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Galbo PM, Madsen AT, Liu Y, Peng M, Wei Y, Ciesielski MJ, Fenstermaker RA, Graff S, Montagna C, Segall JE, Sidoli S, Zang X, Zheng D. Functional Contribution and Clinical Implication of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res 2024; 30:865-876. [PMID: 38060213 PMCID: PMC10922678 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The abundance and biological contribution of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) in glioblastoma (GBM) are poorly understood. Here, we aim to uncover its molecular signature, cellular roles, and potential tumorigenesis implications. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We first applied single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and bioinformatics analysis to identify and characterize stromal cells with CAF transcriptomic features in human GBM tumors. Then, we performed functional enrichment analysis and in vitro assays to investigate their interactions with malignant GBM cells. RESULTS We found that CAF abundance was low but significantly correlated with tumor grade, poor clinical outcome, and activation of extracellular matrix remodeling using three large cohorts containing bulk RNA-seq data and clinical information. Proteomic analysis of a GBM-derived CAF line and its secretome revealed fibronectin (FN1) as a critical candidate factor mediating CAF functions. This was validated using in vitro cellular models, which demonstrated that CAF-conditioned media and recombinant FN1 could facilitate the migration and invasion of GBM cells. In addition, we showed that CAFs were more abundant in the mesenchymal-like state (or subtype) than in other states of GBMs. Interestingly, cell lines resembling the proneural state responded to the CAF signaling better for the migratory and invasive phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study characterized the molecular features and functional impacts of CAFs in GBM, alluding to novel cell interactions mediated by CAFs in the GBM microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip M. Galbo
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Anne Tranberg Madsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mou Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Yao Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Michael J Ciesielski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Sarah Graff
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Jeffrey E. Segall
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Lootens T, Roman BI, Stevens CV, De Wever O, Raedt R. Glioblastoma-Associated Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Partners in Crime? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2285. [PMID: 38396962 PMCID: PMC10889514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (TA-MSCs) have been recognized as attractive therapeutic targets in several cancer types, due to their ability to enhance tumor growth and angiogenesis and their contribution to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In glioblastoma (GB), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem to be recruited to the tumor site, where they differentiate into glioblastoma-associated mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (GA-MSCs) under the influence of tumor cells and the TME. GA-MSCs are reported to exert important protumoral functions, such as promoting tumor growth and invasion, increasing angiogenesis, stimulating glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) proliferation and stemness, mediating resistance to therapy and contributing to an immunosuppressive TME. Moreover, they could act as precursor cells for cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which have recently been identified in GB. In this review, we provide an overview of the different functions exerted by GA-MSCs and CAFs and the current knowledge on the relationship between these cell types. Increasing our understanding of the interactions and signaling pathways in relevant models might contribute to future regimens targeting GA-MSCs and GB-associated CAFs to inhibit tumor growth and render the TME less immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Lootens
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Bart I. Roman
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
- SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Robrecht Raedt
- 4Brain, Department of Head and Skin, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium;
- Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (B.I.R.); (C.V.S.)
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Jain S, Rick JW, Joshi RS, Beniwal A, Spatz J, Gill S, Chang ACC, Choudhary N, Nguyen AT, Sudhir S, Chalif EJ, Chen JS, Chandra A, Haddad AF, Wadhwa H, Shah SS, Choi S, Hayes JL, Wang L, Yagnik G, Costello JF, Diaz A, Heiland DH, Aghi MK. Single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics reveal cancer-associated fibroblasts in glioblastoma with protumoral effects. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e147087. [PMID: 36856115 PMCID: PMC9974099 DOI: 10.1172/jci147087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were presumed absent in glioblastoma given the lack of brain fibroblasts. Serial trypsinization of glioblastoma specimens yielded cells with CAF morphology and single-cell transcriptomic profiles based on their lack of copy number variations (CNVs) and elevated individual cell CAF probability scores derived from the expression of 9 CAF markers and absence of 5 markers from non-CAF stromal cells sharing features with CAFs. Cells without CNVs and with high CAF probability scores were identified in single-cell RNA-Seq of 12 patient glioblastomas. Pseudotime reconstruction revealed that immature CAFs evolved into subtypes, with mature CAFs expressing actin alpha 2, smooth muscle (ACTA2). Spatial transcriptomics from 16 patient glioblastomas confirmed CAF proximity to mesenchymal glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), endothelial cells, and M2 macrophages. CAFs were chemotactically attracted to GSCs, and CAFs enriched GSCs. We created a resource of inferred crosstalk by mapping expression of receptors to their cognate ligands, identifying PDGF and TGF-β as mediators of GSC effects on CAFs and osteopontin and HGF as mediators of CAF-induced GSC enrichment. CAFs induced M2 macrophage polarization by producing the extra domain A (EDA) fibronectin variant that binds macrophage TLR4. Supplementing GSC-derived xenografts with CAFs enhanced in vivo tumor growth. These findings are among the first to identify glioblastoma CAFs and their GSC interactions, making them an intriguing target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket Jain
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan W. Rick
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Angad Beniwal
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jordan Spatz
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sabraj Gill
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Nikita Choudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Alan T. Nguyen
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sweta Sudhir
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Chalif
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Harsh Wadhwa
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sumedh S. Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Serah Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Josie L. Hayes
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Aaron Diaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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The Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Primary CNS Neoplasms: A Review of Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032020. [PMID: 36768342 PMCID: PMC9917056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary CNS neoplasms are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity, and many therapies directed at primary brain tumors have proven unsuccessful despite their success in preclinical studies. Recently, the tumor immune microenvironment has emerged as a critical aspect of primary CNS neoplasms that may affect their malignancy, prognosis, and response to therapy across patients and tumor grades. This review covers the tumor microenvironment of various primary CNS neoplasms, with a focus on glioblastoma and meningioma. Additionally, current therapeutic strategies based on elements of the tumor microenvironment, including checkpoint inhibitor therapy and immunotherapeutic vaccines, are discussed.
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Myeloid cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment and therapeutic implications for childhood central nervous system (CNS) tumors. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 374:578009. [PMID: 36508930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.578009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common type of solid tumors in children and the leading cause of cancer deaths in ages 0-14. Recent advances in the field of tumor biology and immunology have underscored the disparate nature of these distinct CNS tumor types. In this review, we briefly introduce pediatric CNS tumors and discuss various components of the TME, with a particular focus on myeloid cells. Although most studies regarding myeloid cells have been done on adult CNS tumors and animal models, we discuss the role of myeloid cell heterogeneity in pediatric CNS tumors and describe how these cells may contribute to tumorigenesis and treatment response. In addition, we present studies within the last 5 years that highlight human CNS tumors, the utility of various murine CNS tumor models, and the latest multi-dimensional tools that can be leveraged to investigate myeloid cell infiltration in young adults and children diagnosed with select CNS tumors.
