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Sun Q, Zhang SL, Xie YJ, Xu MT, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Chen X, Wang SY, Shi XC, Laborda P. Identification of New Fusarium sulawense Strains Causing Soybean Pod Blight in China and Their Control Using Carbendazim, Dipicolinic Acid and Kojic Acid. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10531. [PMID: 36078255 PMCID: PMC9518069 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean plants are highly susceptible to Fusarium species, which significantly reduce soybean production and quality. Several Fusarium species have been reported to synthesize mycotoxins, such as trichothecene, which have been related to major human diseases. In November 2021, soybean pods in Nantong municipality, China, showed black necrotic lesions during the harvest stage. The disease incidence reached 69%. The pathogen was identified as Fusarium sulawense via morphological analysis and sequencing of ITS, EF1-α and RPB2 genes. A PCR assay with primers targeting the trichothecene biosynthesis genes suggested that the three isolates could synthesize trichothecenes. The effectiveness of fungicide carbendazim and natural metabolites dipicolinic acid and kojic acid was screened for the management of F. sulawense on postharvest soybean pods. The highest efficacy was obtained when combining 3.8 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.84 mg/mL dipicolinic acid (curative efficacy: 49.1% lesion length inhibition; preventive efficacy: 82.7% lesion length inhibition), or 1.9 mg/mL carbendazim and 0.71 mg/mL kojic acid (preventive efficacy: 84.9% lesion length inhibition). Collectively, this report will lead to a better understanding of the safety hazards found in soybean products in China and reveals the application of dipicolinic and kojic acids to reduce the use of carbendazim.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Xin-Chi Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Pedro Laborda
- School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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Li X, Xu S, Zhang J, Li M. Assembly and annotation of whole-genome sequence of Fusarium equiseti. Genomics 2021; 113:2870-2876. [PMID: 34139306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium equiseti is a plant pathogen with a wide range of hosts and diverse effects, including probiotic effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear, hindering its effective utilization. The final assembly included 16 scaffolds of contiguous sequence without gaps. The total sequence length was 40,776,005 bp, and the GC content of 48.01%. In total, we annotated the putative function of 13,134 genes, accounting for 94.97% of the candidate genes. We identified two and 23 candidate genes that are likely involved in the production of mycotoxins zearalenone and trichothecene, respectively. A comparative genomic analysis supported the high quality of the F. equiseti assembly. Our comprehensive analysis of whole-genome sequence will serve as a valuable resource for future studies of expression, regulation, function and evolution of the genes of F. equiseti as well as studies into disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Shiyang Xu
- College of Prataculture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jungao Zhang
- Research Institute of Nuclear Technology and Biotechnology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Minquan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Cui L, Yang C, Yang L, Jin M, Wei L. First Report of Fusarium equiseti Causing Fusarium Wilt on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) in China. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2013. [PMID: 33736464 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-02-21-0281-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is one of the most economically important crops in China, containing carbohydrates, protein, fiber, numerous vitamins and minerals, and is a heart healthy food (Raidl, 2020). Potato infected by Fusarium spp. exhibits quality and yield decline, and even death. In infected plants, the upper leaves exhibit chlorosis, the lower leaves wither and the vascular bundles of stems and tubers turn yellow, and then tan to brown. In August 2018, symptomatic potato stems and roots were collected from Zhangye city, Gansu province, China. Diseased stem tissues were surface sterilized with 75% alcohol for 30 s, and then rinsed in sterile water. The tissue pieces were placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 25°C in darkness. Fusarium-like colonies were consistently isolated and three monoconidial isolates were obtained. Isolate 3SMJ-2 was selected as a representative for morphological characterization, molecular analysis, and pathogenicity tests. 