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Hsu SC, Wu NP, Lu YC, Ma YH. Laminin Receptor-Mediated Nanoparticle Uptake by Tumor Cells: Interplay of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Magnetic Force at Nano–Bio Interface. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081523. [PMID: 35893779 PMCID: PMC9330565 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major tea catechin, enhances cellular uptake of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), but the mechanism remains unclear. Since EGCG may interact with the 67-kDa laminin receptor (67LR) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), we investigate whether a receptor and its downstream signaling may mediate EGCG’s enhancement effects on nanoparticle uptake. As measured using a colorimetric iron assay, EGCG induced a concentration-dependent enhancement effect of MNP internalization by LN-229 glioma cells, which was synergistically enhanced by the application of a magnetic field. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that EGCG increased the number, but not the size, of internalized vesicles, whereas EGCG and the magnet synergistically increased the size of vesicles. EGCG appears to enhance particle–particle interaction and thus aggregation following a 5-min magnet application. An antibody against 67LR, knockdown of 67LR, and a 67LR peptide (amino acid 161–170 of 67LR) attenuated EGCG-induced MNP uptake by 35%, 100%, and 45%, respectively, suggesting a crucial role of 67LR in the effects of EGCG. Heparin, the 67LR-binding glycosaminoglycan, attenuated EGCG-induced MNP uptake in the absence, but not presence, of the magnet. Such enhancement effects of EGCG were attenuated by LY294002 (a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor) and Akt inhibitor, but not by agents affecting cGMP levels, suggesting potential involvement of signaling downstream of 67LR. In contrast, the antibody against EGFR exerted no effect on EGCG-enhanced internalization. These results suggest that 67LR may be potentially amenable to tumor-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Master Program in Biotechnology Industry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Nian-Ping Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Ching Lu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
| | - Yunn-Hwa Ma
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Guishan, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Li N, Zhang X, Zhou J, Li W, Shu X, Wu Y, Long M. Multiscale biomechanics and mechanotransduction from liver fibrosis to cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114448. [PMID: 35820602 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of multiscale biomechanical studies has been proposed to highlight the mechanical cues in the development of hepatic fibrosis and cancer. At the cellular level, changes in mechanical microenvironment induce phenotypic and functional alterations of hepatic cells, initiating a positive feedback loop that promotes liver fibrogenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Tumor mechanical microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma facilitates tumor cell growth and metastasis, and hinders the drug delivery and immunotherapy. At the molecular level, mechanical forces are sensed and transmitted into hepatic cells via allosteric activation of mechanoreceptors on the cell membrane, leading to the activation of various mechanotransduction pathways including integrin and YAP signaling and then regulating cell function. Thus, the application of mechanomedicine concept in the treatment of liver diseases is promising for rational design and cell-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs. This review mainly discusses the correlation between biomechanical cues and liver diseases from the viewpoint of mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhou
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wang Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Shu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory), and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Engineering Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Ma J, Wang B, Shao H, Zhang S, Chen X, Li F, Liang W. Hydrogels for localized chemotherapy of liver cancer: a possible strategy for improved and safe liver cancer treatment. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1457-1476. [PMID: 35532174 PMCID: PMC9090357 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2070299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic drug has historically been preferred for the treatment of the majority of pathological conditions, particularly liver cancer. Indeed, this mode of treatment is associated with adverse reactions, toxicity, off-target accumulation, and rapid hepatic and renal clearance. Numerous efforts have been made to design systemic therapeutic carriers to improve retention while decreasing side effects and clearance. Following systemic medication, local administration of therapeutic agents allows for higher 'effective' doses with fewer side effects, kidney accumulation, and clearance. Hydrogels are highly biocompatible and can be used for both imaging and therapy. Hydrogel-based drug delivery approach has fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy and can deliver drugs to tumors for a longer time. The chemical and physical flexibility of hydrogels can be used to achieve disease-induced in situ accumulation as well as subsequent drug release and hydrogel-programmed degradation. Moreover, they can act as a biocompatible depot for localized chemotherapy when stimuli-responsive carriers are administrated. Herein, we summarize the design strategies of various hydrogels used for localized chemotherapy of liver cancer and their delivery routes, as well as recent research on smart hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Ma