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6
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Yao Y, Tan X, Yin W, Kou Y, Wang X, Jiang X, Chen S, Liu Y, Dang J, Yin J, Cheng Z. Performance of 18 F-FAPI PET/CT in assessing glioblastoma before radiotherapy: a pilot study. BMC Med Imaging 2022; 22:226. [PMID: 36566187 PMCID: PMC9789562 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-022-00952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine the performance of 18 F-FAPI PET/CT used for preprocedural assessment of glioblastoma before radiotherapy. METHODS Twelve glioblastoma patients having undergone incomplete surgical resection or biopsy were examined with 18 F-FAPI PET/CT and MRI scanning before radiotherapy. All patients had confirmed tumor residues according to findings of histopathological and/or long-term clinical and radiological follow-ups. Lesion characterization data, including SUVmax and tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) on PET/CT were attained. PET/CT and MRI findings were compared in terms of number of lesions. The correlation between immunohistochemistry, molecular expression, and PET/CT parameters was also evaluated. RESULTS 18 F-FAPI PET/CT detected 16 FAPI-avid out of 23 lesions in 12 patients described on MRI. MRI was statistically different from 18 F-FAPI PET/CT for lesion detection according to the exact McNemar statistical test (P = 0.0156). The SUVmax and TBR of the glioblastomas was 7.08 ± 3.55 and 19.95 ± 13.22, respectively. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of 18 F-FAPI PET were 69.6% and 100%, respectively. Neither the Ki-67 index nor the molecular expression was correlated with the FAPI-PET/CT parameters. CONCLUSION 18 F-FAPI PET/CT detects glioblastomas at a lower rate than MRI. However, the 100% PPV of the examination may make it useful for differentiating controversial lesions detected on MRI. The 18 F-FAPI-avid lesions are displayed more clearly probably due to a higher TBR. 18 F-FAPI PET/CT imaging might find application in glioblastoma biopsy and radiotherapy planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutang Yao
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofei Tan
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Wenya Yin
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Kou
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China ,grid.410655.30000 0001 0157 8259Institute of Isotope, China Institute of Atomic Energy, 102413 Beijing, China
| | - Shirong Chen
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Yongli Liu
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Dang
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Yin
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, 610041 Chengdu, China
| | - Zhuzhong Cheng
- grid.54549.390000 0004 0369 4060Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital&Institute, Sichuan Cancer Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No.55, Section 4, South People’s Road, Sichuan 610041 Chengdu, China
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Toledo B, Picon-Ruiz M, Marchal JA, Perán M. Dual Role of Fibroblasts Educated by Tumour in Cancer Behavior and Therapeutic Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15576. [PMID: 36555218 PMCID: PMC9778751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumours are complex systems with dynamic interactions between tumour cells, non-tumour cells, and extracellular components that comprise the tumour microenvironment (TME). The majority of TME's cells are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are crucial in extracellular matrix (ECM) construction, tumour metabolism, immunology, adaptive chemoresistance, and tumour cell motility. CAF subtypes have been identified based on the expression of protein markers. CAFs may act as promoters or suppressors in tumour cells depending on a variety of factors, including cancer stage. Indeed, CAFs have been shown to promote tumour growth, survival and spread, and secretome changes, but they can also slow tumourigenesis at an early stage through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. Stromal-cancer interactions are governed by a variety of soluble factors that determine the outcome of the tumourigenic process. Cancer cells release factors that enhance the ability of fibroblasts to secrete multiple tumour-promoting chemokines, acting on malignant cells to promote proliferation, migration, and invasion. This crosstalk between CAFs and tumour cells has given new prominence to the stromal cells, from being considered as mere physical support to becoming key players in the tumour process. Here, we focus on the concept of cancer as a non-healing wound and the relevance of chronic inflammation to tumour initiation. In addition, we review CAFs heterogeneous origins and markers together with the potential therapeutic implications of CAFs "re-education" and/or targeting tumour progression inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Toledo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Picon-Ruiz
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada-Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Marchal
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria ibs. GRANADA, Hospitales Universitarios de Granada-Universidad de Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Macarena Perán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
- Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, E-18100 Granada, Spain
- Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, E-18016 Granada, Spain
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Li H, He J, Li M, Li K, Pu X, Guo Y. Immune landscape-based machine-learning-assisted subclassification, prognosis, and immunotherapy prediction for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1027631. [PMID: 36532035 PMCID: PMC9751405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1027631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a malignant brain tumor, glioblastoma (GBM) is characterized by intratumor heterogeneity, a worse prognosis, and highly invasive, lethal, and refractory natures. Immunotherapy has been becoming a promising strategy to treat diverse cancers. It has been known that there are highly heterogeneous immunosuppressive microenvironments among different GBM molecular subtypes that mainly include classical (CL), mesenchymal (MES), and proneural (PN), respectively. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of immune landscapes among them is essential for identifying novel immune markers of GBM. Methods and results In the present study, based on collecting the largest number of 109 immune signatures, we aim to achieve a precise diagnosis, prognosis, and immunotherapy prediction for GBM by performing a comprehensive immunogenomic analysis. Firstly, machine-learning (ML) methods were proposed to evaluate the diagnostic values of these immune signatures, and the optimal classifier was constructed for accurate recognition of three GBM subtypes with robust and promising performance. The prognostic values of these signatures were then confirmed, and a risk score was established to divide all GBM patients into high-, medium-, and low-risk groups with a high predictive accuracy for overall survival (OS). Therefore, complete differential analysis across GBM subtypes was performed in terms of the immune characteristics along with clinicopathological and molecular features, which indicates that MES shows much higher immune heterogeneity compared to CL and PN but has significantly better immunotherapy responses, although MES patients may have an immunosuppressive microenvironment and be more proinflammatory and invasive. Finally, the MES subtype is proved to be more sensitive to 17-AAG, docetaxel, and erlotinib using drug sensitivity analysis and three compounds of AS-703026, PD-0325901, and MEK1-2-inhibitor might be potential therapeutic agents. Conclusion Overall, the findings of this research could help enhance our understanding of the tumor immune microenvironment and provide new insights for improving the prognosis and immunotherapy of GBM patients.
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Gál P, Brábek J, Holub M, Jakubek M, Šedo A, Lacina L, Strnadová K, Dubový P, Hornychová H, Ryška A, Smetana K. Autoimmunity, cancer and COVID-19 abnormally activate wound healing pathways: critical role of inflammation. Histochem Cell Biol 2022; 158:415-434. [PMID: 35867145 PMCID: PMC9305064 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that targeting IL-6 provides broad therapeutic approaches to several diseases. In patients with cancer, autoimmune diseases, severe respiratory infections [e.g. coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] and wound healing, IL-6 plays a critical role in modulating the systemic and local microenvironment. Elevated serum levels of IL-6 interfere with the systemic immune response and are associated with disease progression and prognosis. As already noted, monoclonal antibodies blocking either IL-6 or binding of IL-6 to receptors have been used/tested successfully in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, many cancer types, and COVID-19. Therefore, in the present review, we compare the impact of IL-6 and anti-IL-6 therapy to demonstrate common (pathological) features of the studied diseases such as formation of granulation tissue with the presence of myofibroblasts and deposition of new extracellular matrix. We also discuss abnormal activation of other wound-healing-related pathways that have been implicated in autoimmune disorders, cancer or COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gál
- Department of Pharmacology, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, Košice, Slovak Republic
- Department of Biomedical Research, East-Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovak Republic
- Prague Burn Centre, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Holub
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Military University Hospital Prague and Charles University, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Dubový
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Hornychová
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Ryška
- The Fingerland Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Hermawan A, Wulandari F, Hanif N, Utomo RY, Jenie RI, Ikawati M, Tafrihani AS. Identification of potential targets of the curcumin analog CCA-1.1 for glioblastoma treatment : integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13928. [PMID: 35977996 PMCID: PMC9385707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is challenging owing to its localization in the brain, the limited capacity of brain cells to repair, resistance to conventional therapy, and its aggressiveness. Curcumin has anticancer activity against aggressive cancers, such as leukemia, and GBM; however, its application is limited by its low solubility and bioavailability. Chemoprevention curcumin analog 1.1 (CCA-1.1), a curcumin analog, has better solubility and stability than those of curcumin. In this study, we explored potential targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM (PTCGs) by an integrated computational analysis and in vitro study. Predicted targets of CCA-1.1 obtained using various databases were subjected to comprehensive downstream analyses, including functional annotation, disease and drug association analyses, protein–protein interaction network analyses, analyses of genetic alterations, expression, and associations with survival and immune cell infiltration. Our integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed four candidate targets of CCA-1.1 in GBM: TP53, EGFR, AKT1, and CASP3. In addition to targeting specific proteins with regulatory effects in GBM, CCA-1.1 has the capacity to modulate the immunological milieu. Cytotoxicity of CCA-1.1 was lower than TMZ with an IC50 value of 9.8 μM compared to TMZ with an IC50 of 40 μM. mRNA sequencing revealed EGFR transcript variant 8 was upregulated, whereas EGFRvIII was downregulated in U87 cells after treatment with CCA-1.1. Furthermore, a molecular docking analysis suggested that CCA-1.1 inhibits EGFR with various mutations in GBM, which was confirmed using molecular dynamics simulation, wherein the binding between CCA-1.1 with the mutant EGFR L861Q was stable. For successful clinical translation, the effects of CCA-1.1 need to be confirmed in laboratory studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hermawan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia. .,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Febri Wulandari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Naufa Hanif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Rohmad Yudi Utomo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Riris Istighfari Jenie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muthi Ikawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.,Laboratory of Macromolecular Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Syauqy Tafrihani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cancer Chemoprevention Research Center, Universitas Gadjah Mada Sekip Utara II, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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11
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Behnam M, Motamedzadeh A, Aalinezhad M, Dadgostar E, Rashidi Noshabad FZ, Pourfridoni M, Raei M, Mirzaei H, Aschner M, Tamtaji OR. The role of aquaporin 4 in brain tumors: implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis and therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10609-10615. [PMID: 35715607 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary brain tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors that arise from cells intrinsic to the central nervous system (CNS). Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of brain tumors. Previous reports have documented a relationship between AQP4 and several molecular pathways associated with the etiology of brain tumors, such as apoptosis, invasion and cell migration. AQP4 affects apoptosis via cytochrome C, Bad and Bcl-2, as well as invasion and migration via IDO1/TDO-Kyn-AhR axis, lncRNA LINC00461, miR-216a, miRNA-320a and MMPs. In addition, inhibition of AQP4 mitigates the progression of brain tumors. This review summarizes current knowledge and evidence regarding the relationship between AQP4 and brain tumors, and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Behnam
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Alireza Motamedzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Marzieh Aalinezhad
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | - Ehsan Dadgostar
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran.,Student Research Committee, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. of Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Pourfridoni
- Student Research Committee, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, I.R. of Iran
| | - Maedeh Raei
- Faculty of Medicine, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, I.R. of Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. of Iran.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 10461, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Omid Reza Tamtaji
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. of Iran.
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12
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LeBlanc VG, Trinh DL, Aslanpour S, Hughes M, Livingstone D, Jin D, Ahn BY, Blough MD, Cairncross JG, Chan JA, Kelly JJP, Marra MA. Single-cell landscapes of primary glioblastomas and matched explants and cell lines show variable retention of inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:379-392.e9. [PMID: 35303420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are aggressive brain tumors characterized by extensive inter- and intratumor heterogeneity. Patient-derived models, such as organoids and explants, have recently emerged as useful models to study such heterogeneity, although the extent to which they can recapitulate GBM genomic features remains unclear. Here, we analyze bulk exome and single-cell genome and transcriptome profiles of 12 IDH wild-type GBMs, including two recurrent tumors, and of patient-derived explants (PDEs) and gliomasphere (GS) lines derived from these tumors. We find that PDEs are genetically similar to, and variably retain gene expression characteristics of, their parent tumors. Notably, PDEs appear to exhibit similar levels of transcriptional heterogeneity compared with their parent tumors, whereas GS lines tend to be enriched for cells in a more uniform transcriptional state. The approaches and datasets introduced here will provide a valuable resource to help guide experiments using GBM-derived models, especially in the context of studying cellular heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique G LeBlanc
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, V5Z 4S6 BC, Canada
| | - Diane L Trinh
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, V5Z 4S6 BC, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Aslanpour
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 2T9 AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Martha Hughes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 2T9 AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Dorothea Livingstone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 2T9 AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Dan Jin
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, V5Z 4S6 BC, Canada
| | - Bo Young Ahn
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Michael D Blough
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - J Gregory Cairncross
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 2T9 AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2L 2K8 AB, Canada
| | - John J P Kelly
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 2T9 AB, Canada; Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4Z6 AB, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, V5Z 4S6 BC, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6H 3N1 BC, Canada.