3SMJ-2 was inoculated in PDA liquid medium, grown on a shaker for 7 days at 25℃ to obtain a mix suspension of hypha fragments and spores (107 spores/mL). Healthy potato plants, named "Xin Daping" and were planted in pots (17 cm diameter by 12 cm) filled with 2L of sterile soil per pot. After 8 weeks, the plants were inoculated with the inoculum or distilled water. Then they were incubated in growth chambers at 25°C under a 12-h/12-h day/night potato period with 90% relative humidity for 24 h. For each treatment, 3 pots were inoculated. After 50 days, 100% of the inoculated potato plants exhibited wilt symptoms similar to those in the field but the control plants were symptomless. A Fusarium identical to strain 3SMJ-2 was re-isolated from symptomatic potato plants to fulfilling Koch's postulates. Morphological characteristics of the re-isolated strain were identical to the original isolate, which confirmed pathogenicity of strain 3SMJ-2 originally isolated from the potatoes. Colonies of 3SMJ-2 were white with short conidiophores, a few microconidia and sickle-shaped macroconidia (25.2 to 42.9× 3.1 to 4.6 µm) (n = 60) with 4~7 septa, and mostly 5 septa, after cultivated on PDA in an incubator at 25℃ for 14 days. Spherical terminal or intercalary chlamydospores were observed on the mycelium. Strain 3SMJ-2 was identified preliminarily as Fusarium sp. based on morphological characteristics (Leslie et al., 2006). Genomic DNA was extracted from 3SMJ-2 using the OMEGA Fungal DNA kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) were amplified using ITS1/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), Ef728M/Tef1R (Stępień et al., 2012) and 5F2 /7cR (O'Donnell et al., 2007), respectively. After sequencing by Beijing TSINGKE Biological Technology Co., Ltd., 3 fragments of approximately 519 bp, 587 bp and 1059 bp from the strain 3SMJ-2 were deposited in GenBank as MN420681, MW561963 and MW561964. The ITS, TEF and RPB2 sequences were 100%, 100% and 99.8% identical to those of F.equiseti (KY365589, KF499577, and MH582110). Based on the pathogenicity tests, morphological characteristics and molecular analyses, we identified the strain 3SMJ-2 as F. equiseti, the pathogen causing Fusarium wilt on potato in Zhangye City. Although, F. equiseti has been reported to cause root rot of cowpea (Li et al., 2017) and sugar beet (Cao et al., 2018) in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming F. equiseti causing potato wilt in China. Potato is an economically important crop in Gansu and the occurrence of the new disease caused by F. equiseti on potato needs to be properly managed to reduce yield loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Cui
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, No. 1 Yingmen Village, Anning District,, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, 730070;
| | - Chengde Yang
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou city, Gansu, China;
| | - Liping Yang
- Gansu Agricultural University, 74661, College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Mengjun Jin
- Gansu Agricultural University, 74661, College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou, Gansu, China;
| | - Lijuan Wei
- Gansu Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Lanzhou city, Gansu, China;
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Wokorach G, Landschoot S, Audenaert K, Echodu R, Haesaert G. Genetic Characterization of Fungal Biodiversity in Storage Grains: Towards Enhancing Food Safety in Northern Uganda. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020383. [PMID: 33672825 PMCID: PMC7917641 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide fungal contamination leads to both quantitative and qualitative grain losses during crop growth and/or storage. A greater proportion of grains contamination with toxins often occurs in sub-Saharan Africa, where control measures are limited. We determined fungal diversity and their toxin production ability in household grains meant for human consumption to highlight the risk of mycotoxin exposure among people from northern Uganda. The study underlines the high diversity of fungi that group into 15 genera; many of which are plant pathogens with toxigenic potential. Fusarium verticillioides was the most common fungal species isolated from household grains. The study also indicates that northern Uganda is favored by a high proportion of toxigenic isolates of F. verticillioides, F. andiyazi, and F. proliferatum, which are characterized by a high fumonisins production capability. The fumonisins production ability was not dependent on the species, grain types, and haplotype group to which the isolates belong. The contamination of most household grains with fungi capable of producing a high amount of toxin shows that most people are exposed to an elevated amount of mycotoxins, which shows the frequent problems with mycotoxins that have been reported in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey Wokorach
- Department of Plants and Crops, Campus Schoonmeersen Building C, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.); (G.H.)
- Multifunctional Research Laboratory, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sofie Landschoot
- Department of Plants and Crops, Campus Schoonmeersen Building C, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.); (G.H.)
| | - Kris Audenaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Campus Schoonmeersen Building C, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.); (G.H.)
| | - Richard Echodu
- Multifunctional Research Laboratory, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda;
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, P.O. Box 166, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Plants and Crops, Campus Schoonmeersen Building C, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.L.); (K.A.); (G.H.)
