1
|
Deerochanawong C, Kim SG, Chang YC. Role of Fenofibrate Use in Dyslipidemia and Related Comorbidities in the Asian Population: A Narrative Review. Diabetes Metab J 2024; 48:184-195. [PMID: 38273789 PMCID: PMC10995494 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2023.0168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertriglyceridemia and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) persist despite statin therapy, contributing to residual atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Asian subjects are metabolically more susceptible to hypertriglyceridemia than other ethnicities. Fenofibrate regulates hypertriglyceridemia, raises HDL-C levels, and is a recommended treatment for dyslipidemia. However, data on fenofibrate use across different Asian regions are limited. This narrative review summarizes the efficacy and safety data of fenofibrate in Asian subjects with dyslipidemia and related comorbidities (diabetes, metabolic syndrome, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy). Long-term fenofibrate use resulted in fewer cardiovascular (CV) events and reduced the composite of heart failure hospitalizations or CV mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fenofibrate plays a significant role in improving irisin resistance and microalbuminuria, inhibiting inflammatory responses, and reducing retinopathy incidence. Fenofibrate plus statin combination significantly reduced composite CV events risk in patients with metabolic syndrome and demonstrated decreased triglyceride and increased HDL-C levels with an acceptable safety profile in those with high CV or ASCVD risk. Nevertheless, care is necessary with fenofibrate use due to possible hepatic and renal toxicities in vulnerable individuals. Long-term trials and real-world studies are needed to confirm the clinical benefits of fenofibrate in the heterogeneous Asian population with dyslipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaicharn Deerochanawong
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sin Gon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu-Cheng Chang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yao Z, Meng J, Long J, Li L, Qiu W, Li C, Zhang JV, Ren P. Orphan receptor GPR50 attenuates inflammation and insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 13:89-101. [PMID: 36333974 PMCID: PMC9811602 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin secretion deficiencies and systemic insulin resistance (IR) in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver. Although the mechanism of T2DM is not yet fully known, inflammation and insulin resistance play a central role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in endocrine and metabolic processes as well as many other physiological processes. GPR50 (G protein-coupled receptor 50) is an orphan GPCR that shares the highest sequence homology with melatonin receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of GPR50 on inflammation and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. GPR50 expression was observed to be significantly increased in the adipose tissue of obese T2DM mice, while GPR50 deficiency increased inflammation in 3T3-L1 cells and induced the phosphorylation of AKT and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1. Furthermore, GPR50 knockout in the 3T3-L1 cell line suppressed PPAR-γ expression. These data suggest that GPR50 can attenuate inflammatory levels and regulate insulin signaling in adipocytes. Furthermore, the effects are mediated through the regulation of the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway and PPAR-γ expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Yao
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Jun Meng
- Department of Pathogenic BiologyShenzhen Center for Disease Control and PreventionChina,Department of Microbiology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Long
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Long Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Weicong Qiu
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Cairong Li
- Centre for Translational Medicine Research & Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Jian V. Zhang
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| | - Pei‐Gen Ren
- Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bhattacharjee J, Borra VJ, Salem ESB, Zhang C, Murakami K, Gill RK, Kim A, Kim JK, Salazar-Gonzalez RM, Warren M, Kohli R, Nakamura T. Hepatic Ago2 Regulates PPARα for Oxidative Metabolism Linked to Glycemic Control in Obesity and Post Bariatric Surgery. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6081955. [PMID: 33567453 PMCID: PMC7875175 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Argonaute 2 (Ago2) is the main component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. We recently showed that liver-specific Ago2-deficiency in mice (L-Ago2 knockout [KO] mice) enhances mitochondrial oxidation and alleviates obesity-associated pathophysiology. However, the precise mechanisms behind the role of hepatic Ago2 in regulating the mitochondrial oxidation associated with glucose metabolism are still unclear. Here, we show that hepatic Ago2 regulates the function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) for oxidative metabolism. In both genetically and diet-induced severe obese conditions, L-Ago2 KO mice developed obesity and hepatic steatosis but exhibited improved glucose metabolism accompanied by lowered expression levels of pathologic microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-802, miR-103/107, and miR-152, and enhanced expression of PPARα and its target genes regulating oxidative metabolism in the liver. We then investigated the role of hepatic Ago2 in the outcomes of vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) in which PPARα plays a crucial role in a drastic transcription reprogram associated with improved glycemia post VSG. Whereas VSG reduced body weight and improved fatty liver in wild-type mice, these effects were not observed in hepatic Ago2-deficient mice. Conversely, glucose metabolism was improved in a hepatic Ago2-dependent manner post VSG. Treating Ago2-deficient primary hepatocytes with WY-14643, a PPARα agonist, showed that Ago2-deficiency enhances sensitivity to WY-14643 and increases expression of PPARα target genes and mitochondrial oxidation. Our findings suggest that hepatic Ago2 function is intrinsically associated with PPARα that links Ago2-mediated RNA silencing with mitochondrial functions for oxidation and obesity-associated pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jashdeep Bhattacharjee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vishnupriya J Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Esam S B Salem
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cai Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kazutoshi Murakami
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rupinder K Gill
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ahlee Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James K Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rosa-Maria Salazar-Gonzalez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mikako Warren