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13
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Lilburn DM, Groves AM. The role of PET in imaging of the tumour microenvironment and response to immunotherapy. Clin Radiol 2021; 76:784.e1-784.e15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Hatlen RR, Rajagopalan P. Environmental interplay: Stromal cells and biomaterial composition influence in the glioblastoma microenvironment. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:421-436. [PMID: 33276155 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly form of brain cancer. Recurrence is common, and established therapies have not been able to significantly extend overall patient survival. One platform through which GBM research can progress is to design biomimetic systems for discovery and investigation into the mechanisms of invasion, cellular properties, as well as the efficacy of therapies. In this review, 2D and 3D GBM in vitro cultures will be discussed. We focus on the effects of biomaterial properties, interactions between stromal cells, and vascular influence on cancer cell survival and progression. This review will summarize critical findings in each of these areas and how they have led to a more comprehensive scientific understanding of GBM. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly form of brain cancer. Recurrence is common, and established therapies have not been able to significantly extend overall patient survival. One platform through which GBM research can progress is to design biomimetic systems for discovery and investigation into the mechanisms of invasion, cellular properties, as well as the efficacy of therapies. In this review, 2D and 3D GBM in vitro cultures will be discussed. We focus on the effects of biomaterial properties, interactions between stromal cells and vascular influence on cancer cell survival and progression. This review will summarize critical findings in each of these areas and how they have lead to a more comprehensive scientific understanding of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalyn R Hatlen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
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15
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Kanwore K, Kambey PA, Guo XX, Abiola AA, Xia Y, Gao D. Extracellular and Intracellular Factors in Brain Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:699103. [PMID: 34513834 PMCID: PMC8429835 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.699103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The external and internal factors of the cell are critical to glioma initiation. Several factors and molecules have been reported to be implicated in the initiation and progression of brain cancer. However, the exact sequence of events responsible for glioma initiation is still unknown. Existing reports indicate that glioma stem cells are the cell of glioma origin. During cell division, chromosome breakage, DNA alteration increases the chance of cell genome modifications and oncogene overexpression. Although there is a high risk of gene alteration and oncogene overexpression, not everyone develops cancer. During embryogenesis, the same oncogenes that promote cancers have also been reported to be highly expressed, but this high expression which does not lead to carcinogenesis raises questions about the role of oncogenes in carcinogenesis. The resistance of cancer cells to drugs, apoptosis, and immune cells does not rely solely on oncogene overexpression but also on the defect in cell organelle machinery (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton). This review discusses factors contributing to cancer; we report the dysfunction of the cell organelles and their contribution to carcinogenesis, while oncogene overexpression promotes tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression through cell adhesion. All these factors together represent a fundamental requirement for cancer and its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouminin Kanwore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Piniel Alphayo Kambey
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ayanlaja Abdulrahman Abiola
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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16
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Balaziova E, Vymola P, Hrabal P, Mateu R, Zubal M, Tomas R, Netuka D, Kramar F, Zemanova Z, Svobodova K, Brabec M, Sedo A, Busek P. Fibroblast Activation Protein Expressing Mesenchymal Cells Promote Glioblastoma Angiogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133304. [PMID: 34282761 PMCID: PMC8267680 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The perivascular niche in glioblastoma is crucial for maintaining a tumour- permissive microenvironment. In various extracranial cancers, mesenchymal cells that express fibroblast activation protein (FAP) are an important stromal component and a potential therapeutic target. In this study, we examine their functions in the glioblastoma microenvironment where their role is so far largely unexplored. Glioblastoma-associated FAP+ mesenchymal cells are localised around activated endothelial cells and their presence positively correlates with vascular density. They represent a subpopulation of stromal, non-tumorigenic cells which mostly lack the chromosomal aberrations characteristic of glioma cells. By soluble factors they induce angiogenic sprouting, chemotaxis of endothelial cells, contribute to destabilisation of blood vessels, and increase the migration and growth of glioma cells. Taken together, we identified a subpopulation of FAP+ mesenchymal cells in the perivascular niche in glioblastoma that may contribute to tumour progression by promoting angiogenesis and supporting dissemination of transformed cells into the surrounding tissue. Abstract Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound protease that is upregulated in a wide range of tumours and viewed as a marker of tumour-promoting stroma. Previously, we demonstrated increased FAP expression in glioblastomas and described its localisation in cancer and stromal cells. In this study, we show that FAP+ stromal cells are mostly localised in the vicinity of activated CD105+ endothelial cells and their quantity positively correlates with glioblastoma vascularisation. FAP+ mesenchymal cells derived from human glioblastomas are non-tumorigenic and mostly lack the cytogenetic aberrations characteristic of glioblastomas. Conditioned media from these cells induce angiogenic sprouting and chemotaxis of endothelial cells and promote migration and growth of glioma cells. In a chorioallantoic membrane assay, co-application of FAP+ mesenchymal cells with glioma cells was associated with enhanced abnormal angiogenesis, as evidenced by an increased number of erythrocytes in vessel-like structures and higher occurrence of haemorrhages. FAP+ mesenchymal cells express proangiogenic factors, but in comparison to normal pericytes exhibit decreased levels of antiangiogenic molecules and an increased Angiopoietin 2/1 ratio. Our results show that FAP+ mesenchymal cells promote angiogenesis and glioma cell migration and growth by paracrine communication and in this manner, they may thus contribute to glioblastoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Balaziova
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Petr Vymola
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Petr Hrabal
- Department of Pathology, Military University Hospital, 169 02 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Rosana Mateu
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Michal Zubal
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
| | - Robert Tomas
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - David Netuka
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, 168 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Filip Kramar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurooncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Military University Hospital, 168 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (F.K.)
| | - Zuzana Zemanova
- Center of Oncocytogenomics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Karla Svobodova
- Center of Oncocytogenomics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (Z.Z.); (K.S.)
| | - Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Petr Busek
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (E.B.); (P.V.); (R.M.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.B.)
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17
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Cai X, Yuan F, Zhu J, Yang J, Tang C, Cong Z, Ma C. Glioma-Associated Stromal Cells Stimulate Glioma Malignancy by Regulating the Tumor Immune Microenvironment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672928. [PMID: 33996602 PMCID: PMC8117153 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The glioma-associated stromal cell (GASC) is a recently identified type of cell in the glioma microenvironment and may be a prognostic marker for glioma. However, the potential mechanisms of GASCs in the glioma microenvironment remain largely unknown. In this work, we aimed to explore the mechanisms of GASCs in gliomas, particularly in high-grade gliomas (HGG). Methods We used glioma datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA). We utilized the Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm to discriminate between patients with high or low GASC composition. The xCELL and CIBERSORT algorithms were used to analyze the composition of stromal cells and immune cells. Risk score and a nomogram model were constructed for prognostic prediction of glioma. Results We observed for the first time that the levels of M2 macrophages and immune checkpoints (PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, TIM3, Galectin-9, CTLA-4, CD80, CD86, CD155, and CIITA) were significantly higher in the high GASC group and showed positive correlation with the GASC score in all glioma population and the HGG population. Copy number variations of DR3 and CIITA were higher in the high-GASC group. THY1, one of the GASC markers, exhibited lower methylation in the high GASC group. The constructed risk score was an independent predictor of glioma prognostics. Finally, a credible nomogram based on the risk score was established. Conclusions GASCs stimulate glioma malignancy through the M2 macrophage, and are associated with the level of immune checkpoints in the glioma microenvironment. The methylation of THY1 could be used as prognostic indicator and treatment target for glioma. However, further studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Cai
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Yuan
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Junhao Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Zixiang Cong
- School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, China.,School of Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Intratumor heterogeneity, microenvironment, and mechanisms of drug resistance in glioma recurrence and evolution. Front Med 2021; 15:551-561. [PMID: 33893983 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common lethal tumor of the human brain. The median survival of patients with primary World Health Organization grade IV glioma is only 14.6 months. The World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system categorized gliomas into lower-grade gliomas and glioblastomas. Unlike primary glioblastoma that usually develop de novo in the elderly, secondary glioblastoma enriched with an isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant typically progresses from lower-grade glioma within 5-10 years from the time of diagnosis. Based on various evolutional trajectories brought on by clonal and subclonal alterations, the evolution patterns of glioma vary according to different theories. Some important features distinguish the normal brain from other tissues, e.g., the composition of the microenvironment around the tumor cells, the presence of the blood-brain barrier, and others. The underlying mechanism of glioma recurrence and evolution patterns of glioma are different from those of other types of cancer. Several studies correlated tumor recurrence with tumor heterogeneity and the immune microenvironment. However, the detailed reasons for the progression and recurrence of glioma remain controversial. In this review, we introduce the different mechanisms involved in glioma progression, including tumor heterogeneity, the tumor microenvironment and drug resistance, and their pre-clinical implements in clinical trials. This review aimed to provide new insights into further clinical strategies for the treatment of patients with recurrent and secondary glioma.