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Fusarium Secondary Metabolism Biosynthetic Pathways: So Close but So Far Away. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
A total of 470 edible vegetable oil samples including peanut, soybean, rapeseed, sesame seed, corn, blend, and others collected from eight provinces of China were analyzed for the concentrations of beauvericin (BEA), enniatin A (ENA), A1 (ENA1), B (ENB), and B1 (ENB1) by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-MS/MS). Concentrations of BEA, ENB, and ENB1 (average = 5.59 μg/kg, 5.16 μg/kg, and 4.61 μg/kg) in all positive samples were higher than those for ENA and ENA1 (average = 0.85 μg/kg and 1.88 μg/kg). Frequencies of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples were all higher than 50% with the exception of ENA1 (36.6%, 172/470). Levels of BEA and ENNs in all analyzed samples varied based on their sample types and geographical distributions (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.05). The soybean and peanut oil samples were found to be more easily contaminated by BEA and ENNs than other oil samples. Concentrations of BEA and ENNs in samples obtained from Heilongjiang, Shandong and Guizhou were higher than those found in samples from other provinces. Besides, frequencies of mycotoxin co-contaminations were high and their co-contamination types also varied by oil types. BEA-ENA-ENA1-ENB-ENB1 was the most commonly found toxin combination type, almost in one third of the analyzed samples (30%, 141/470). Overall, these results indicate that co-occurrence of BEA and ENNs in analyzed Chinese edible vegetable oil samples is highly common, and it is vital to monitor them, both simultaneously and on a widespread level.
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Góral T, Wiśniewska H, Ochodzki P, Nielsen LK, Walentyn-Góral D, Stępień Ł. Relationship between Fusarium Head Blight, Kernel Damage, Concentration of Fusarium Biomass, and Fusarium Toxins in Grain of Winter Wheat Inoculated with Fusarium culmorum. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 11:E2. [PMID: 30577649 PMCID: PMC6357003 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Winter wheat lines were evaluated for their reaction to Fusarium head blight (FHB) after inoculation with Fusarium culmorum in two field experiments. A mixture of two F. culmorum chemotypes was applied (3ADON-deoxynivalenol producing, NIV-nivalenol producing). Different types of resistance were evaluated, including head infection, kernel damage, Fusarium biomass content and trichothecenes B (deoxynivalenol (DON), and nivalenol (NIV)) accumulation in grain. The aim of the study was to find relationships between different types of resistance. Head infection (FHB index) and Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK) were visually scored. Fusarium biomass was analysed using real-time PCR. Trichothecenes B accumulation was analysed using gas chromatography. Wheat lines differ in their reaction to inoculation for all parameters describing FHB resistance. We found a wide variability of FHB indexes, FDK, and Fusarium biomass content. Both toxins were present. DON content was about 60% higher than NIV and variability of this proportion between lines was observed. Significant correlation was found between head infection symptoms and FDK. Head infection was correlated with F. culmorum biomass and NIV concentration in grain. No correlation was found between the FHB index and DON concentration. Similarly, FDK was not correlated with DON content, but it was with NIV content; however, the coefficients were higher than for the FHB index. Fusarium biomass amount was positively correlated with both toxins as well as with the FHB index and FDK. Environmental conditions significantly influenced the DON/NIV ratio in grain. In locations where less F. culmorum biomass was detected, the DON amount was higher than NIV, while in locations where more F. culmorum biomass was observed, NIV prevailed over DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Halina Wiśniewska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ochodzki
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | | | - Dorota Walentyn-Góral
- Department of Plant Pathology, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute⁻National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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Characterisation of the Mycobiota on the Shell Surface of Table Eggs Acquired from Different Egg-Laying Hen Breeding Systems. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070293. [PMID: 30012982 PMCID: PMC6071293 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial safety is an important factor contributing to the egg quality. During egg acquisition, there is significant risk of contamination of the eggshell surface with microscopic fungi. Mycelial hyphae may grow on the eggshell surface and penetrate into the egg content. However, there is no information on the populations of microscopic fungi on the eggshell surface and, consequently, on possible production of mycotoxins. Therefore, the aim of the study was to identify the species of microscopic fungi present on the eggshell surface acquired from different breeding systems and to measure the number of selected mycotoxins. The qualitative analysis resulted in the identification of 41 isolates on the surface of eggs. There were 7 isolates from the organic production system, 11 from the free-range production system, 14 from the deep litter indoor housing system and 9 from the cage farming production system. The research proved that the diversification in the population of mycobiota on the eggshells depended on the egg-laying hen breeding system. The microscopic fungi isolated from the eggshells included toxigenic and pathogenic species such as Fusarium culmorum and F. equiseti. As the egg storage time increased, fungi, including the pathogenic species, penetrated through the eggshells. In consequence, mycotoxins were identified in the egg whites. Type-A and type-B trichothecenes were found in the eggshell samples containing F. culmorum.