- Department of General Practice, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Bingzhu Wang
- Internal Medicine of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Haibin Shao
- Internal Medicine of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Songou Zhang
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Xiaozhen Chen
- College of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Feize Li
- Internal Medicine of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wenqing Liang
- Medical Research Center, Zhoushan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhoushan, China
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Speciale A, Muscarà C, Molonia MS, Cristani M, Cimino F, Saija A. Recent Advances in Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Functionalized Biomaterials for Liver Cancer-Targeting Therapy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27061775. [PMID: 35335138 PMCID: PMC8954912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the conventional therapies generally employed in patients with liver tumors. The major issue associated with the administration of chemotherapeutics is their high toxicity and lack of selectivity, leading to systemic toxicity that can be detrimental to the patient’s quality of life. An important approach to the development of original liver-targeted therapeutic products takes advantage of the employment of biologically active ligands able to bind specific receptors on the cytoplasmatic membranes of liver cells. In this perspective, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid present in roots and rhizomes of licorice, has been used as a ligand for targeting the liver due to the expression of GA receptors on the sinusoidal surface of mammalian hepatocytes, so it may be employed to modify drug delivery systems (DDSs) and obtain better liver or hepatocyte drug uptake and efficacy. In the current review, we focus on the most recent and interesting research advances in the development of GA-based hybrid compounds and DDSs developed for potential employment as efficacious therapeutic options for the treatment of hepatic cancer.
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Jindal M, Nagpal M, Singh M, Aggarwal G, Dhingra GA. Gold Nanoparticles- Boon in Cancer Theranostics. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 26:5134-5151. [PMID: 32611300 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701151403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is the world's second-largest cause of death, with an estimated 9.6 million fatalities in 2018. Malignant tumour (cancer) is caused by a mixture of genetic modifications due to the environmental variables that tend to activate or inactivate different genes, ultimately resulting in neoplastic transformations. Cancer is a multi-stage process that results from the conversion of the ordinary cells to tumour cells and progresses from a pre-cancer lesion to abnormal growth. METHODS Chemotherapy inhibits the ability of the cells to divide rapidly in an abnormal manner, but this treatment simultaneously affects the entire cellular network in the human body leading to cytotoxic effects. In this review article, the same issue has been addressed by discussing various aspects of the newer class of drugs in cancer therapeutics, i.e., Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) from metal nanoparticle (NP) class. RESULTS Metal NPs are advantageous over conventional chemotherapy as the adverse drug reactions are lesser. Additionally, ease of drug delivery, targeting and gene silencing are salient features of this treatment. Functionalized ligand-targeting metal NPs provide better energy deposition control in tumour. AuNPs are promising agents in the field of cancer treatment and are comprehensively studied as contrast agents, carriers of medicinal products, radiosensitizers and photothermal agents. For the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, AuNPs are used and also tend to enhance tumour imaging in vivo for a variety of cancer types and diseased organs. CONCLUSION The first part of the review focuses on various nano-carriers that are used for cancer therapy and deals with the progression of metal NPs in cancer therapy. The second part emphasizes the use of nanotechnology by considering the latest studies for diagnostic and therapeutic properties of AuNPs. AuNPs present the latest studies in the field of nanotechnology, which leads to the development of early-stage clinical trials. The next part of the review discusses the major features of five principal types of AuNPs: gold nanorods, gold nanoshells, gold nanospheres, gold nanocages, and gold nanostars that have their application in photothermal therapy (PTT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Jindal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Nagpal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Manjinder Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Geeta Aggarwal
- Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi-110017, India
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Kim J, Lee S, Na K. Glycyrrhetinic Acid-Modified Silicon Phthalocyanine for Liver Cancer-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2020; 22:811-822. [PMID: 33356155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To supplement shortcomings of existing treatments and enhance the therapeutic effect for liver cancer, a novel photosensitizer is designed using silicon phthalocyanine (SiPC) and a unique targeting moiety, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). The SiPC is modified with a hydrophilic polymer and finally bound with GA. The solubility, fluorescence, singlet oxygen generation, and UV-vis absorbance are analyzed, and receptor-dependent intracellular influx is estimated in various cell lines. Using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, intracellular fluorescence was detected in liver cancer because of GA receptor overexpression. To prove in vitro photodynamic therapeutic effects, the sample treated cells are irradiated and viability of liver cancer cells decreases in proportion to laser power. Then, it is confirmed that GA-modified SiPC effectively accumulated in liver cancer of HepG2 tumor-bearing mouse. Additionally, the PDT-combined therapeutic effect of GA-modified SiPC is observed in the tumor model and shown to have a tumor growth inhibition effect (60.36 times higher than the control group) and supported by histological analyses. These results demonstrate that the newly modified SiPC can be applied to liver cancer-specific treatment with high therapeutic efficacy. Consequently, novel SiPC has the potential to alter conventional liver cancer-targeted therapy and chemotherapy in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Kun Na
