1
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Waghode P, Quadir SS, Choudhary D, Sharma S, Joshi G. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) as a potential gene silencing strategy for diabetes and associated complications: challenges and future perspectives. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:365-383. [PMID: 38932822 PMCID: PMC11196550 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective This article critically reviews the recent search on the use of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) in the process of gene regulation that has been harnessed to silence specific genes in various cell types, including those involved in diabetes complications. Significance Diabetes, a prevalent and severe condition, poses life-threatening risks due to elevated blood glucose levels. It results from inadequate insulin production by the pancreas or ineffective insulin utilization by the body. Recent research suggests siRNA could hold promise in addressing diabetes complications. Methods In this review, we discussed several subjects, including diabetes; its function, and common treatment options. An in-depth analysis of gene silencing method for siRNA and role of siRNA in diabetes, focusing on its impact on glucose homeostasis, diabetic retinopathy, wound healing, diabetic nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, diabetic foot ulcers, diabetic atherosclerosis, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Result siRNA-based treatment has the potential to target specific genes without disrupting several other endogenous pathways, which decreases the risk of off-target effects. In addition, siRNA has the capability to provide long-term efficacy with a single dose which will reduce treatment options and enhance patient compliance. Conclusion In the context of diabetic complications, siRNA has been explored as a potential therapeutic tool to modulate the expression of genes involved in various processes associated with diabetes-related issues such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Neuropathy, Nephropathy, wound healing. The use of siRNA in these contexts is still largely experimental, and challenges such as delivery to specific tissues, potential off-target effects, and long-term safety need to be addressed. Additionally, the development of siRNA-based therapies for clinical use in diabetic complications is an active area of research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-024-01405-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali Waghode
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, deemed to be University, Vile Parle West, 400056 Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Sheikh Shahnawaz Quadir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, 313001 Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Deepak Choudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, 313001 Udaipur, Rajasthan India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMS, deemed to be University, Vile Parle West, 400056 Mumbai, Maharashtra India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, 313001 Udaipur, Rajasthan India
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2
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Lin P, Cao W, Chen X, Zhang N, Xing Y, Yang N. Role of mRNA-binding proteins in retinal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 2024; 242:109870. [PMID: 38514023 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization (RNV) is a pathological process that primarily occurs in diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, and retinal vein occlusion. It is a common yet debilitating clinical condition that culminates in blindness. Urgent efforts are required to explore more efficient and less limiting therapeutic strategies. Key RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), crucial for post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by binding to RNAs, are closely correlated with RNV development. RBP-RNA interactions are altered during RNV. Here, we briefly review the characteristics and functions of RBPs, and the mechanism of RNV. Then, we present insights into the role of the regulatory network of RBPs in RNV. HuR, eIF4E, LIN28B, SRSF1, METTL3, YTHDF1, Gal-1, HIWI1, and ZFR accelerate RNV progression, whereas YTHDF2 and hnRNPA2B1 hinder it. The mechanisms elucidated in this review provide a reference to guide the design of therapeutic strategies to reverse abnormal processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Wenye Cao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Ningzhi Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiqiao Xing
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei, China.
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road #238, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
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3
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Abdelsam SS, Ghanem SK, Zahid MA, Abunada HH, Bader L, Raïq H, Khan A, Parray A, Djouhri L, Agouni A. Human antigen R: Exploring its inflammatory response impact and significance in cardiometabolic disorders. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e31229. [PMID: 38426269 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in the regulation of posttranscriptional RNA networks, which can undergo dysregulation in many pathological conditions. Human antigen R (HuR) is a highly researched RBP that plays a crucial role as a posttranscriptional regulator. HuR plays a crucial role in the amplification of inflammatory signals by stabilizing the messenger RNA of diverse inflammatory mediators and key molecular players. The noteworthy correlations between HuR and its target molecules, coupled with the remarkable impacts reported on the pathogenesis and advancement of multiple diseases, position HuR as a promising candidate for therapeutic intervention in diverse inflammatory conditions. This review article examines the significance of HuR as a member of the RBP family, its regulatory mechanisms, and its implications in the pathophysiology of inflammation and cardiometabolic illnesses. Our objective is to illuminate potential directions for future research and drug development by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the existing body of research on HuR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahenda Salah Abdelsam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sarah Khalaf Ghanem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Ammar Zahid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hanan H Abunada
- Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Loulia Bader
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hicham Raïq
- Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abbas Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Aijaz Parray
- The Neuroscience Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laiche Djouhri