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Correspondence: Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. ; or Takahisa Nakamura, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Correspondence: Rohit Kohli, MBBS, MS, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. ; or Takahisa Nakamura, PhD, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 7012, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park J, Jung TW, Chung YH, Park ES, Jeong JH. 1,2-Dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine increases insulin sensitivity in palmitate-treated myotubes and induces lipolysis in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:162-167. [PMID: 32943187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity causes the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Phosphatidylcholine (PPC) has been reported to increase hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipolysis in adipose tissue to resolve local obesity. In this study, we proposed 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), the main active species of PPC, as an effective substance for the treatment of obesity-mediated disorders such as impaired fat metabolism and insulin resistance. Therefore, we investigated the potential lipolytic effects of DLPC on adipocytes and insulin signaling in muscle cells. In this study, DLPC-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed enhanced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) release. Suppression of TNF-α by short interfering RNA (siRNA) mitigated DLPC-induced lipolysis and apoptosis. DLPC treatment increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) expression levels in C2C12 myocytes. siRNA-mediated suppression of PPARα abrogated the suppressive effects of DLPC on palmitate-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. In conclusion, DLPC enhanced lipolysis and apoptosis via a TNFα-dependent pathway in adipocytes and attenuated palmitate-induced insulin resistance through PPARα-mediated suppression of inflammation in myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eon Sub Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drug, the Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drug, the Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tao T, Wang Y, Xu B, Mao X, Sun Y, Liu W. Role of adiponectin/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha signaling in human chorionic gonadotropin-induced estradiol synthesis in human luteinized granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 493:110450. [PMID: 31116958 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impaired steroid production in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) may result from adiponectin system dysfunction. However, adiponectin's role in ovulatory dysfunction remains unclear. We aimed to determine whether human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and adiponectin affect progesterone and estradiol secretion by granulosa cells (GCs) from overweight or obese women with PCOS or normal ovulation. ADIPOR2 expression was higher in hCG-treated GCs from PCOS patients than in those from normovulatory women. hCG may upregulate ADIPOR2 expression through cAMP/PKA signaling in GCs. GCs from both groups expressed PPARA. Estradiol levels were lower in hCG + adiponectin-treated GCs from PCOS patients than in those from normovulatory women. hCG + adiponectin decreased P450 aromatase expression through adiponectin/PPARα signaling in GCs. Adiponectin downregulates hCG-induced estradiol levels in GCs from overweight or obese women through gonadotropin-adiponectin crosstalk. Changes in gonadotropin and adiponectin signaling in the ovarian microenvironment may improve symptoms in women with PCOS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yuying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Bing Xu
- Shanghai Key laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Xiuying Mao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Shanghai Key laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China; Shanghai Key laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao YN, Baiyisaiti A, Wong CW, Hsu SH, Qi R. Polyurethane Nanoparticle-Loaded Fenofibrate Exerts Inhibitory Effects on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4550-4557. [PMID: 30188729 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) nanoparticles are potential drug carriers. We aimed to study the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of biodegradable PU nanoparticles loaded with fenofibrate (FNB-PU) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). FNB-PU was prepared by a green process, and its preventive effects on NAFLD were investigated on HepG2 cells and mice. FNB-PU showed sustained in vitro FNB release profile. Compared to FNB crude drug, FNB-PU significantly decreased triglyceride content in HepG2 cells incubated with oleic acid and in livers of mice with NAFLD induced by a methionine choline deficient diet, and increased plasma FNB concentration of the mice. FNB-PU increased absorption of FNB and therefore enhanced the inhibitory effects of FNB on NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ni Cao
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , Beijing , China
| | - Asiya Baiyisaiti
- School of Pharmacy , Shihezi University , Shihezi , Xinjiang , China
| | - Chui-Wei Wong
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering , National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Rong Qi
- Peking University Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences , Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Y, Liu Y, Jing Z, Peng L, Jin P, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Ren J, Xie Q, Jin X. N-oleoylethanolamide suppresses intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in rats through AMPK/PPARα pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 496:415-421. [PMID: 29305859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration are crucial events in the pathological course of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). N-oleoylethanolamide (OEA) is a bioactive lipid amide released upon dietary fat digestion with many reported actions. However, the effect of OEA on restenosis after vascular injury remains unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of OEA on intimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in vivo, its effect on VSMC proliferation and migration induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation in vitro, and the underlying mechanism underlying these effects. The results showed that OEA-treated rats displayed a significant reduction in neointima formation after balloon injury. In cultured VSMCs, treatment with OEA decreased cell proliferation and migration induced by PDGF. OEA treatment both in vivo and in vitro led to an increase in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), and a decrease in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclinD1 expression. Pharmacological inhibition of AMPK and PPARα reversed the suppressive effects of OEA on VSMC proliferation and migration, suggesting that the suppressive effect of OEA on VSMC proliferation and migration is mediated through the activation of AMPK and PPARα. In conclusion, our present study demonstrated that OEA attenuated neointima formation in response to balloon injury by suppressing SMC proliferation and migration through an AMPK and PPARα-dependent mechanism. Our data suggests that OEA may be a potential therapeutic agent for restenosis after PCI.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Agents/pharmacology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Endocannabinoids/pharmacology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Hyperplasia/genetics
- Hyperplasia/metabolism
- Hyperplasia/pathology
- Hyperplasia/prevention & control
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Neointima/genetics
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Neointima/prevention & control
- Oleic Acids/pharmacology
- PPAR alpha/genetics
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/genetics
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/drug effects
- Tunica Intima/metabolism
- Tunica Intima/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Zuo Jing
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Lu Peng
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Peng Jin
- Experiment Section, Fushun Agricultural Specialty School, Fushun 113123, PR China
| | - Yangbin Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Lichao Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Jie Ren
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China
| | - Qiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361003, PR China.
| | - Xin Jin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Chiral Drugs, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|