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19
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Joshi RS, Kanugula SS, Sudhir S, Pereira MP, Jain S, Aghi MK. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Tumor Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061399. [PMID: 33808627 PMCID: PMC8003545 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of genomic medicine, cancer treatment has become more personalized as novel therapeutic targets and pathways are identified. Research over the past decade has shown the increasing importance of how the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the extracellular matrix (ECM), which is a major structural component of the TME, regulate oncogenic functions including tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, therapy resistance, and immune cell modulation, amongst others. Within the TME, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified in several systemic cancers as critical regulators of the malignant cancer phenotype. This review of the literature comprehensively profiles the roles of CAFs implicated in gastrointestinal, endocrine, head and neck, skin, genitourinary, lung, and breast cancers. The ubiquitous presence of CAFs highlights their significance as modulators of cancer progression and has led to the subsequent characterization of potential therapeutic targets, which may help advance the cancer treatment paradigm to determine the next generation of cancer therapy. The aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the key roles that CAFs play in the scope of systemic disease, the mechanisms by which they enhance protumoral effects, and the primary CAF-related markers that may offer potential targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushikesh S. Joshi
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092, USA;
| | | | - Sweta Sudhir
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Matheus P. Pereira
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Saket Jain
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
| | - Manish K. Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-415-514-9820
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20
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Wang H, Li H, Jiang Q, Dong X, Li S, Cheng S, Shi J, Liu L, Qian Z, Dong J. HOTAIRM1 Promotes Malignant Progression of Transformed Fibroblasts in Glioma Stem-Like Cells Remodeled Microenvironment via Regulating miR-133b-3p/TGFβ Axis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:603128. [PMID: 33816233 PMCID: PMC8017308 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) played active roles in glioma progression in tumor microenvironment (TME). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been found to be closely associated with glioma development in recent years, however, their molecular regulatory mechanisms on CAFs in GSCs remodeled TME kept largely unelucidated. Our study found that GSCs could induce malignant transformation of fibroblasts (t-FBs) based on dual-color fluorescence tracing orthotopic model. Associated with poor prognosis, Lnc HOXA transcript antisense RNA, myeloid-specific 1 (HOTAIRM1) was highly expressed in high-grade gliomas and t-FBs. Depleting HOTAIRM1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration, and even tumorigenicity of t-FB. Conversely, overexpression of HOTAIRM1 promoted malignancy phenotype of t-FB. Mechanistically, HOTAIRM1 directly bound with miR-133b-3p, and negatively regulated the latter. MiR-133b-3p partly decreased the promotion effect of HOTAIRM1 on t-FBs. Furthermore, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) was verified to be a direct target of miR-133b-3p. HOTAIRM1 can modulate TGFβ via competing with miR-133b-3p. Collectively, HOTAIRM1/miR-133b-3p/TGFβ axis was involved in modulating t-FBs malignancy in TME remodeled by GSCs, which had the potential to serve as a target against gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuchen Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Suwen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Sharma P, Singh SS, Gayana S. Fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor PET/CT: A Promising Molecular Imaging Tool. Clin Nucl Med 2021; 46:e141-e150. [PMID: 33351507 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a cell membrane-bound serine peptidase, overexpressed in cancer-associated fibroblasts and activated fibroblasts at wound healing/inflammatory sites. Recently, molecular PET/CT imaging with radiolabeled FAP inhibitor (FAPI) has been evaluated in different diseases. We aimed to assess its potential role based on the available literature. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a comprehensive review of the available preclinical and clinical data on FAPI PET/CT in an attempt to summarize its current status and potential future role. Based on that, we have discussed the pathophysiology behind FAP-based imaging, followed by a discussion of FAPI radiopharmaceuticals including their synthesis, biodistribution, and dosimetry. Next, we have discussed studies evaluating FAPI PET/CT in different oncological and nononcological pathologies. The potential of FAPI PET/CT in theranostics has also been addressed. RESULTS Based on the early scientific evidence available, including preclinical and clinical studies, FAPI PET/CT seems to be a promising molecular imaging tool, especially in oncology. It can be used for imaging different types of cancers and outperforms 18F-FDG PET/CT in some of these. Its potential as a theranostic tool warrants special attention. CONCLUSIONS Fibroblast activation protein inhibitor PET/CT has the potential to emerge as a powerful molecular imaging tool in the future. However, as of yet, the available evidence is limited, warranting further research and trials in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Sharma
- From the Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata
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22
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Brábek J, Jakubek M, Vellieux F, Novotný J, Kolář M, Lacina L, Szabo P, Strnadová K, Rösel D, Dvořánková B, Smetana K. Interleukin-6: Molecule in the Intersection of Cancer, Ageing and COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217937. [PMID: 33114676 PMCID: PMC7662856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine with multifaceted effects playing a remarkable role in the initiation of the immune response. The increased level of this cytokine in the elderly seems to be associated with the chronic inflammatory setting of the microenvironment in aged individuals. IL-6 also represents one of the main signals in communication between cancer cells and their non-malignant neighbours within the tumour niche. IL-6 also participates in the development of a premetastatic niche and in the adjustment of the metabolism in terminal-stage patients suffering from a malignant disease. IL-6 is a fundamental factor of the cytokine storm in patients with severe COVID-19, where it is responsible for the fatal outcome of the disease. A better understanding of the role of IL-6 under physiological as well as pathological conditions and the preparation of new strategies for the therapeutic control of the IL-6 axis may help to manage the problems associated with the elderly, cancer, and serious viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 166 28 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fréderic Vellieux
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novotný
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 140 00 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Department of Dermatovenereology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karolína Strnadová
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (J.B.); (D.R.)
- BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
| | - Karel Smetana
- Centre for Tumour Ecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (F.V.); (J.N.); (M.K.); (L.L.); (K.S.); (B.D.)
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- Institute of Anatomy, Fist Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 120 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-965-873
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Torrisi F, Vicario N, Spitale FM, Cammarata FP, Minafra L, Salvatorelli L, Russo G, Cuttone G, Valable S, Gulino R, Magro G, Parenti R. The Role of Hypoxia and SRC Tyrosine Kinase in Glioblastoma Invasiveness and Radioresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2860. [PMID: 33020459 PMCID: PMC7599682 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in functional imaging are supporting neurosurgery and radiotherapy for glioblastoma, which still remains the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis. The typical infiltration pattern of glioblastoma, which impedes a complete surgical resection, is coupled with a high rate of invasiveness and radioresistance, thus further limiting efficient therapy, leading to inevitable and fatal recurrences. Hypoxia is of crucial importance in gliomagenesis and, besides reducing radiotherapy efficacy, also induces cellular and molecular mediators that foster proliferation and invasion. In this review, we aimed at analyzing the biological mechanism of glioblastoma invasiveness and radioresistance in hypoxic niches of glioblastoma. We also discussed the link between hypoxia and radiation-induced radioresistance with activation of SRC proto-oncogene non-receptor tyrosine kinase, prospecting potential strategies to overcome the current limitation in glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Torrisi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Federica M. Spitale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Francesco P. Cammarata
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Lucia Salvatorelli
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council, IBFM-CNR, 90015 Cefalù, Italy; (L.M.); (G.R.)
| | - Giacomo Cuttone
- National Laboratory of South, National Institute for Nuclear Physics (LNS-INFN), 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Samuel Valable
- ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, GIP Cyceron, CEA, CNRS, Normandie Université, UNICAEN, 14074 Caen, France;
| | - Rosario Gulino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
| | - Gaetano Magro
- Department G.F. Ingrassia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria “Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele” Anatomic Pathology, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (L.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Rosalba Parenti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Section of Physiology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.T.); (N.V.); (F.M.S.); (R.G.)
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24
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Salaud C, Alvarez-Arenas A, Geraldo F, Belmonte-Beitia J, Calvo GF, Gratas C, Pecqueur C, Garnier D, Pérez-Garcià V, Vallette FM, Oliver L. Mitochondria transfer from tumor-activated stromal cells (TASC) to primary Glioblastoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:139-147. [PMID: 32943183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) controls many aspects of cancer development but little is known about its effect in Glioblastoma (GBM), the main brain tumor in adults. Tumor-activated stromal cell (TASC) population, a component of TME in GBM, was induced in vitro by incubation of MSCs with culture media conditioned by primary cultures of GBM under 3D/organoid conditions. We observed mitochondrial transfer by Tunneling Nanotubes (TNT), extracellular vesicles (EV) and cannibalism from the TASC to GBM and analyzed its effect on both proliferation and survival. We created primary cultures of GBM or TASC in which we have eliminated mitochondrial DNA [Rho 0 (ρ0) cells]. We found that TASC, as described in other cancers, increased GBM proliferation and resistance to standard treatments (radiotherapy and chemotherapy). We analyzed the incorporation of purified mitochondria by ρ0 and ρ+ cells and a derived mathematical model taught us that ρ+ cells incorporate more rapidly pure mitochondria than ρ0 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Salaud
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France; CHU de Nantes, Department of Neurosurgery, Nantes, 44007, France
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Arenas
- Department of Mathematics & MOLAB-Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Fanny Geraldo
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France
| | - Juan Belmonte-Beitia
- Department of Mathematics & MOLAB-Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Gabriel F Calvo
- Department of Mathematics & MOLAB-Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Catherine Gratas
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France; CHU de Nantes, Department of Neurosurgery, Nantes, 44007, France
| | | | - Delphine Garnier
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France; ICO, Laboratoire de Biologie Du Cancer et Théranostics, St Herblain, 44805, France
| | - Victor Pérez-Garcià
- Department of Mathematics & MOLAB-Mathematical Oncology Laboratory, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - François M Vallette
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France; ICO, Laboratoire de Biologie Du Cancer et Théranostics, St Herblain, 44805, France.
| | - Lisa Oliver
- Université de Nantes, INSERM, CRCINA, Nantes, 44007, France; CHU de Nantes, Department of Neurosurgery, Nantes, 44007, France.