- Department of Biomedical-Chemical Engineering, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
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Chi X, Liu K, Luo X, Yin Z, Lin H, Gao J. Recent advances of nanomedicines for liver cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3747-3771. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02871d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights recent advancements in nanomedicines for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Chi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Zhongshan Hospital
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361004
- China
| | - Kun Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Xiangjie Luo
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- Zhongshan Hospital
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361004
- China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
| | - Jinhao Gao
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation
- The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and Department of Chemical Biology
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen 361005
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Gocheva G, Ivanova N, Iliev S, Petrova J, Madjarova G, Ivanova A. Characteristics of a Folate Receptor-α Anchored into a Multilipid Bilayer Obtained from Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 16:749-764. [PMID: 31639310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thorough computational description of the properties of membrane-anchored protein receptors, which are important for example in the context of active targeting drug delivery, may be achieved by models representing as close as possible the immediate environment of these macromolecules. An all-atom bilayer, including 35 different lipid types asymmetrically distributed among the two monolayers, is suggested as a model neoplastic cell membrane. One molecule of folate receptor-α (FRα) is anchored into its outer leaflet, and the behavior of the system is explored by atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. The total number of atoms in the model is ∼185 000. Three 1-μs-long simulations are carried out, where physiological conditions (310 K and 1 bar) are maintained with three different pressure scaling schemes. To evaluate the structure and the phase state of the membrane, the density profiles of the system, the average area per lipid, and the deuterium order parameter of the lipid tails are calculated. The bilayer is in liquid ordered state, and the specific arrangement varies between the three trajectories. The changes in the structure of FRα are investigated and are found time- and ensemble-dependent. The volume of the ligand binding pocket fluctuates with time, but this variation remains independent of the more global structural alterations. The latter are mostly "waving" motions of the protein, which periodically approaches and retreats from the membrane. The semi-isotropic pressure scaling perturbs the receptor most significantly, while the isotropic algorithm induces rather slow changes. Maintaining constant nonzero surface tension leads to behavior closest to the experimentally observed one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Gocheva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Nikoleta Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Stoyan Iliev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Jasmina Petrova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Galia Madjarova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Quantum and Computational Chemistry , Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" , 1 James Bourchier Boulevard , 1164 Sofia , Bulgaria
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10
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Gocheva G, Ivanova A. A Look at Receptor–Ligand Pairs for Active-Targeting Drug Delivery from Crystallographic and Molecular Dynamics Perspectives. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3293-3321. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gergana Gocheva
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Anela Ivanova
- Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, 1 James Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) are very attractive and versatile nanoparticles since they have a remarkable capacity to absorb and scatter light, convert optical energy into heat via nonradiative electron relaxation dynamics, and surface chemistries that can be capitalized upon so that the nanoparticles act as drug carriers. Au NPs have excellent stability and biocompatibility, tailorable shapes and sizes, an easily functionalized surface, high drug-loading capacity, and low toxicity. The properties of Au NPs can be leveraged to develop more precisely targeted and effective cancer therapeutics. Au NPs have been used to target delivery of chemotherapeutic agents, complement radiation and thermal therapy, and enhance contrast for in vivo imaging of the tumor in a variety of cancer types and diseased organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Connor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Ann-Marie Broome
