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Kárász N, Juhász O, Imrei M, Garami M. Long-Term Prognosis in Relation to Vitamin D Status in Pediatric Solid Tumor Patients. Nutrients 2023; 15:4571. [PMID: 37960224 PMCID: PMC10650320 DOI: 10.3390/nu15214571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypovitaminosis D is associated with oncogenesis, and the initial level of Vitamin D may play a role in determining long-term prognosis, relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). The purpose of our study was to follow up pediatric cancer patients for a long time in terms of their baseline Vitamin D level and disease outcomes. METHODS We collected data on the initial 25(OH)D concentration in 117 children and examined their RFS and OS using Kaplan-Meier curves. RESULTS The initial 25(OH)D mean value in the relapsed group was 20.35 ng/mL (SE: 2.05) and in children without relapse it was 26.14 ng/mL (SE: 1.13). Both the relapse-free and overall Kaplan-Meier curves showed a tendency for children with lower serum Vitamin D concentrations to experience cancer recurrence or fatal outcomes sooner than patients with normal serum levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated a possible correlation between higher pretreatment serum Vitamin D concentrations and improved overall and relapse-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nóra Kárász
- Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Orsolya Juhász
- Pediatric Center, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Marcell Imrei
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
- Heim Pál National Pediatric Institute, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Garami
- Pediatric Center, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary;
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Gnagnarella P, Raimondi S, Aristarco V, Johansson H, Bellerba F, Corso F, De Angelis SP, Belloni P, Caini S, Gandini S. Ethnicity as modifier of risk for Vitamin D receptors polymorphisms: Comprehensive meta-analysis of all cancer sites. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2020; 158:103202. [PMID: 33387627 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptors polymorphisms are found to be associated with several cancers. Since their prevalence vary across ethnicities and ethnicity itself seems to influence the cancer risk, a comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to investigate the role of VDR Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2 and cancer risk at specific organ sites. Odds ratios, calculated with random-effects models, summarized one-hundred-ninety-two independent studies for twenty-two cancer sites. Evidence was provided that Fok1, Bsm1, Cdx2, Apa1 and Taq1 are linked to cancer susceptibility for colorectal, lung, ovarian, skin, multiple myeloma and brain cancer. Stratifying by ethnicity, some differences were found, partially explained by minor allele frequency (MAF), for colorectal cancer, ovarian and prostate cancer in Caucasian and prostate cancer in Asian populations. In summary, ethnicity may be a modifier of cancer risk, in particular for hormone dependent cancers and it should be considered evaluating the effect of VDR on cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.
| | - Sara Raimondi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Aristarco
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Harriet Johansson
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Bellerba
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Corso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Belloni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Saverio Caini
- Cancer Risk Factors and Lifestyle Epidemiology Unit, Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Gandini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Increasing scientific evidence supports the link between vitamin D and cancer risk. The active metabolite 1,25(OH)2D exerts its activity by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), an intracellular receptor that mediates transcriptional activation and repression of target genes. The binding of 1,25(OH)2D to VDR is able to regulate hundreds of different genes. VDR is active in virtually all tissues including the colon, breast, lung, ovary, bone, kidney, parathyroid gland, pancreatic b-cells, monocytes, T lymphocytes, melanocytes, keratinocytes, and also cancer cells.The relevance of VDR gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms for various types of cancer has been investigated by a great number of studies.We have carried out a systematic review of the literature to analyze the relevance of more VDR polymorphisms (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, and Cdx2) for individual malignancies considering ethnicity as a key factor for heterogeneity.Up to December 2018, we identified 176 independent studies with data to assess the risk of breast, prostate, colorectal, skin (melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer), lung, ovarian, kidney, bladder, gallbladder, esophageal, thyroid, head and neck, liver and pancreatic cancer, oral squamous cell carcinoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and sarcoma.Significant associations with VDR polymorphisms have been reported for prostate (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, Cdx2), breast (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1, CdX2), colorectal (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1, Apa1), and skin cancer (Fok1, Bsm1, Taq1). Very few studies reported risk estimates for the other cancer sites.Conflicting data have been reported for most malignancies, and at present, it is still not possible to make any definitive statements about the importance of the VDR genotype for cancer risk. It seems probable that other factors such as ethnicity, phenotype, 25(OH)D plasma levels, and UV radiation exposure play a role as confounding factors and introduce heterogeneity.To conclude, there is some indication that VDR polymorphisms may modulate the risk of some cancer sites and in future studies VDR genetic variation should be integrated also with assessment of vitamin D status and stratified by ethnicity.