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Stakheev AA, Samokhvalova LV, Mikityuk OD, Zavriev SK. Phylogenetic Analysis and Molecular Typing of Trichothecene-Producing Fusarium Fungi from Russian Collections. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:79-92. [PMID: 30116619 PMCID: PMC6087817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a three-locus phylogenetic analysis of Fusarium strains presumably capable of trichothecene production, which were deposited in the Russian national collections. The intra- and interspecific polymorphism of partial sequences of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (TEF1α) gene and two genes from the trichothecene cluster TRI5 and TRI14 was studied. A study of 60 strains of different origins using DNA markers confirmed, and in the case for several strains, clarified their taxonomic characteristics. As a result, a strain of F. commune (F-900) was identified in Russia for the first time. Furthermore, the strain F-846 proved to be phylogenetically distinct from any of the known Fusarium species. F. equiseti strains from Northwest Russia were found to belong to the North European group (I), whereas a strain from the North Caucasus - to the South European one (II). Partial TRI14 sequences from 9 out of 12 species were determined for the first time. Their comparative analysis demonstrated a relatively high level of intraspecific variability in F. graminearum and F. sporotrichioides, but no correlation between the sequence polymorphism and the geographic origin of the strains or their chemotype was found. Specific chemotypes of trichothecene B producers were characterized using two primer sets. The chemotyping results were verified by HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. A. Stakheev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16\10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - L. V. Samokhvalova
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16\10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - O. D. Mikityuk
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, Institut Str. 5, B. Vyazyomy, Moscow region, 143050 , Russia
| | - S. K. Zavriev
- M.M. Shemyakin and Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 16\10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Savi GD, Piacentini KC, Rocha LO, Carnielli-Queiroz L, Furtado BG, Scussel R, Zanoni ET, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Corrêa B, Angioletto E. Incidence of toxigenic fungi and zearalenone in rice grains from Brazil. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 270:5-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Gorczyca A, Oleksy A, Gala-Czekaj D, Urbaniak M, Laskowska M, Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł. Fusarium head blight incidence and mycotoxin accumulation in three durum wheat cultivars in relation to sowing date and density. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2017; 105:2. [PMID: 29209889 PMCID: PMC5717115 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) is an important crop in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is considered as one of the most damaging diseases, resulting in yield and quality reduction as well as contamination of grain with mycotoxins. Three winter durum wheat cultivars originating from Austria, Slovakia, and Poland were analyzed during 2012-2014 seasons for FHB incidence and Fusarium mycotoxin accumulation in harvested grain. Moreover, the effects of sowing density and delayed sowing date were evaluated in the climatic conditions of Southern Poland. Low disease severity was observed in 2011/2012 in all durum wheat cultivars analyzed, and high FHB occurrence was recorded in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 seasons. Fusarium graminearum was the most abundant pathogen, followed by Fusarium avenaceum. Through all three seasons, cultivar Komnata was the most susceptible to FHB and to mycotoxin accumulation, while cultivars Auradur and IS Pentadur showed less symptoms. High susceptibility of cv. Komnata was reflected by the number of Fusarium isolates and elevated mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and moniliformin) content in the grain of this cultivar across all three seasons. Nivalenol was identified in the samples of cv. Komnata only. Genotype-dependent differences in FHB susceptibility were observed for the plants sown at optimal date but not at delayed sowing date. It can be hypothesized that cultivars bred in Austria and Slovakia show less susceptibility towards FHB than the cultivar from Poland because of the environmental conditions allowing for more efficient selection of breeding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gorczyca
- Department of Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Oleksy
- Institute of Plant Production, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Gala-Czekaj
- Department of Agrotechnology and Agricultural Ecology, Agricultural University in Kraków, Mickiewicza 21, 31-120, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magdalena Laskowska
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