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
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Mao B, Liu C, Zheng W, Li X, Ge R, Shen H, Guo X, Lian Q, Shen X, Li C. Cyclic cRGDfk peptide and Chlorin e6 functionalized silk fibroin nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery and photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2018; 161:306-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lu J, Wang J, Ling D. Surface Engineering of Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:1702037. [PMID: 29251419 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. There is a lack of efficient therapy for HCC; the only available first-line systemic drug, sorafenib, can merely improve the average survival by two months. Among the efforts to develop an efficient therapy for HCC, nanomedicine has drawn the most attention, owing to its unique features such as high drug-loading capacity, intrinsic anticancer activities, integrated diagnostic and therapeutic functionalities, and easy surface engineering with targeting ligands. Despite its tremendous advantages, no nanomedicine can be effective unless it successfully targets the tumor site, which is a challenging task. In this review, the features of HCC are described, and the physiological hurdles that prevent nanoparticles from targeting HCC are discussed. Then, the surface physicochemical factors of nanoparticles that can influence targeting efficiency are discussed. Finally, a thorough description of the physiological barriers that nanomedicine must conquer before uptake by HCC cells if possible is provided, as well as the surface engineering approaches to nanomedicine to achieve targeted delivery to HCC cells. The physiological hurdles and corresponding solutions summarized in this review provide a general guide for the rational design of HCC targeting nanomedicine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiong Lu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daishun Ling
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Dong H, Tian L, Gao M, Xu H, Zhang C, Lv L, Zhang J, Wang C, Tian Y, Ma X. Promising galactose-decorated biodegradable poloxamer 188-PLGA diblock copolymer nanoparticles of resibufogenin for enhancing liver cancer therapy. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:1302-1316. [PMID: 28895767 PMCID: PMC8240972 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1373165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the major diseases affecting human health. Modified drug delivery systems through the asialoglycoprotein receptor, which is highly expressed on the surface of hepatocytes, have become a research focus for the treatment of liver cancer. Resibufogenin (RBG) is a popular traditional Chinese medicine and natural anti-cancer drug that was isolated from Chansu, but its cardiotoxicity and hydrophobicity have limited its clinical applications. Galactosyl-succinyl-poloxamer 188 and galactosyl-succinyl-poloxamer 188-polylactide-co-glycolide (Gal-SP188–PLGA) were synthesized using galactose, P188, and PLGA to achieve active liver-targeting properties. RBG-loaded Gal-SP188–PLGA nanoparticles (RGPPNs) and coumarin-6-loaded Gal-SP188–PLGA nanoparticles (CGPPNs) were prepared. The in vitro cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis of nanoparticles in HepG2 cells were analyzed. The in vivo therapeutic effects of nanoparticles were assessed in a hepatocarcinogenic mouse model. The results showed that Gal-SP188–PLGA was successfully synthesized. The cellular uptake assay demonstrated that CGPPNs had superior active liver-targeting properties. The ratio of apoptotic cells was increased in the RGPPN group. In comparison to the other groups, RGPPNs showed superior in vivo therapeutic effects and anticancer efficacy. Thus, the active liver-targeting RGPPNs, which can enhance the pharmacological effects and decrease the toxicity of RBG, are expected to become a promising and effective treatment for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Li Tian
- b Department of Pharmaceutics , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Meng Gao
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Hong Xu
- c College of Basic Medical Sciences , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Chenghong Zhang
- c College of Basic Medical Sciences , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Li Lv
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Yan Tian
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- a College of Pharmacy , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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Koloskova OO, Nosova AS, Shchelik IS, Shilovskiy IP, Sebyakin YL, Khaitov MR. Liver-targeted delivery of nucleic acid by liposomes modified with a glycoconjugate. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Klungboonkrong V, Das D, McLennan G. Molecular Mechanisms and Targets of Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2017; 28:949-955. [PMID: 28416267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide. HCC develops through a multistep process that involves the local tumor microenvironment, intracellular signaling pathways, and altered metabolic system that allows the cancer proliferation. Understanding the mechanisms of tumor development and progression is critical to developing improved therapies aimed at better survival. This article reviews the molecular mechanisms of HCC development and highlights the potential therapeutic targets for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Klungboonkrong
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195; Department of Radiology, KhonKaen University, KhonKaen, Thailand
| | - Dola Das
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195
| | - Gordon McLennan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Imaging Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195.