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdelali Agouni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Office of Vice President for Medical & Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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4
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Dogaris I, Pylypchuk I, Henriksson G, Abbadessa A. Polyelectrolyte complexes based on a novel and sustainable hemicellulose-rich lignosulphonate for drug delivery applications. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024:10.1007/s13346-024-01573-2. [PMID: 38530607 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are polymeric structures formed by the self-assembly of oppositely charged polymers. Novel biomaterials based on PECs are currently under investigation as drug delivery systems, among other applications. This strategy leverages the ability of PECs to entrap drugs under mild conditions and control their release. In this study, we combined a novel and sustainably produced hemicellulose-rich lignosulphonate polymer (EH, negatively charged) with polyethyleneimine (PEI) or chitosan (CH, positively charged) and agar for the development of drug-releasing PECs. A preliminary screening demonstrated the effect of several parameters (polyelectrolyte ratio, temperature, and type of polycation) on PECs formation. From this, selected formulations were further characterized in terms of thermal properties, surface morphology at the microscale, stability, and ability to load and release methylene blue (MB) as a model drug. EH/PEI complexes had a more pronounced gel-like behaviour compared to the EH/CH complexes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results supported the establishment of polymeric interactions during complexation. Overall, PECs' stability was positively affected by low pH, ratios close to 1:1, and the addition of agar. PECs with higher EH content showed a higher MB loading, likely promoted by stronger electrostatic interactions. The EH/CH formulation enriched with agar showed the best sustained release profile of MB during the first 30 h in a pH-dependent environment simulating the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, we defined the conditions to formulate novel PECs based on a sustainable hemicellulose-rich lignosulphonate for potential applications in drug delivery, which promotes the valuable synergy between sustainability and the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Dogaris
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Ievgen Pylypchuk
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Anna Abbadessa
- Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm, SE-100 44, Sweden.
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), IDIS Research Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida Barcelona s/n, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Zhang X, Li Y, Zhou Z. Lipid Nanoparticle-Based Delivery System-A Competing Place for mRNA Vaccines. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:6219-6234. [PMID: 38371811 PMCID: PMC10870384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
mRNA, as one of the foci of biomedical research in the past decade, has become a candidate vaccine solution for various infectious diseases and tumors and for regenerative medicine and immunotherapy due to its high efficiency, safety, and effectiveness. A stable and effective delivery system is needed to protect mRNAs from nuclease degradation while also enhancing immunogenicity. The success of mRNA lipid nanoparticles in treating COVID-19, to a certain extent, marks a milestone for mRNA vaccines and also promotes further research on mRNA delivery systems. Here, we explore mRNA vaccine delivery systems, especially lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), considering the current research status, prospects, and challenges of lipid nanoparticles, and explore other mRNA delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Research
Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
- Institute
for Biological Product Control, National
Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and WHO Collaborating
Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, No.31 Huatuo Street, Daxing District, 102629 Beijing, China
- College
of Life Science, Jilin University, 130012 Changchun, China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- Department
of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital (Xiamen Branch), Fudan University, 361015 Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Zehua Zhou
- Research
Center for Infectious Diseases, Tianjin
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 300193 Tianjin, China
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Zheng J, Wang R, Wang Y. New concepts drive the development of delivery tools for sustainable treatment of diabetic complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 171:116206. [PMID: 38278022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic complications, especially diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy and painful diabetic neuropathy, account for a large portion of patients with diabetes and display rising global prevalence. They are the leading causes of blindness, kidney failure and hypersensitivity to pain caused by diabetes. Current approved therapeutics against the diabetic complications are few and exhibit limited efficacy. The enhanced cell-specificity, stability, biocompatibility, and loading capacity of drugs are essential for the mitigation of diabetic complications. In the article, we have critically discussed the recent studies over the past two years in material sciences and biochemistry. The insightful concepts in these studies drive the development of novel nanoparticles and mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles to meet the need for treatment of diabetic complications. Their underlying biochemical principles, advantages and limitations have been in-depth analyzed. The nanoparticles discussed in the article include double-headed nanodelivery system, nanozyme, ESC-HCM-B system, soft polymer nanostars, tetrahedral DNA nanostructures and hydrogels. They ameliorate the diabetic complication through attenuation of inflammation, apoptosis and restoration of metabolic homeostasis. Moreover, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles efficiently deliver therapeutic proteins to the retinal cells to suppress the angiogenesis, inflammation, apoptosis and oxidative stress to reverse diabetic retinopathy. Collectively, we provide a critical discussion on the concept, mechanism and therapeutic applicability of new delivery tools to treat these three devastating diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zheng
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China.
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, China.