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25
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Clavreul A, Menei P. Mesenchymal Stromal-Like Cells in the Glioma Microenvironment: What Are These Cells? Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2628. [PMID: 32942567 PMCID: PMC7565954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma microenvironment is a critical regulator of tumor progression. It contains different cellular components such as blood vessels, immune cells, and neuroglial cells. It also contains non-cellular components, such as the extracellular matrix, extracellular vesicles, and cytokines, and has certain physicochemical properties, such as low pH, hypoxia, elevated interstitial pressure, and impaired perfusion. This review focuses on a particular type of cells recently identified in the glioma microenvironment: glioma-associated stromal cells (GASCs). This is just one of a number of names given to these mesenchymal stromal-like cells, which have phenotypic and functional properties similar to those of mesenchymal stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Their close proximity to blood vessels may provide a permissive environment, facilitating angiogenesis, invasion, and tumor growth. Additional studies are required to characterize these cells further and to analyze their role in tumor resistance and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Clavreul
- Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU, 49933 Angers, France;
- Université d’Angers, CHU d’Angers, CRCINA, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Philippe Menei
- Département de Neurochirurgie, CHU, 49933 Angers, France;
- Université d’Angers, CHU d’Angers, CRCINA, F-49000 Angers, France
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26
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Grech N, Dalli T, Mizzi S, Meilak L, Calleja N, Zrinzo A. Rising Incidence of Glioblastoma Multiforme in a Well-Defined Population. Cureus 2020; 12:e8195. [PMID: 32572354 PMCID: PMC7302718 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The incidence of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) ranges from 0.59 to 5 per 100,000 persons, and it is on the rise in many countries. The reason for this rise is multifactorial, and possible contributing factors include an aging population, overdiagnosis, ionizing radiation, air pollution and others. The aim of this study is to conduct an epidemiological study of GBM in a well-defined population over a 10-year period and determine its significance, while comparing results with international standards. Materials and Methods All histological diagnoses of GBM in Malta from 2008 to 2017 were identified. Poisson regression was used to determine significance in incidence variation. Log-rank tests were used to compare the survival distributions of each variable. Cox regression for survival analysis with the Breslow method for ties was then performed to consider the overall model. Results A total of 100 patients (61 males; mean age 60.29±10.09 years) were diagnosed with GBM over the period 2008 to 2017. There was a significant increase in incidence from 0.73 to 4.49 per 100,000 over the 10-year period (p≤0.001). The most common presenting complaint was limb paresis (29%). Approximately 65% of patients were treated with maximum safe resection (MSR). Using Cox regression analysis, younger age at presentation and treatment with MSR significantly improved survival (p=0.026 and p≤0.001, respectively). The median survival was 10 months. Conclusions An increasing incidence of GBM is becoming evident, while the median survival remains low. This troubling trend emphasizes the importance of further research into GBM etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Grech
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MLT
| | - Theresia Dalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MLT
| | - Sean Mizzi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MLT
| | - Lara Meilak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MLT
| | - Neville Calleja
- Department of Health Information and Research, Directorate for Health Information & Research, Pieta, MLT.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, MLT
| | - Antoine Zrinzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, MLT
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27
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FAP-specific PET signaling shows a moderately positive correlation with relative CBV and no correlation with ADC in 13 IDH wildtype glioblastomas. Eur J Radiol 2020; 127:109021. [PMID: 32344293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2020.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein (FAP) is a new approach for glioblastoma imaging. In a recent pilot study glioblastomas showed elevated tracer uptake with high intratumoral heterogeneity in projection on the corresponding T2w/FLAIR and contrast enhanced MRI lesions. In this study, we correlated FAP-specific signaling with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) signals in MRI to further characterize the significance of FAP uptake. METHODS Clinical PET/CT scans of 13 glioblastoma patients were performed post i. v. administration of 68Ga-labelled-FAP-specific tracer molecules. PET- and corresponding MRI-scans were co-registrated. 3d volumetric segmentations were performed of T2w/FLAIR lesions and contrast enhancing lesions within co-registrated MRI slides. Signal intensity values of FAP-specific PET signaling, ADC and rCBV were analyzed for their pixel wise correlation in each patient. Pooled estimates of the correlation coefficients were calculated by using the Fisher z-transformation. RESULTS FAP-specific PET signals showed a moderately positive correlation with rCBV values which is more pronounced within the T2w/FLAIR lesion (pooled correlation 0,229) than in the contrast enhancing tumor region (pooled correlation 0.09). FAP-specific PET signals showed no correlation with ADC values. CONCLUSIONS The moderately positive correlation of FAP-specific signals with rCBV values in MRI indicates that FAP-signaling is not independent from perfusion, but also does not only reflect intratumoral perfusion differences. The missing correlation of FAP-specific signals with ADC indicates that FAP-specific imaging does not reflect cell density, but the spot-like expression of FAP in glioblastomas. The clinical value of FAP-specific imaging needs further investigation.
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28
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de Montigny J, Iosif A, Breitwieser L, Manca M, Bauer R, Vavourakis V. An in silico hybrid continuum-/agent-based procedure to modelling cancer development: Interrogating the interplay amongst glioma invasion, vascularity and necrosis. Methods 2020; 185:94-104. [PMID: 31981608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper develops a three-dimensional in silico hybrid model of cancer, which describes the multi-variate phenotypic behaviour of tumour and host cells. The model encompasses the role of cell migration and adhesion, the influence of the extracellular matrix, the effects of oxygen and nutrient availability, and the signalling triggered by chemical cues and growth factors. The proposed in silico hybrid modelling framework combines successfully the advantages of continuum-based and discrete methods, namely the finite element and agent-based method respectively. The framework is thus used to realistically model cancer mechano-biology in a multiscale fashion while maintaining the resolution power of each method in a computationally cost-effective manner. The model is tailored to simulate glioma progression, and is subsequently used to interrogate the balance between the host cells and small sized gliomas, while the go-or-grow phenotype characteristic in glioblastomas is also investigated. Also, cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions are examined with respect to their effect in (macroscopic) tumour growth, brain tissue perfusion and tumour necrosis. Finally, we use the in silico framework to assess differences between low-grade and high-grade glioma growth, demonstrating significant differences in the distribution of cancer as well as host cells, in accordance with reported experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Montigny
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Alexandros Iosif
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Lukas Breitwieser
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Roman Bauer
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Vasileios Vavourakis
- Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Medical Physics & Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
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Comprehensive genomic profiling of glioblastoma tumors, BTICs, and xenografts reveals stability and adaptation to growth environments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19098-19108. [PMID: 31471491 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813495116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most deadly brain tumor, and currently lacks effective treatment options. Brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) and orthotopic xenografts are widely used in investigating GBM biology and new therapies for this aggressive disease. However, the genomic characteristics and molecular resemblance of these models to GBM tumors remain undetermined. We used massively parallel sequencing technology to decode the genomes and transcriptomes of BTICs and xenografts and their matched tumors in order to delineate the potential impacts of the distinct growth environments. Using data generated from whole-genome sequencing of 201 samples and RNA sequencing of 118 samples, we show that BTICs and xenografts resemble their parental tumor at the genomic level but differ at the mRNA expression and epigenomic levels, likely due to the different growth environment for each sample type. These findings suggest that a comprehensive genomic understanding of in vitro and in vivo GBM model systems is crucial for interpreting data from drug screens, and can help control for biases introduced by cell-culture conditions and the microenvironment in mouse models. We also found that lack of MGMT expression in pretreated GBM is linked to hypermutation, which in turn contributes to increased genomic heterogeneity and requires new strategies for GBM treatment.