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17
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Chen F, Zhang J, He Y, Fang X, Wang Y, Chen M. Glycyrrhetinic acid-decorated and reduction-sensitive micelles to enhance the bioavailability and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma efficacy of tanshinone IIA. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:167-82. [PMID: 26484363 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It remains a challenge to increase drug tumor-specific accumulation as well as to achieve intracellular-controlled drug release for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) chemotherapy. Herein, we developed a dual-functional biodegradable micellar system constituted by glycyrrhetinic acid coupling poly(ethylene glycol)-disulfide linkage-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (GA-PEG-SS-PLGA) to achieve both hepatoma-targeting and redox-responsive intracellular drug release. Tanshinone IIA (TAN IIA), an effective anti-HCC drug, was encapsulated. Notably, it exhibited rapid aggregation and faster drug release in 10 mM dithiothreitol compared with the redox-insensitive control. Furthermore, GA-decorated micelles revealed HCC-specific cellular uptake in human liver cancer HepG2 cells with an energy-dependent manner, in which micropinocytosis and caveolae-mediated endocytosis were demonstrated as the major cellular pathways. The enhanced cytotoxicity and pro-apoptotic effects against HepG2 cells in vitro were observed, mediated by up-regulation of the intracellular ROS level, the increased cell cycle arrest at S phase, enhanced necrocytosis and up-regulation of caspase 3/7, P38 protein expression. In addition, TAN IIA-loaded micelles had a significantly prolonged circulation time, improved bioavailability, and resulted in an increased accumulation of TAN IIA in the liver. With the synergistic effects of HCC-targeting and controlled drug release, TAN IIA-loaded GA-PEG-SS-PLGA micelles significantly inhibited tumor growth and increased survival time in a mouse HCC-xenograft model. Collectively, the GA-PEG-SS-PLGA micelles with HCC-targeting and redox-sensitive characters would provide a novel strategy to deliver TAN IIA effectively for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Yao He
- Pharmacy College, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiefan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yitao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China.
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18
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Fang XB, Xu YQ, Chan HF, Wang CM, Zheng Q, Xiao F, Chen MW. A Redox-Sensitive and RAGE-Targeting Nanocarrier for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3613-3625. [PMID: 27768322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Most current therapeutic agents lack the tumor-targeting efficiency and result in a nonselective biodistribution in the body. In our previous study, we identified a peptide Ala-Pro-Asp-Thr-Lys-Thr-Gln (APDTKTQ) that can selectively bind to the receptor of advanced glycation end-products (RAGE), an immunoglobulin superfamily cell surface molecule overexpressed during HCC malignant progression. Here, we report the design of a mixed micelles system modified with this peptide to target HCC cells. Specifically, we modified Pluronic F68 (F68) with APDTKTQ (F68-APDTKTQ), and we conjugated d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) by a disulfide linker (TPGS-S-S-PLGA). We mixed TPGS-S-S-PLGA and F68-APDTKTQ (TSP/FP) to form a micelle, followed by the loading of oridonin (ORI). The prepared micelles showed a homogeneously spherical shape without aggregation, triggered an increased cellular uptake, and induced apoptosis in more cells than did the free ORI. Taken together, these results demonstrate the potential of this APDTKTQ-modified ORI-loaded TSP/FP mixed micelle system as a promising strategy for HCC-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Ying-Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Hon-Fai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | | | | | - Mei-Wan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
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Witzigmann D, Quagliata L, Schenk SH, Quintavalle C, Terracciano LM, Huwyler J. Variable asialoglycoprotein receptor 1 expression in liver disease: Implications for therapeutic intervention. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:686-96. [PMID: 26422581 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM One of the most promising strategies for the treatment of liver diseases is targeted drug delivery via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR). The success of this approach heavily depends on the ASGPR expression level on parenchymal liver cells. In this study, we assessed the mRNA and protein expression levels of the major receptor subunit, ASGR1, in hepatocytes both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In vitro, various liver cancer-derived cell lines were evaluated. In vivo, we screened the ASGR1 mRNA on 59 hepatocellular carcinoma and matched non-neoplastic tissue using RNA microarray. In addition, 350 human liver specimens of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or non-neoplastic liver diseases were screened for ASGR1 protein level using tissue microarray analysis. RESULTS Our data reveal that the ASGR1 mRNA expression directly correlates with the protein level. We demonstrate that the ASGR1 expression is upregulated in cirrhotic specimens and is significantly decreased with increasing hepatocellular carcinoma grade. CONCLUSION Because the ASGR1 expression levels are variable between patients, our findings suggest that ASGPR-based targeting strategies should be combined with ASGPR-companion diagnostics to maximize clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Witzigmann