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7
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Supe S, Upadhya A, Dighe V, Singh K. Development and Characterization of Modified Chitosan Lipopolyplex for an Effective siRNA Delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:13. [PMID: 38191947 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02728-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity, speedy degradation, and limited cellular absorption are the foremost features influencing the successful delivery of RNAs. Chitosan (Cs) is a polymer that offers an advantage due to its bio-compatibility and biodegradable nature, making it an ideal polycationic vector for delivering siRNA. In this study, chitosan has been modified with arginine in order to increase its encapsulation of siRNA and improve cellular absorption. It was discovered that arginine and guanidino moieties could transport through membranes of cells and play an important part in membrane permeability. FTIR and 13C NMR were used to characterize the complex. These chitosan-arginine (CsAr) siRNA complexes are further encapsulated in anionic DPPC/cholesterol liposomes to combine the effects of liposome-chitosan-arginine complexes called lipopolyplexes (LCAr). Formed LCAr were investigated for their lipid/CsAr-siRNA ratios, size, zeta-potential, heparin, and serum RNase stability by agarose gel retardation, and cell uptake efficiency compared to their "parent" polyplexes. Results revealed complete lipidation of CsAr-siRNA polyplexes at lipid mass ratio 10 resulting in lipopolyplexes in the 120 to 230nm range. Polyplex entrapped ~70% of siRNA, whereas lipidation increases siRNA encapsulation to ~95%. Developed LCAr showed ~4 times less hemolytic potential as compared to the parent polyplexes at the highest siRNA dose. The CsAr-siRNA and its lipid-coated form showed enhanced cellular association as compared to the marketed Lipofectamine 2000 proving its effectiveness in siRNA delivery. CsAr-liposome conjugation is simple and safe, and serves as a robust carrier for gene transport in physiological situations without compromising transfection efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Maharashtra Educational Society's H. K. College of Pharmacy, H. K. College Campus, Mumbai, 400102, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology ICMR, National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M.Street, Parel, Mumbai, 400012, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Mumbai, 400056, Maharashtra, India.
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8
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Supe S, Dighe V, Upadhya A, Singh K. Analysis of RNA Interference Targeted Against Human Antigen R (HuR) to Reduce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Protein Expression in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12033-023-00913-w. [PMID: 37856012 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00913-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
VEGF-A or vascular endothelial growth factor-A is an important factor in enabling neovascularization and angiogenesis. VEGF-A is regulated transcriptionally as well as post transcriptionally. Human antigen R (HuR) belonging to the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) family is a key regulator promoting stabilization of VEGF-A mRNA. In this research we investigate, whether HuR targeted RNA interference would enable the reduction of the VEGF-A protein in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) in-vitro, in normoxic conditions. Three siRNA molecules with sequences complementary to three regions of the HuR mRNA were designed. The three designed siRNA molecules were individually transfected in ARPE-19 cells using Lipofectamine™2000 reagent. Post-transfection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h), downregulation of HuR mRNA was estimated by real-time polymerase reaction, while HuR protein and VEGF-A protein levels were semi-quantitatively determined by western blotting techniques. VEGF-A protein levels were additionally quantified using ELISA techniques. All experiments were done in triplicate. The designed siRNA could successfully downregulate HuR mRNA with concomitant decreases in HuR and VEGF-A protein. The study reveals that HuR downregulation can prominently downregulate VEGF-A, making the protein a target for therapy against pathological angiogenesis conditions such as diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Supe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Vikas Dighe
- National Centre for Preclinical Reproductive and Genetic Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive and Child Health, J.M. Street, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
| | - Archana Upadhya
- Maharashtra Educational Society's H. K. College of Pharmacy, H. K. College Campus, Oshiwara, Jogeshwari (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400102, India.
| | - Kavita Singh
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
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Mahaling B, Low SWY, Ch S, Addi UR, Ahmad B, Connor TB, Mohan RR, Biswas S, Chaurasia SS. Next-Generation Nanomedicine Approaches for the Management of Retinal Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2005. [PMID: 37514191 PMCID: PMC10383092 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15072005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness globally. The mainstay treatments for these blinding diseases are laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy, and repeated intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or steroids. Unfortunately, these therapies are associated with ocular complications like inflammation, elevated intraocular pressure, retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, and vitreous hemorrhage. Recent advances in nanomedicine seek to curtail these limitations, overcoming ocular barriers by developing non-invasive or minimally invasive delivery modalities. These modalities include delivering therapeutics to specific cellular targets in the retina, providing sustained delivery of drugs to avoid repeated intravitreal injections, and acting as a scaffold for neural tissue regeneration. These next-generation nanomedicine approaches could potentially revolutionize the treatment landscape of retinal diseases. This review describes the availability and limitations of current treatment strategies and highlights insights into the advancement of future approaches using next-generation nanomedicines to manage retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binapani Mahaling
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shermaine W Y Low
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sanjay Ch
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Utkarsh R Addi
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Baseer Ahmad
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Thomas B Connor
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Swati Biswas
- Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science-Pilani, Hyderabad 500078, India
| | - Shyam S Chaurasia
- Ocular Immunology and Angiogenesis Lab, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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