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Röhrich M, Loktev A, Wefers AK, Altmann A, Paech D, Adeberg S, Windisch P, Hielscher T, Flechsig P, Floca R, Leitz D, Schuster JP, Huber PE, Debus J, von Deimling A, Lindner T, Haberkorn U. IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and grade III/IV IDH-mutant gliomas show elevated tracer uptake in fibroblast activation protein-specific PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2019; 46:2569-2580. [PMID: 31388723 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-019-04444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeting fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a new diagnostic approach allowing the visualization of tumor stroma. Here, we applied FAP-specific PET imaging to gliomas. We analyzed the target affinity and specificity of two FAP ligands (FAPI-02 and FAPI-04) in vitro, and the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution in mice in vivo. Clinically, we used 68Ga-labeled FAPI-02/04 for PET imaging in 18 glioma patients (five IDH-mutant gliomas, 13 IDH-wildtype glioblastomas). METHODS For binding studies with 177Lu-radiolabeled FAPI-02/04, we used the glioblastoma cell line U87MG, FAP-transfected fibrosarcoma cells, and CD26-transfected human embryonic kidney cells. For pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies, U87MG-xenografted mice were injected with 68Ga-labeled compounds followed by small-animal PET imaging and 177Lu-labeled FAPI-02/04, respectively. Clinical PET/CT scans were performed 30 min post intravenous administration of 68Ga-FAPI-02/04. PET and MRI scans were co-registrated. Immunohistochemistry was done on 14 gliomas using a FAP-specific antibody. RESULTS FAPI-02 and FAPI-04 showed high binding specificity to FAP. FAPI-04 demonstrated higher tumor accumulation and delayed elimination compared with FAPI-02 in preclinical studies. IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and grade III/IV, but not grade II, IDH-mutant gliomas showed elevated tracer uptake. In glioblastomas, we observed spots with increased uptake in projection on contrast-enhancing areas. Immunohistochemistry showed FAP-positive cells with mainly elongated cell bodies and perivascular FAP-positive cells in glioblastomas and an anaplastic IDH-mutant astrocytoma. CONCLUSIONS Using FAP-specific PET imaging, increased tracer uptake in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and high-grade IDH-mutant astrocytomas, but not in diffuse astrocytomas, may allow non-invasive distinction between low-grade IDH-mutant and high-grade gliomas. Therefore, FAP-specific imaging in gliomas may be useful for follow-up studies although further clinical evaluation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Röhrich
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anastasia Loktev
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika K Wefers
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annette Altmann
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Paech
- Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Adeberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Windisch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Department of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Flechsig
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Floca
- Division of Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Leitz
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julius P Schuster
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Molecular Radiooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Germany
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The Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040440. [PMID: 30925774 PMCID: PMC6520833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarly to other types of malignant tumours, the incidence of head and neck cancer is increasing globally. It is frequently associated with smoking and alcohol abuse, and in a broader sense also with prolonged exposure to these factors during ageing. A higher incidence of tumours observed in younger populations without a history of alcohol and tobacco abuse may be due to HPV infection. Malignant tumours form an intricate ecosystem of cancer cells, fibroblasts, blood/lymphatic capillaries and infiltrating immune cells. This dynamic system, the tumour microenvironment, has a significant impact on the biological properties of cancer cells. The microenvironment participates in the control of local aggressiveness of cancer cells, their growth, and their consequent migration to lymph nodes and distant organs during metastatic spread. In cancers originating from squamous epithelium, a similarity was demonstrated between the cancer microenvironment and healing wounds. In this review, we focus on the specificity of the microenvironment of head and neck cancer with emphasis on the mechanism of intercellular crosstalk manipulation for potential therapeutic application.
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32
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Kong J, Zhao H, Shang Q, Ma Z, Kang N, Tan J, Ahmed Ibrahim Alraimi H, Liu T. Establishment and characterization of a carcinoma-associated fibroblast cell line derived from a human salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 24:11-18. [PMID: 29734861 DOI: 10.1080/15419061.2018.1464000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is one of the most common malignancies in the oral and maxillofacial region. Carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF) is an important component in the tumor microenvironment and participates in SACC progression. In this study, we established a CAF cell line derived from a human SACC and named it CAF-SA. It was identified that CAF-SA expressed typical CAF biomarkers. Then, we studied the cellular communications between CAF-SA, tumor cells and endothelial cells. It was found that CAF-SA promoted the migration, invasion, and proliferation of SACC tumor cells in vitro. In addition, tube formation by endothelial cells was enhanced by CAF-SA. In vivo experiment showed that SACC cells formed larger xenografts in nude mice when they were transplanted with CAF-SA. Overall, we demonstrated that CAF-SA exhibited the most important defining feature of CAF by promoting cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Kong
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Han Zhao
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Qianhui Shang
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Zhifei Ma
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Ni Kang
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Junling Tan
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | | | - Tingjiao Liu
- a College of Stomatology , Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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33
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Zhou Y, Zhong JH, Gong FS, Xiao J. MiR-141-3p suppresses gastric cancer induced transition of normal fibroblast and BMSC to cancer-associated fibroblasts via targeting STAT4. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 107:85-94. [PMID: 30502321 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are known to be crucial constituents of cancer microenvironment (CME) and play an important role in initiation, progression and metastasis of various types of cancer, such as oral cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer. CAFs are usually derived from normal fibroblasts (NFs), but the mechanism of the transition in gastric cancer has not yet been fully elucidated. METHODS qRT-PCR and western blot were employed to investigate differences of miR-141 and STAT4 expression respectively. The CAF-like features and wnt/β-catenin pathway related proteins in NF or BMSC were assessed by qRT-PCR or western blot after treated with the conditioned medium from different indicated groups of gastric cancer cells. The invasion and migration ability of AGS cells after transfection were analyzed by Transwell assay and wound healing assay. Dual-luciferase report assay was employed to determine the direct binding of miR-141 to STAT4 3' UTR. RESULTS For the first time, the present study found that STAT4 over-expression in gastric cancer cells induced NFs to obtain CAF-like features via activating wnt/β-catenin pathway. Further gain-of-function and loss-of-function analysis revealed that miR-141 not only limited the migration and invasion of the gastric cancer cells, but also inhibited the transition of NFs and BMSC to CAFs. The luciferase assay indicated that miR-141 directly targeted the 3'-UTR predictive sequence of STAT4. CONCLUSION Our data showed that miR-141 inhibited migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells and inhibited transition from NFs to CAFs via targeting STAT4/wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Guigang City People's Hospital, Guigang 537100, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jian-Hong Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Cancer Hospital, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Gong
- Department of Molecular immune laboratory, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China.
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34
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Da Ros M, De Gregorio V, Iorio AL, Giunti L, Guidi M, de Martino M, Genitori L, Sardi I. Glioblastoma Chemoresistance: The Double Play by Microenvironment and Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102879. [PMID: 30248992 PMCID: PMC6213072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For glioblastoma, the tumor microenvironment (TME) is pivotal to support tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. TME consists of several types of stromal, endothelial and immune cells, which are recruited by cancer stem cells (CSCs) to influence CSC phenotype and behavior. TME also promotes the establishment of specific conditions such as hypoxia and acidosis, which play a critical role in glioblastoma chemoresistance, interfering with angiogenesis, apoptosis, DNA repair, oxidative stress, immune escape, expression and activity of multi-drug resistance (MDR)-related genes. Finally, the blood brain barrier (BBB), which insulates the brain microenvironment from the blood, is strongly linked to the drug-resistant phenotype of glioblastoma, being a major physical and physiological hurdle for the delivery of chemotherapy agents into the brain. Here, we review the features of the glioblastoma microenvironment, focusing on their involvement in the phenomenon of chemoresistance; we also summarize recent advances in generating systems to modulate or bypass the BBB for drug delivery into the brain. Genetic aspects associated with glioblastoma chemoresistance and current immune-based strategies, such as checkpoint inhibitor therapy, are described too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Da Ros
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Veronica De Gregorio
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Anna Lisa Iorio
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Laura Giunti
- Medical Genetics Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Milena Guidi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Maurizio de Martino
- Director Post Graduate Pediatric School University of Florence, Director Meyer Health Campus, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Genitori
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Sardi
- Neuro-oncology Unit, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Meyer Children's Hospital, Florence, 50139, Italy.