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luca Quagliata
- Institute of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Division, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susanne H Schenk
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Institute of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Division, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi M Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, Molecular Pathology Division, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Cai Y, Xu Y, Chan HF, Fang X, He C, Chen M. Glycyrrhetinic Acid Mediated Drug Delivery Carriers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:699-709. [PMID: 26808002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), the main hydrolysate of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the root of licorice, has been used in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapy. Particularly, GA as a ligand in HCC therapy has been widely explored in different drug delivery systems, including liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles. There is considerable interest worldwide with respect to the development of GA-modified drug delivery systems due to the extensive presence of GA receptors on the surface of hepatocyte. Up until now, much work has been focused on developing GA-modified drug delivery systems which bear good liver- or hepatocyte-targeted efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Owing to its contribution in overcoming the limitations of low lipophilicity and poor bioavailability as well as its ability to promote receptor-mediated endocytosis, GA-modified drug delivery systems play an important role in enhancing liver-targeting efficacy and thus are focused on the treatment of HCC. Moreover, since GA-modified delivery systems present more favorable pharmacokinetic properties and hepatocyte-targeting effects, they may be a promising formulation for GA in the treatment of HCC. In this review, we will give an overview of GA-modified novel drug delivery systems, paying attention to their efficacy in treating HCC and discussing their mechanism and the treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuee Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Yingqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York 10027, United States
| | - Xiaobin Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
| | - Meiwan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, China
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He Z, Shi Z, Sun W, Ma J, Xia J, Zhang X, Chen W, Huang J. Hemocompatibility of folic-acid-conjugated amphiphilic PEG-PLGA copolymer nanoparticles for co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel: treatment effects for non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7809-21. [PMID: 26695149 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used folic-acid-modified poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (FA-PEG-PLGA) to encapsulate cisplatin and paclitaxel (separately or together), and evaluated their antitumor effects against lung cancer; this study was conducted in order to investigate the antitumor effects of the co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by a targeted drug delivery system. Blood compatibility assays and complement activation tests revealed that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles did not induce blood hemolysis, blood clotting, or complement activation. The results also indicated that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles had no biotoxic effects, the drug delivery system allowed controlled release of the cargo molecules, and the co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel efficiently induces cancer cell apoptosis and cell cycle retardation. In addition, co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel showed the ability to suppress xenograft lung cancer growth and prolong the survival time of xenografted mice. These results implied that FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles can function as effective carriers of cisplatin and paclitaxel, and that co-delivery of cisplatin and paclitaxel by FA-PEG-PLGA nanoparticles results in more effective antitumor effects than the combination of free-drugs or single-drug-loaded nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelai He
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zengfang Shi
- Henan Polytechnic Institute, No 666, Kongming North Road, Nanyang Henan, 473000, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Junyong Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Wenjun Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jingwen Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Western Road, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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22