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Gholami M, Larijani B, Sharifi F, Hasani‐Ranjbar S, Taslimi R, Bastami M, Atlasi R, Amoli MM. MicroRNA-binding site polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 2019; 8:7477-7499. [PMID: 31637880 PMCID: PMC6885874 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variations in miRNAs binding site might participate in cancer risk. This study aimed to systematically review the association between miRNA-binding site polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC). Electronic literature search was carried out on PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Embase. All types of observational studies till 30 November 2018 were included. Overall 85 studies (21 SNPs) from two systematic searches were included analysis. The results showed that in the Middle East population, the minor allele of rs731236 was associated with decreased risk of CRC (heterozygote model: 0.76 [0.61-0.95]). The minor allele of rs3025039 was related to increased risk of CRC in East Asian population (allelic model: 1.25 [1.01-1.54]). Results for rs3212986 were significant in overall and subgroup analysis (P < .05). For rs1801157 in subgroup analysis the association was significant in Asian populations (including allelic model: 2.28 [1.11-4.69]). For rs712, subgroup analysis revealed a significant (allelic model: 1.41 [1.23-1.61]) and borderline (allelic model: 0.92 [0.84-1.00]) association in Chinese and Czech populations, respectively. The minor allele of rs17281995 increased risk of CRC in different genetic models (P < .05). Finally, rs5275, rs4648298, and rs61764370 did not show significant associations. In conclusion, minor allele of rs3025039, rs3212986, and rs712 polymorphisms increases the risk of CRC in the East Asian population, and heterozygote model of rs731236 polymorphism shows protective effect in the Middle East population. In Europeans, the minor allele of rs17281995 may increase the risk of CRC, while rs712 may have a protective effect. Further analysis based on population stratifications should be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shirin Hasani‐Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Reza Taslimi
- Department of GastroenterologyImam Khomeini HospitalTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Milad Bastami
- Department of Medical GeneticsFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Rasha Atlasi
- Evidence Based Practice Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mahsa M. Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research CenterEndocrinology and Metabolism Molecular‐Cellular Sciences InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Yu HM, Yao XD, Zhang RM, Zhuang HF, Wang PW, Li YZ. Repression of let-7b-5p prevents the development of multifidus muscle dysfunction by promoting vitamin D accumulation via upregulation of electron transfer flavoprotein alpha subunit in a rat model of multifidus muscle injury. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7458-7473. [PMID: 30387180 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Multifidus muscle dysfunction is associated with the multifidus muscle injury (MMI), which ultimately result in the low-back pain. Increasing evidence shows that microRNAs (miRs) may be involved in multifidus muscle dysfunction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that downregulation of let-7b-5p may inhibit the multifidus muscle dysfunction development and progression. The target prediction program and luciferase activity determination confirmed electron transfer flavoprotein alpha subunit (ETFA) as a direct target gene of let-7b-5p. To study the mechanisms and functions of let-7b-5p in relation to ETFA in MMI progression, we prepared rats with experimental MMI, and a lentivirus-based packaging system was designed to upregulate expressions of let-7b-5p, and downregulate the expression of ETFA. ETFA was identified as a target gene of let-7b-5p. Older age, a longer duration of pain, and higher visual analog scale and Oswestry disability index scores for the patients with chronic low-back pain were linked to a more severe degree of degenerative muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration. Increased expression of let-7b-5p and decreased expression of ETFA and vitamin D receptor (VDR) were positively correlated with multifidus muscle dysfunction. Downregulated let-7b-5p could inhibit infiltration of collagen fibers, reverse the ultrastructural changes of multifidus muscle, and induce the VDR expression, thereby repair the MMI. The results provided a potential basis for let-7b-5p that could support targeted intervention in multifidus muscle dysfunction. Collectively, this study confirmed that downregulation of let-7b-5p has a potential inhibitory effect on the development of the function of the musculus myocytes by upregulating ETFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ming Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Dong Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Rong-Mou Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Hua-Feng Zhuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Kurucu N, Şahin G, Sarı N, Ceylaner S, İlhan İE. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with osteosarcoma risk and prognosis. J Bone Oncol 2019; 14:100208. [PMID: 30568875 PMCID: PMC6289937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Through its receptor (VDR), vitamin D3 plays an important role in a wide variety of cellular processes. Polymorphisms in VDR gene have been linked to risk of various cancers and their prognoses. We conducted a case-control study to analyze he relationship of VDR gene polymorphisms with the occurrence and prognosis of osteosarcoma. METHODS Fifty-eight osteosarcoma patients and 75 healthy controls were included in the study. Single nucleotide change polymorphisms (SNPs) in Cdx2, FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI regions of VDR gene were examined with SNaPshot mini-sequencing technique. Allele and genotype frequencies in patients and controls were compared. The association of polymorphic genotypes with osteosarcoma was evaluated. The relationship of the presence of polymorphism to prognostic parameters and survival rates were also analyzed. RESULTS Allele and genotype frequencies of Cdx2, FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI regions in VDR gene were found to be similar in patients and controls. Polymorphisms in these regions were not associated with osteosarcoma risk. In patients having Cdx2 polymorphic allele, tumor volume was greater (p:0.041), metastasis was more common (p:0.042) and histopathological response to chemotherapy was worse (p:0.044). Good histopathological response was significantly higher in patients with BsmI homozygous polymorphism (p:0.037). In the presence of heterozygous Cdx2 and homozygous a higher three-year overall survival rate was found, while there was a higher event-free survival rate in patients with ApaI polymorphisms. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that although polymorphisms of VDR gene are not related to the development of osteosarcoma, they may be important for prognosis. Understanding the effect of VDR polymorphisms on osteosarcoma will be important in identifying new prognostic parameters and new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Kurucu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Sıhhıye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gurses Şahin
- Dr. Sami Ulus Woman and Child Health Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neriman Sarı
- A.Y. Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - İnci Ergurhan İlhan
- A.Y. Ankara Oncology Training and Research Hospital, Sağlık Bilimleri University, Ankara, Turkey
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WITHDRAWN: ASSOCIATION OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS WITH OSTEOSARCOMA RISK AND PROGNOSIS. J Bone Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Bienertová-Vašků J, Zlámal F, Pohořalá A, Mikeš O, Goldbergová-Pávková M, Novák J, Šplíchal Z, Pikhart H. Allelic variants in vitamin D receptor gene are associated with adiposity measures in the central-European population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:90. [PMID: 28830368 PMCID: PMC5568207 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that vitamin D is involved in ethiopathogenesis of obesity and therefore the aim of the study was to investigate whether 5 selected SNPs in VDR (vitamin D receptor) gene are associated also with anthropometry in the obese and non-obese Central-European population. Methods A total of 882 Central European Caucasian individuals of Czech origin were recruited (n = 882, 232 M/650 F) and weight, height, BMI, lean body mass, fat mass, body fat, waist and hip circumference, waist–hip ratio (WHR) and skinfold thickness were measured. Univariate and multivariate models were constructed in order to investigate the relationship between anthropometry and VDR polymorphisms. Results In the univariate modeling, the CC genotype of FokI SNP was associated with reduced waist circumference (β = −3.48; 95%CI:-7.11;0.15; p = 0.060), sum of skin fold thickness (β = −6.53, 95% CI: -12.96;-0.11; p = 0.046) as well as total % of body fat (β = −3.14, 95% CI: -5.18;-1.09; p = 0.003) compared to TT genotype. The AC genotype of ApaI SNP was associated with reduced waist circumference compared to AA genotype (β = −4.37, 95% CI: -7.54;-1.20; p = 0.007). GG genotype of EcoRV SNP was associated with reduced sum of skin fold thickness compared to AA genotype (β = −7.77, 95% CI: -14.34;-1.21; p = 0.020). In the multivariate modelling, multiple significant associations of VDR with investigated traits were observed, too. Conclusion Our study suggests that genetic variability in the VDR region may be an important factor influencing anthropometric characteristics associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bienertová-Vašků
