K, Szabadosová E, Čermák V, Gandalovičová A, Kasalová L, Rösel D, Brábek J. PKCα promotes the mesenchymal to amoeboid transition and increases cancer cell invasiveness. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:326. [PMID: 25924946 PMCID: PMC4423130 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The local invasion of tumor cells into the surrounding tissue is the first and most critical step of the metastatic cascade. Cells can invade either collectively, or individually. Individual cancer cell invasion can occur in the mesenchymal or amoeboid mode, which are mutually interchangeable. This plasticity of individual cancer cell invasiveness may represent an escape mechanism for invading cancer cells from anti-metastatic treatment. Methods To identify new signaling proteins involved in the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness, we performed proteomic analysis of the amoeboid to mesenchymal transition with A375m2 melanoma cells in a 3D Matrigel matrix. Results In this screen we identified PKCα as an important protein for the maintenance of amoeboid morphology. We found that the activation of PKCα resulted in the mesenchymal-amoeboid transition of mesenchymal K2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Consistently, PKCα inhibition led to the amoeboid-mesenchymal transition of amoeboid A375m2 cells. Next, we showed that PKCα inhibition resulted in a considerable decrease in the invading abilities of all analyzed cancer cell lines. Conclusions Our results suggest that PKCα is an important protein for maintenance of the amoeboid morphology of cancer cells, and that downregulation of PKCα results in the amoeboid to mesenchymal transition. Our data also suggest that PKCα is important for both mesenchymal and amoeboid invasiveness, making it an attractive target for anti-metastatic therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1347-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Vaškovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Current affiliation: Microscopy Unit, Institute of Experimental Medicine, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Emilia Szabadosová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Čermák
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Aneta Gandalovičová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Kasalová
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Invasion, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Antal CE, Hudson AM, Kang E, Zanca C, Wirth C, Stephenson NL, Trotter EW, Gallegos LL, Miller CJ, Furnari FB, Hunter T, Brognard J, Newton AC. Cancer-associated protein kinase C mutations reveal kinase's role as tumor suppressor. Cell 2015; 160:489-502. [PMID: 25619690 PMCID: PMC4313737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have remained elusive cancer targets despite the unambiguous tumor promoting function of their potent ligands, phorbol esters, and the prevalence of their mutations. We analyzed 8% of PKC mutations identified in human cancers and found that, surprisingly, most were loss of function and none were activating. Loss-of-function mutations occurred in all PKC subgroups and impeded second-messenger binding, phosphorylation, or catalysis. Correction of a loss-of-function PKCβ mutation by CRISPR-mediated genome editing in a patient-derived colon cancer cell line suppressed anchorage-independent growth and reduced tumor growth in a xenograft model. Hemizygous deletion promoted anchorage-independent growth, revealing that PKCβ is haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. Several mutations were dominant negative, suppressing global PKC signaling output, and bioinformatic analysis suggested that PKC mutations cooperate with co-occurring mutations in cancer drivers. These data establish that PKC isozymes generally function as tumor suppressors, indicating that therapies should focus on restoring, not inhibiting, PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Hudson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Emily Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Wirth
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Natalie L Stephenson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Eleanor W Trotter
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Lisa L Gallegos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Crispin J Miller
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Lin ZM, Zhao JX, Duan XN, Zhang LB, Ye JM, Xu L, Liu YH. Effects of tissue factor, PAR-2 and MMP-9 expression on human breast cancer cell line MCF-7 invasion. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:643-6. [PMID: 24568471 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the expression of tissue factor (TF), protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and influence on invasiveness. METHODS Stable MCF-7 cells transfected with TF cDNA and with TF ShRNA were established. TF, PAR-2, and MMP-9 protein expression was analyzed using indirect immunofluorescence and invasiveness was evaluated using a cell invasion test. Effects of an exogenous PAR-2 agonist were also examined. RESULTS TF protein expression significantly differed between the TF cDNA and TF ShRNA groups. MMP-9 protein expression was significantly correlated with TF protein expression, but PAR-2 protein expression was unaffected. The PAR- 2 agonist significantly enhanced MMP-9 expression and slightly increased TF and PAR-2 expression in the TF ShRNA group, but did not significantly affect protein expression in MCF-7 cells transfected with TF cDNA. TF and MMP-9 expression was positively correlated with the invasiveness of tumor cells. CONCLUSION TF, PAR-2, and MMP-9 affect invasiveness of MCF-7 cells. TF may increase MMP-9 expression by activating PAR-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Mao Lin
- Breast Disease Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China E-mail :
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29
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Kularathna PK, Pagel CN, Mackie EJ. Tumour progression and cancer-induced pain: a role for protease-activated receptor-2? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 57:149-56. [PMID: 25448411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of proteases in modifying the microenvironment of tumour cells has long been recognised. With the discovery of the protease-activated receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors a mechanism for cells to sense and respond directly to proteases in their microenvironment was revealed. Many early studies described the roles of protease-activated receptors in the cellular events that occur during blood coagulation and inflammation. More recently, studies have begun to focus on the roles of protease-activated receptors in the establishment, progression and metastasis of a variety of tumours. This review will focus on the expression of protease-activated receptor-2 and its activators by normal and neoplastic tissues, and describe current evidence that activation of protease-activated receptor-2 is an important event at multiple stages of tumour progression and in pain associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamuditha K Kularathna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles N Pagel