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Varshosaz J, Farzan M. Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of therapeutics and small interfering RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:12022-12041. [PMID: 26576089 PMCID: PMC4641122 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i42.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the 5th most common malignancy which is responsible for more than half million annual mortalities; also, it is the third leading cause of cancer related death. Unfavorable systemic side-effects of chemotherapeutic agents and susceptibility to the degradation of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can knock down a specific gene involved in the disease, have hampered their clinical application. So, it could be beneficial to develop an efficient carrier for the stabilization and specific delivery of drugs and siRNA to cells. Targeted nanoparticles have gained considerable attention as an efficient drug and gene delivery system, which is due to their capability in achieving the highest accumulation of cytotoxic agents in tumor tissue, modifiable drug pharmacokinetic- and bio-distribution, improved effectiveness of treatment, and limited side-effects. Recent studies have shed more light on the advantages of novel drug loaded carrier systems vs free drugs. Most of the animal studies have reported improvement in treatment efficacy and survival rate using novel carrier systems. Targeted delivery may be achieved passively or actively. In passive targeting, no ligand as homing device is used, while targeting is achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into a macromolecule or nanoparticle that passively reaches the target organ. However, in active targeting, the therapeutic agent or carrier system is conjugated to a tissue or cell-specific receptor which is over-expressed in a special malignancy using a ligand called a homing device. This review covers a broad spectrum of targeted nanoparticles as therapeutic and non-viral siRNA delivery systems, which are developed for enhanced cellular uptake and targeted gene silencing in vitro and in vivo and their characteristics and opportunities for the clinical applications of drugs and therapeutic siRNA are discussed in this article. Asialoglycoprotein receptors, low-density lipoprotein, ganglioside GM1 cell surface ligand, epidermal growth factor receptor receptors, monoclonal antibodies, retinoic acid receptors, integrin receptors targeted by Arg-Gly-Asp peptide, folate, and transferrin receptors are the most widely studied cell surface receptors which are used for the site specific delivery of drugs and siRNA-based therapeutics in HCC and discussed in detail in this article.
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23
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem. In human hepatocarcinogenesis, the balance between cell death and proliferation is deregulated, tipping the scales for a situation where antiapoptotic signals are overpowering the death-triggering stimuli. HCC cells harbor a wide variety of mutations that alter the regulation of apoptosis and hence the response to chemotherapeutical drugs, making them resistant to the proapoptotic signals. Considering all these modifications found in HCC cells, therapeutic approaches need to be carefully studied in order to specifically target the antiapoptotic signals. This review deals with the recent relevant contributions reporting molecular alterations for HCC that lead to a deregulation of apoptosis, as well as the challenge of death-inducing chemotherapeutics in current HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Moreno-Càceres
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Szwed M, Kania KD, Jozwiak Z. Assessment of pro-apoptotic activity of doxorubicin-transferrin conjugate in cells derived from human solid tumors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 70:57-67. [PMID: 26520467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Conjugates of anthracyclines are a new possibility for anticancer agent delivery, which seems to be a very promising alternative to the currently used cancer treatment strategies. In our study, we investigated the ability of a doxorubicin-transferrin (DOX-TRF) conjugate to induce cell death in two solid tumor cell lines: non-small cell lung cancer (A549) and hepatocellular liver carcinoma (HepG2). The observed effects of the DOX-TRF conjugate on these cell cultures were compared with those of free doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used antineoplastic therapeutic agent. Our results provided direct evidence that the investigated conjugate is considerably more cytotoxic to the examined human cancer cell lines than is DOX alone. Moreover, we confirmed that the antitumor efficacy of DOX-TRF conjugate is related to its apoptosis-inducing ability, which was shown during measurements of typical features of programmed cell death. In solid tumor cell lines, the DOX-TRF conjugate induced changes in cellular morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and caspases-3 and -9 activities. Furthermore, all of the analyzed hallmarks of apoptosis were confirmed by the oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation assay and by a real-time PCR quantitative study, which displayed the superiority of the conjugate-induced programmed cell death over free drug-triggered cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Szwed
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Dominika Kania
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute for Medical Biology, PAS, Lodowa 106 Street, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Zofia Jozwiak
- Department of Thermobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143 Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
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