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35
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He Z, You C, Zhao D. Long non-coding RNA UCA1/miR-182/PFKFB2 axis modulates glioblastoma-associated stromal cells-mediated glycolysis and invasion of glioma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 500:569-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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36
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Wang L, Yang D, Tian J, Gao A, Shen Y, Ren X, Li X, Jiang G, Dong T. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2/AKT and ERK signaling pathways contribute to the switch from fibroblasts to CAFs by progranulin in microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26323-26333. [PMID: 28412748 PMCID: PMC5432260 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a crucial cellular component in tumor microenvironment and could promote tumor progression. CAFs are usually derived from resident fibroblasts, which undergoing an activated process stimulated by tumor cells. However, the agents and mechanism driving this switch have not yet been elucidated. Progranulin (PGRN), a well acknowledged secreted glycoprotein, could promote proliferation and angiogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, and high expression of PGRN correlated with patient poor prognosis. Whether PGRN has effects on the function of stromal fibroblasts is unknown. Herein we found that there was a positive correlation between PGRN expression of CRC cells and expressions of smooth muscle actin α (α-SMA) on CAFs in CRC patient tissues. PGRN/α-SMA co-expression was positively correlated with CRC patient poor prognosis. Co-cultured with CRC cells or human recombinant PGRN (rPGRN), the expression of Ki67, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) and α-SMA in fibroblasts were all up-regulated significantly, accompanying with elevated cellular proliferation, migration and contraction. Whilst co-cultured with PGRN-silenced CRC cells, these functions were down-regulated. Studies of the underlying molecular mechanism demonstrated that either tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2)/Akt or the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway contributed to modulate of Ki67, FAP, and α-SMA expression, and correlated to abilities of proliferation, migration and contraction in fibroblasts. In conclusion, PGRN plays an important role in activation of CRC fibroblasts, which may be taken as a prospective target of CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, P. R. China.,Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R.China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated hospital of Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong 272129, P. R. China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Zhangqiu City, Zhangqiu, Shandong 250200, P. R. China
| | - Aiqin Gao
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R.China
| | - Yihang Shen
- Programs of Cancer Biology, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Xia Ren
- Key Medical Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Medical Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Jiang
- Key Medical Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Immunology, Key Laboratory for Rare and Uncommon Diseases of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
| | - Taotao Dong
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P. R. China
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37
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Jobe NP, Živicová V, Mifková A, Rösel D, Dvořánková B, Kodet O, Strnad H, Kolář M, Šedo A, Smetana K, Strnadová K, Brábek J, Lacina L. Fibroblasts potentiate melanoma cells in vitro invasiveness induced by UV-irradiated keratinocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 149:503-516. [PMID: 29435761 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma represents a malignant disease with steadily increasing incidence. UV-irradiation is a recognized key factor in melanoma initiation. Therefore, the efficient prevention of UV tissue damage bears a critical potential for melanoma prevention. In this study, we tested the effect of UV irradiation of normal keratinocytes and their consequent interaction with normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts isolated from melanoma, respectively. Using this model of UV influenced microenvironment, we measured melanoma cell migration in 3-D collagen gels. These interactions were studied using DNA microarray technology, immunofluorescence staining, single cell electrophoresis assay, viability (dead/life) cell detection methods, and migration analysis. We observed that three 10 mJ/cm2 fractions at equal intervals over 72 h applied on keratinocytes lead to a 50% increase (p < 0.05) in in vitro invasion of melanoma cells. The introduction cancer-associated fibroblasts to such model further significantly stimulated melanoma cells in vitro invasiveness to a higher extent than normal fibroblasts. A panel of candidate gene products responsible for facilitation of melanoma cells invasion was defined with emphasis on IL-6, IL-8, and CXCL-1. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a synergistic effect between cancer microenvironment and UV irradiation in melanoma invasiveness under in vitro condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njainday Pulo Jobe
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic.,Cell and Experimental Pathology, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Jan Waldenströms gata 35, 21421, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Veronika Živicová
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 5, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Mifková
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 5, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Rösel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Dvořánková
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic vvi, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 5, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Strnadová
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Brábek
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.,Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Biotechnology and Biomedicine Center of the Academy of Sciences and Charles University in Vestec (BIOCEV), Průmyslová 595, Vestec u Prahy, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, Prague 2, Czech Republic. .,Department of Dermatovenereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Identification of microRNAs differentially expressed in glioblastoma stem-like cells and their association with patient survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2836. [PMID: 29434344 PMCID: PMC5809429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20929-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) are critical for the aggressiveness and progression of glioblastoma (GBM) and contribute to its resistance to adjuvant treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs controlling gene expression at the post-transcriptional level, which are known to be important regulators of the stem-like features. Moreover, miRNAs have been previously proved to be promising diagnostic biomarkers in several cancers including GBM. Using global expression analysis of miRNAs in 10 paired in-vitro as well as in-vivo characterized primary GSC and non-stem glioblastoma cultures, we identified a miRNA signature associated with the stem-like phenotype in GBM. 51 most deregulated miRNAs classified the cell cultures into GSC and non-stem cell clusters and identified a subgroup of GSC cultures with more pronounced stem-cell characteristics. The importance of the identified miRNA signature was further supported by demonstrating that a Risk Score based on the expression of seven miRNAs overexpressed in GSC predicted overall survival in GBM patients in the TCGA dataset independently of the IDH1 status. In summary, we identified miRNAs differentially expressed in GSCs and described their association with GBM patient survival. We propose that these miRNAs participate on GSC features and could represent helpful prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in GBM.
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39
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Dvořánková B, Lacina L, Smetana K. Isolation of Normal Fibroblasts and Their Cancer-Associated Counterparts (CAFs) for Biomedical Research. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1879:393-406. [PMID: 29675784 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2018_137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) represent a crucial component of cancer microenvironment. CAFs significantly influence biological properties of various types of cancer in terms of local aggressiveness, recurrence, and metastatic behaviour. This chapter summarizes a simple protocol for isolation of normal fibroblasts and their cancer-associated counterparts from normal human skin and mucosa, respectively, as well as from samples of human tumours such as basal/squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and breast cancer, and employment of this procedure for other types of cancer is possible. Isolated fibroblasts can be expanded in vitro and employed for further analysis of, e.g., DNA, RNA, protein, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- BarboraBarbora Dvořánková
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and BIOCEV, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and BIOCEV, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Smetana
- First Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy and BIOCEV, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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40
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Molecular Determinants of Malignant Brain Cancers: From Intracellular Alterations to Invasion Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122774. [PMID: 29261132 PMCID: PMC5751372 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma cells invade the surrounding brain parenchyma, by migrating along the blood vessels, thus promoting cancer growth. The biological bases of these activities are grounded in profound alterations of the metabolism and the structural organization of the cells, which consequently acquire the ability to modify the surrounding microenvironment, by altering the extracellular matrix and affecting the properties of the other cells present in the brain, such as normal glial-, endothelial- and immune-cells. Most of the effects on the surrounding environment are probably exerted through the release of a variety of extracellular vesicles (EVs), which contain many different classes of molecules, from genetic material to defined species of lipids and enzymes. EV-associated molecules can be either released into the extracellular matrix (ECM) and/or transferred to neighboring cells: as a consequence, both deep modifications of the recipient cell phenotype and digestion of ECM components are obtained, thus causing cancer propagation, as well as a general brain dysfunction. In this review, we first analyze the main intracellular and extracellular transformations required for glioma cell invasion into the brain parenchyma; then we discuss how these events may be attributed, at least in part, to EVs that, like the pawns of a dramatic chess game with cancer, open the way to the tumor cells themselves.
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41
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de Paula LB, Primo FL, Tedesco AC. Nanomedicine associated with photodynamic therapy for glioblastoma treatment. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:761-773. [PMID: 28823025 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0293-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is the most recurrent and malignant astrocytic glioma found in adults. Biologically, GBMs are highly aggressive tumors that often show diffuse infiltration of the brain parenchyma, making complete surgical resection difficult. GBM is not curable with surgery alone because tumor cells typically invade the surrounding brain, rendering complete resection unsafe. Consequently, present-day therapy for malignant glioma remains a great challenge. The location of the invasive tumor cells presents several barriers to therapeutic delivery. The blood-brain barrier regulates the trafficking of molecules to and from the brain. While high-grade brain tumors contain some "leakiness" in their neovasculature, the mechanisms of GBM onset and progression remain largely unknown. Recent advances in the understanding of the signaling pathways that underlie GBM pathogenesis have led to the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting multiple oncogenic signaling aberrations associated with the GBM. Among these, drug delivery nanosystems have been produced to target therapeutic agents and improve their biodistribution and therapeutic index in the tumor. These systems mainly include polymer or lipid-based carriers such as liposomes, metal nanoparticles, polymeric nanospheres and nanocapsules, micelles, dendrimers, nanocrystals, and nanogold. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment for a variety of oncological diseases. PDT is an efficient, simple, and versatile method that is based on a combination of a photosensitive drug and light (generally laser-diode or laser); these factors are separately relatively harmless but when used together in the presence of oxygen molecules, free radicals are produced that initiate a sequence of biological events, including phototoxicity, vascular damage, and immune responses. Photodynamic pathways activate a cascade of activities, including apoptotic and necrotic cell death in both the tumor and the neovasculature, leading to a permanent lesion and destruction of GBM cells that remain in the healthy tissue. Glioblastoma tumors differ at the molecular level. For example, gene amplification epidermal growth factor receptor and its receptor are more highly expressed in primary GBM than in secondary GBM. Despite these distinguishing features, both types of tumors (primary and secondary) arise as a result dysregulation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways and have standard features, such as increased cell proliferation, survival and resistance to apoptosis, and loss of adhesion and migration, and may show a high degree of invasiveness. PDT may promote significant tumor regression and extend the lifetime of patients who experience glioma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo B de Paula
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando L Primo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14801-903, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering - Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Science and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Wang M, Wu C, Guo Y, Cao X, Zheng W, Fan GK. The primary growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro is effectively supported by paired cancer-associated fibroblasts alone. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317705512. [PMID: 28475003 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells are difficult to propagate in vitro and have a low survival rate. However, in our previous work to establish a laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cell line, we found that laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts appeared to strongly inhibit the apoptosis of primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated whether paired laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts alone can effectively support the growth of primarily cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro. In all, 29 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma specimens were collected and primarily cultured. The laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells were separated from cancer-associated fibroblasts by differential trypsinization and continuously subcultured. Morphological changes of the cultured laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells were observed. Immunocytofluorescence was used to authenticate the identity of the cancer-associated fibroblasts and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Flow cytometry was used to quantify the proportion of apoptotic cells. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of caspase-3. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the levels of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor 1 in the supernatants of the laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and control cells. AMD3100 (a chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 antagonist) and an anti-chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 antibody were used to block the tumor-supporting capacity of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Significant apoptotic changes were detected in the morphology of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells detached from cancer-associated fibroblasts. The percentage of apoptotic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells and the protein levels of caspase-3 increased gradually in subsequent subcultures. In contrast, no significant differences in the proliferation capacity of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells cocultured with cancer-associated fibroblasts were detected during subculturing. High level of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 was detected in the culture supernatant of cancer-associated fibroblasts. The tumor-supporting effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts was significantly inhibited by AMD3100. Our findings demonstrate that the paired laryngeal cancer-associated fibroblasts alone are sufficient to support the primary growth of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro and that the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12/chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 axis is one of the major contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,2 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunping Wu
- 3 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Guo
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Cao
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Wenwei Zheng
- 4 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiaxing University College of Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Guo-Kang Fan
- 2 Department of Otolaryngology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Dvořánková B, Szabo P, Kodet O, Strnad H, Kolář M, Lacina L, Krejčí E, Naňka O, Šedo A, Smetana K. Intercellular crosstalk in human malignant melanoma. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1143-1150. [PMID: 27807664 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing globally. While the initial stages of tumors can be easily treated by a simple surgery, the therapy of advanced stages is rather limited. Melanoma cells spread rapidly through the body of a patient to form multiple metastases. Consequently, the survival rate is poor. Therefore, emphasis in melanoma research is given on early diagnosis and development of novel and more potent therapeutic options. The malignant melanoma is arising from melanocytes, cells protecting mitotically active keratinocytes against damage caused by UV light irradiation. The melanocytes originate in the neural crest and consequently migrate to the epidermis. The relationship between the melanoma cells, the melanocytes, and neural crest stem cells manifests when the melanoma cells are implanted to an early embryo: they use similar migratory routes as the normal neural crest cells. Moreover, malignant potential of these melanoma cells is overdriven in this experimental model, probably due to microenvironmental reprogramming. This observation demonstrates the crucial role of the microenvironment in melanoma biology. Indeed, malignant tumors in general represent complex ecosystems, where multiple cell types influence the growth of genetically mutated cancer cells. This concept is directly applicable to the malignant melanoma. Our review article focuses on possible strategies to modify the intercellular crosstalk in melanoma that can be employed for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Dvořánková
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Strnad
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kolář
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Krejčí
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Naňka
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Šedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, Charles University, 1st Faculty of Medicine, U Nemocnice 3, 128 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- BIOCEV, Průmyslová 595, 252 50, Vestec, Czech Republic.