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice A29, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice A18, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Filip Zlámal
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice A29, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Aneta Pohořalá
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice A29, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Mikeš
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice A29, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Goldbergová-Pávková
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice A18, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice A18, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Šplíchal
- Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice A18, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice A29, Brno, Czech Republic.,Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Genc DB, Vural S, Yagar G. The Incidence of and Factors Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Newly Diagnosed Children with Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:756-61. [PMID: 27270075 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1180408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective chart review study aimed to assess vitamin D status and identify risk factors associated with vitamin D deficiency and bone parameters in children with cancer at admission. The data of 86 (50 males and 36 females) patients between April 2013 and June 2015 were analyzed. Calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25(OH)D, age, gender, diagnostic category, body mass index, duration of complaints, and season of blood sampling were recorded. Median age was 7.17 years (range 0.31-17.40) in 29 hematological malignancy and 57 solid tumor patients. According to cut-off level of 20 ng/ml, 63% of children with cancer had vitamin D deficiency at diagnosis with a median 25(OH)D of 16.75 ng/ml. The mean vitamin D value of children >10 years was significantly low in comparison to that observed in younger children [11.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) = = 8.85-14.81 ng/ml vs. 19.81, 95% CI = = 17.02-22.60 ng/ml]. Vitamin D measurement between November and May was a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency (P < 0.05). The frequency of hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia was not different between two groups of vitamin D. Further longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether monitoring vitamin D status and supplementation in children with cancer might prevent future complications related to vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dildar Bahar Genc
- a Pediatric Oncologist , Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Sema Vural
- a Pediatric Oncologist , Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Gulperi Yagar
- b Pediatrics , Sisli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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Nucleotide Excision Repair and Vitamin D--Relevance for Skin Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:372. [PMID: 27058533 PMCID: PMC4848881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is involved in almost all skin cancer cases, but on the other hand, it stimulates the production of pre-vitamin D3, whose active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25VD3), plays important physiological functions on binding with its receptor (vitamin D receptor, VDR). UV-induced DNA damages in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or (6-4)-pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts are frequently found in skin cancer and its precursors. Therefore, removing these lesions is essential for the prevention of skin cancer. As UV-induced DNA damages are repaired by nucleotide excision repair (NER), the interaction of 1,25VD3 with NER components can be important for skin cancer transformation. Several studies show that 1,25VD3 protects DNA against damage induced by UV, but the exact mechanism of this protection is not completely clear. 1,25VD3 was also shown to affect cell cycle regulation and apoptosis in several signaling pathways, so it can be considered as a potential modulator of the cellular DNA damage response, which is crucial for mutagenesis and cancer transformation. 1,25VD3 was shown to affect DNA repair and potentially NER through decreasing nitrosylation of DNA repair enzymes by NO overproduction by UV, but other mechanisms of the interaction between 1,25VD3 and NER machinery also are suggested. Therefore, the array of NER gene functioning could be analyzed and an appropriate amount of 1.25VD3 could be recommended to decrease UV-induced DNA damage important for skin cancer transformation.
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