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eleanor J Mackie
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Wu Y, Wang J, Zhou H, Yu X, Hu L, Meng F, Jiang S. Effects of calcium signaling on coagulation factor VIIa-induced proliferation and migration of the SW620 colon cancer cell line. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3021-6. [PMID: 25323578 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)/VIIa/protease‑activated receptor 2 (PAR2) has been shown to trigger the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This was shown to be closely associated with the proliferation and migration of SW620 colon cancer cells; however, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the effects of calcium signaling on the proliferation and migration of SW620 cells induced by coagulation factor VIIa. The results demonstrated that VIIa and PAR2 agonist PAR2‑AP increased [Ca2+]i in SW620 cells. In addition, VIIa‑and PAR2‑AP‑induced ERK1/2 activation was inhibited by thapsigargin (TG)‑induced depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores and EGTA‑mediated removal of extracellular Ca2+. It was also identified that VIIa and PAR2‑AP‑induced proliferation and migration of SW620 cells was modulated by EGTA and TG. Taken together, the present results indicate that VIIa triggers calcium signaling in SW620 cells, in a TF‑dependent manner, which is critical for VIIa‑induced ERK1/2 activation in SW620 cells. These results suggested that calcium signaling had a vital role in the proliferation and migration of SW620 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Hematology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Lichao Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Hematology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Fanlu Meng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghong Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Han X, Guo B, Li Y, Zhu B. Tissue factor in tumor microenvironment: a systematic review. J Hematol Oncol 2014; 7:54. [PMID: 25084809 PMCID: PMC4237870 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-014-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aberrant hemostasis is a common manifestation of cancer, and venous thromboembolism (VTE) is the second leading cause of cancer patients’ mortality. Tissue factor (TF), comprising of a 47-kDa transmembrane protein that presents in subendothelial tissues and leukocytes and a soluble isoform, have distinct roles in the initiation of extrinsic coagulation cascade and thrombosis. Laboratory and clinical evidence showed the deviant expression of TF in several cancer systems and its tumor-promoting effects. TF contributes to myeloid cell recruitment in tumor stroma, thereby remodeling of tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the number of TF-positive-microparticles (TF+MP) from tumor origins correlates with the VTE rates in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the TF regulation and roles in tumor progression and clinical complications.
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases, which can be further classified into three PKC isozymes subfamilies: conventional or classic, novel or nonclassic, and atypical. PKC isozymes are known to be involved in cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Because of their key roles in cell signaling, PKC isozymes also have the potential to be promising therapeutic targets for several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic disorders, and multiple types of cancer. This review primarily focuses on the activation, mechanism, and function of PKC isozymes during cancer development and progression.
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Liu J, Kong CZ, Gong DX, Zhang Z, Zhu YY. PKC α regulates netrin-1/UNC5B-mediated survival pathway in bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:93. [PMID: 24528886 PMCID: PMC3937025 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5B play important roles in angiogenesis, embryonic development, cancer and inflammation. However, their expression patttern and biological roles in bladder cancer have not been well characterized. The present study aims to investigating the clinical significance of PKC α, netrin-1 and UNC5B in bladder cancer as well as their association with malignant biological behavior of cancer cells. METHODS Netrin-1 and UNC5B expression was examined in 120 bladder cancer specimens using immunohistochemistry and in 40 fresh cancer tissues by western blot. Immunofluorescence was performed in cancer cell lines. PKC α agonist PMA and PKC siRNA was employed in bladder cancer cells. CCK-8, wound healing assays and flow cytometry analysis were used to examine cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle, respectively. RESULTS Netrin-1 expression was positively correlated with histological grade, T stage, metastasis and poor prognosis in bladder cancer tissues. Immunofluorescence showed elevated netrin-1 and decreased UNC5B expression in bladder cancer cells compared with normal bladder cell line. Furthermore, cell proliferation, migration and cell cycle progression were promoted with PMA treatment while inhibited by calphostin C. In addition, PMA treatment could induce while calphostin C reduce netrin-1 expression in bladder cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study identified netrin-1/UNC5B, which could be regulated by PKC signaling, was important mediators of bladder cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chui-ze Kong
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China.
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DcR3 regulates the growth and metastatic potential of SW480 colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2741-8. [PMID: 24101127 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is considered to have anti‑apoptotic and pro-metastatic functions, suggesting it might be a therapeutic target. We examined the role and mechanisms of DcR3 on growth and the metastatic ability of SW480 colon cancer cells to provide therapeutic information for targeting DcR3 by RNA interference (RNAi) technology. Growth and the metastatic ability were inhibited, apoptosis was induced and cell cycle profile was changed after decreasing DcR3 expression, with lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression. Our results implied the therapeutic potential of silencing DcR3 expression by RNAi in colon cancer.
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Yau MK, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Toward drugs for protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2013; 56:7477-97. [PMID: 23895492 DOI: 10.1021/jm400638v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Kwan Yau
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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TF/FVIIa/PAR2 promotes cell proliferation and migration via PKCα and ERK-dependent c-Jun/AP-1 pathway in colon cancer cell line SW620. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:2573-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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