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Mitsunari K, Miyata Y, Watanabe SI, Asai A, Yasuda T, Kanda S, Sakai H. Stromal expression of Fer suppresses tumor progression in renal cell carcinoma and is a predictor of survival. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:834-840. [PMID: 28356966 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fps/Fes related (Fer) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that is expressed in fibroblasts, immune cells and endothelial cells. Fer serves an important pathological role in cell survival, angiogenesis and the immune system. However, the pathological role of Fer expression in the stromal cells surrounding renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has not been previously investigated. In the present study, immunohistochemical analysis of Fer was performed using the formalin-fixed tissue samples of 152 patients with RCC. The proliferative and apoptotic indices were used to represent the percentage of proliferation marker protein Ki-67- and cleaved caspase-3-positive cells, respectively. The microvessel density was defined as the number of cluster of differentiation (CD) 31-positively stained vessels/mm2. In addition, CD57+ and CD68+ cells were counted using semi-quantification of natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages. Fer expression in stromal cells was negatively associated with Fuhrman grade, pathological tumor stage and metastasis (P<0.001). Fer expression in stromal cells was negatively associated with CD68+ macrophage density, whereas it was positively associated with CD57+ NK cell density. Kaplan-Meier estimators indicated that decreased stromal Fer expression was a predictive marker of decreased cause-specific survival rate (P<0.001). Furthermore, low expression of Fer was identified as being an independent marker of decreased cause-specific survival using multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 7.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.7-33.0; P<0.001). The results of the present study suggested that low Fer expression in stromal cells is associated with increased malignant aggressiveness and decreased survival in patients with RCC. CD57+ NK cell and CD68+ macrophage regulation in cancer-stromal tissue is considered to affect RCC pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Mitsunari
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miyata
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Yasuda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kanda
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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Busek P, Balaziova E, Matrasova I, Hilser M, Tomas R, Syrucek M, Zemanova Z, Krepela E, Belacek J, Sedo A. Fibroblast activation protein alpha is expressed by transformed and stromal cells and is associated with mesenchymal features in glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13961-13971. [PMID: 27492457 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are deadly neoplasms resistant to current treatment modalities. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a protease which is not expressed in most of the normal adult tissues but is characteristically present in the stroma of extracranial malignancies. FAP is considered a potential therapeutic target and is associated with a worse patient outcome in some cancers. The FAP localization in the glioma microenvironment and its relation to patient survival are unknown. By analyzing 56 gliomas and 15 non-tumorous brain samples, we demonstrate increased FAP expression in a subgroup of high-grade gliomas, in particular on the protein level. FAP expression was most elevated in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma. It was neither associated with glioblastoma patient survival in our patient cohort nor in publicly available datasets. FAP was expressed in both transformed and stromal cells; the latter were frequently localized around dysplastic blood vessels and commonly expressed mesenchymal markers. In a mouse xenotransplantation model, FAP was expressed in glioma cells in a subgroup of tumors that typically did not express the astrocytic marker GFAP. Endogenous FAP was frequently upregulated and part of the FAP+ host cells coexpressed the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. In summary, FAP is expressed by several constituents of the glioblastoma microenvironment, including stromal non-malignant mesenchymal cells recruited to and/or activated in response to glioma growth. The limited expression of FAP in healthy tissues together with its presence in both transformed and stromal cells suggests that FAP may be a candidate target for specific delivery of therapeutic agents in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Busek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Balaziova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Matrasova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Hilser
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Tomas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, 150 30, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Syrucek
- Department of Pathology, Na Homolce Hospital, Roentgenova 2, 150 30, Prague 5, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Zemanova
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics of the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 01, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Krepela
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Belacek
- Institute of Biophysics and Bioinformatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Salmovská 1, 120 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Aleksi Sedo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Experimental Oncology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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Paolillo M, Serra M, Schinelli S. Integrins in glioblastoma: Still an attractive target? Pharmacol Res 2016; 113:55-61. [PMID: 27498157 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrin-mediated signaling pathways have been found to promote the invasiveness and survival of glioma cells by modifying the brain microenvironment to support the formation of the tumoral niche. A variety of cells in the niche express integrin receptors, including tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and pericytes. In particular, RGD-binding integrins have been demonstrated to have an important role in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process, considered the first step in the infiltration of tissue by cancer cells and molecular markers of which have been found in glioma cells. In simultaneous research, Small Molecule Integrin Antagonists (SMIA) yielded initially promising results in in vitro and in vivo studies, leading to clinical trials to test their safety and efficacy in combination with other anticancer drugs in the treatment of several tumor types. The initially high expectations, especially because of their antiangiogenic activity, which appeared to be a winning strategy against GBM, were not confirmed and this cast serious doubts on the real benefits to be gained from the use of SMIA for the treatment of cancer in humans. In this review, we provide an overview of recent findings concerning the functional roles of integrins, especially RGD-binding integrins, in the processes related to glioma cells survival and brain tissue infiltration. These findings disclose a new scenario in which recently developed SMIA might become useful tools to hinder glioblastoma cell dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Paolillo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Massimo Serra
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Nanoparticles for Targeting Intratumoral Hypoxia: Exploiting a Potential Weakness of Glioblastoma. Pharm Res 2016; 33:2059-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Simultaneous blocking of IL-6 and IL-8 is sufficient to fully inhibit CAF-induced human melanoma cell invasiveness. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:205-17. [PMID: 27102177 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in cell invasion and metastasis. To investigate the role of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in melanoma cell invasiveness, we used 3D spheroid invasion assay. The effect of conditioned media from normal fibroblasts and CAFs cultivated alone or co-cultivated with melanoma cells on BLM or A2058 melanoma spheroid invasion was analysed. We found that conditioned media from CAFs and CAFs co-cultured with melanoma cells, especially, promote invasion and migration, without significant effect on melanoma cell proliferation. We further analysed the expression of pro-invasive cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 in media and found that melanoma cells are dominant producers of IL-8 and fibroblasts are dominant producers of IL-6 in 2D monocultures, while co-cultivation of CAFs with melanoma cells induces production/secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 into the media. The analyses of IL-6 levels in 3D cultures and human melanoma samples, however, revealed that at least in some cases IL-6 is also produced directly by melanoma cells. Analysis of the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in CAF-induced melanoma invasion, using neutralising antibodies, revealed that simultaneous blocking of IL-6 and IL-8 is sufficient to fully inhibit CAF-induced human melanoma cell invasiveness. In summary, these experiments indicate the important role of CAFs and IL-8 and IL-6 cytokines in melanoma cell invasiveness.
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Lacina L, Plzak J, Kodet O, Szabo P, Chovanec M, Dvorankova B, Smetana K. Cancer Microenvironment: What Can We Learn from the Stem Cell Niche. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24094-110. [PMID: 26473842 PMCID: PMC4632740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (ESCs) are crucial for maintenance and self- renewal of skin epithelium and also for regular hair cycling. Their role in wound healing is also indispensable. ESCs reside in a defined outer root sheath portion of hair follicle—also known as the bulge region. ECS are also found between basal cells of the interfollicular epidermis or mucous membranes. The non-epithelial elements such as mesenchymal stem cell-like elements of dermis or surrounding adipose tissue can also contribute to this niche formation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) participate in formation of common epithelial malignant diseases such as basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma. In this review article, we focus on the role of cancer microenvironment with emphasis on the effect of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). This model reflects various biological aspects of interaction between cancer cell and CAFs with multiple parallels to interaction of normal epidermal stem cells and their niche. The complexity of intercellular interactions within tumor stroma is depicted on example of malignant melanoma, where keratinocytes also contribute the microenvironmental landscape during early phase of tumor progression. Interactions seen in normal bulge region can therefore be an important source of information for proper understanding to melanoma. The therapeutic consequences of targeting of microenvironment in anticancer therapy and for improved wound healing are included to article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Lacina
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Plzak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Kodet
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Charles University, U Nemocnice 2, 12808 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Szabo
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Chovanec
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, 1st Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 15006 Prague 5, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Dvorankova
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Smetana
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, U Nemocnice 3, 12800 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
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