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Qiu JB, Sun JT, Yu MZ, Xu JH, Shi JR. Temporal dynamics, population characterization and mycotoxins accumulation of Fusarium graminearum in Eastern China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36350. [PMID: 27853184 PMCID: PMC5113074 DOI: 10.1038/srep36350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichothecene genotype composition, mycotoxin production, genetic diversity, and population structure were analyzed, using 185 Fusarium strains collected from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) throughout the Jiangsu province during 1976, 1983, 1998, 2006, and 2014. The results showed that 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) was consistently the predominant type in this region over 40 years, and the nivalenol (NIV) type has emerged since 1998. Long-term rotation of wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.), rather than fungicide application, crop fitness, or weather conditions, might be the main cause of this phenomenon. The genetic diversity results from two toxin synthetic genes, Pks4 and Tri10, and variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers revealed the largest variance within the population in 1998, which was also the year with the highest production of mycotoxins. Population differentiation analysis indicated that major temporal population comparisons from the same area were not significantly differentiated. Our results showed that dominant species could maintain genetic stability for a long time, and Pks4 would be of utility in genetic and population studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-bo Qiu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratoriky Cultivation Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
| | - Jing-Tao Sun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming-Zheng Yu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratoriky Cultivation Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
| | - Jian-Hong Xu
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratoriky Cultivation Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
| | - Jian-Rong Shi
- Key Lab of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratoriky Cultivation Base, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 210014, China
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Hawas UW, Al-Farawati R, Abou El-Kassem LT, Turki AJ. Different Culture Metabolites of the Red Sea Fungus Fusarium equiseti Optimize the Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus NS3/4A Protease (HCV PR). Mar Drugs 2016; 14:E190. [PMID: 27775589 PMCID: PMC5082338 DOI: 10.3390/md14100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endophytic fungus Fusarium equiseti was isolated from the brown alga Padina pavonica, collected from the Red Sea. The fungus was identified by its morphology and 18S rDNA. Cultivation of this fungal strain in biomalt-peptone medium led to isolation of 12 known metabolites of diketopeprazines and anthraquinones. The organic extract and isolated compounds were screened for their inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease (HCV PR). As a result, the fungal metabolites showed inhibition of HCV protease (IC50 from 19 to 77 μM), and the fungus was subjected to culture on Czapek's (Cz) media, with a yield of nine metabolites with potent HCV protease inhibition ranging from IC50 10 to 37 μM. The Cz culture extract exhibited high-level inhibition of HCV protease (IC50 27.6 μg/mL) compared to the biomalt culture extract (IC50 56 μg/mL), and the most potent HCV PR isolated compound (Griseoxanthone C, IC50 19.8 μM) from the bio-malt culture extract showed less of an inhibitory effect compared to isolated ω-hydroxyemodin (IC50 10.7 μM) from the optimized Cz culture extract. Both HCV PR active inhibitors ω-hydroxyemodin and griseoxanthone C were considered as the lowest selective safe constituents against Trypsin inhibitory effect with IC50 48.5 and 51.3 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama W Hawas
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Radwan Al-Farawati
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Adnan J Turki
- Marine Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80207, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A, Urbaniak M. Wildly Growing Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) Hosts Pathogenic Fusarium Species and Accumulates Their Mycotoxins. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:927-937. [PMID: 26687343 PMCID: PMC4823322 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0717-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Asparagus officinalis L. is an important crop in many European countries, likely infected by a number of Fusarium species. Most of them produce mycotoxins in plant tissues, thus affecting the physiology of the host plant. However, there is lack of information on Fusarium communities in wild asparagus, where they would definitely have considerable environmental significance. Therefore, the main scientific aim of this study was to identify the Fusarium species and quantify their typical mycotoxins present in wild asparagus plants collected at four time points of the season. Forty-four Fusarium strains of eight species--Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Fusarium tricinctum--were isolated from nine wild asparagus plants in 2013 season. It is the first report of F. sporotrichioides isolated from this particular host. Fumonisin B1 was the most abundant mycotoxin, and the highest concentrations of fumonisins B1-B3 and beauvericin were found in the spears collected in May. Moniliformin and enniatins were quantified at lower concentrations. Mycotoxins synthesized by individual strains obtained from infected asparagus tissues were assessed using in vitro cultures on sterile rice grain. Most of the F. sporotrichioides strains synthesized HT-2 toxin and F. equiseti strains were found to be effective zearalenone producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Czembor E, Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A. Effect of Environmental Factors on Fusarium Species and Associated Mycotoxins in Maize Grain Grown in Poland. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133644. [PMID: 26225823 PMCID: PMC4520617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize is one of the most important crops and Poland is the fifth largest producing country in Europe. Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi. The present study was performed to identify the prevailing Fusarium species and the environmental factors affecting their frequencies and the contamination of grain with the main mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZON) and fumonisin B1 (FB1). Thirty kernel samples were collected in three locations in 2011 and in seven locations in 2012 from three hybrids. On average, 25.24% kernels were colonized by Fusarium spp. (424 strains were isolated). Fusarium verticillioides and F. temperatum were the most prevalent species, F. subglutinans, F. proliferatum and F. graminearum were in minor abundance. In total, 272 isolates of F. verticillioides and 81 isolates of F. temperatum were identified. Fusarium temperatum frequency ranged from 1.70% to 28.57% and differences between locations were significant. Fumonisin B1 was found in all tested samples. DON was found in 66.67% and ZON in 43.33% of samples. Rainfall amount positively affected F. temperatum and F. subglutinans frequency in opposite to mean temperatures in July. On the other hand, relationships between frequency of these species and historical data from 1950-2000 for annual temperature range were negative in contrast to the coldest quarter temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Czembor
- Grasses and Legumes Department, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—NRI, Radzików, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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16
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Covarelli L, Beccari G, Prodi A, Generotti S, Etruschi F, Meca G, Juan C, Mañes J. Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of central Italy. Food Microbiol 2015; 46:618-626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Marín P, Jurado M, González-Jaén MT. Growth rate and TRI5 gene expression profiles of Fusarium equiseti strains isolated from Spanish cereals cultivated on wheat and barley media at different environmental conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 195:40-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A, Wilman K. Host extract modulates metabolism and fumonisin biosynthesis by the plant-pathogenic fungus Fusarium proliferatum. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 193:74-81. [PMID: 25462926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum is a common pathogen able to infect a broad range of agriculturally important crops. Recently, some evidence for genetic variance among the species genotypes in relation to their plant origin has been reported. Mycotoxin contamination of plant tissues is the most important threat caused by F. proliferatum and fumonisins B (FBs) are the principal mycotoxins synthesized. The toxigenic potential of the pathogen genotypes is variable and also the reaction of different host plant species on the infection by pathogen is different. The objective of present study was to evaluate the impact of the extracts on the growth and fumonisin biosynthesis by 32 F. proliferatum strains originating from different host species (A-asparagus, M-maize, G-garlic, PS-pea and P-pineapple), and how it changes the secondary metabolism measured by fumonisin biosynthesis. The average strain dry weight was 65.2 mg for control conditions and it reached 180.7 mg, 100.5 mg, 76.6 mg, 126.2 mg and 51.1 mg when pineapple, asparagus, maize, garlic and pea extracts were added, respectively. In the second experiment the extracts were added after 5 days of culturing of the representative group of strains, displaying diverse reaction to the extract presence. Also, the influence of stationary vs. shaken culture was examined. Mean biomass amounts for shaken cultures of 15 chosen strains were as follows: 37.4 mg of dry weight for control culture (C), 219.6 mg (P), 113 mg (A), 93.6 mg (M), 62 mg (G) and 48 mg (PS), respectively. For stationary cultures, the means were as follows: C-57.4 mg, P-355.6 mg, A-291.6 mg, M-191.1 mg, G-171.1 mg and PS-58.9 mg. Few strains showed differential growth when stationary/shaken culture conditions were applied. Almost all strains synthesized moderate amounts of fumonisins in control conditions-less than 10 ng/μL, regardless of the origin and host species. Few strains were able to produce over 100 ng/μL of FBs when pineapple extract was added, twelve strains synthesized more than 10 ng/μL under asparagus extract induction and the pea extract was the most efficient inhibitor of fumonisin biosynthesis. The general impact of the extracts on the fungal biomass amounts was similar, regardless of the host plant origin of the fungal genotypes studied. The evaluation of FBs content has shown differential reaction of some strains, which may contribute to their aggressiveness and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Karolina Wilman
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Qiu J, Shi J. Genetic relationships, carbendazim sensitivity and mycotoxin production of the Fusarium graminearum populations from maize, wheat and rice in eastern China. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:2291-309. [PMID: 25093387 PMCID: PMC4147583 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) are important pathogens on wheat, maize, barley, and rice in China. Harvested grains are often contaminated by mycotoxins, such as the trichothecene nivalenol (NIV) and deoxynivalenol (DON) and the estrogenic mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN), which is a big threat to humans and animals. In this study, 97 isolates were collected from maize, wheat, and rice in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces in 2013 and characterized by species- and chemotype-specific PCR. F. graminearum sensu stricto (s. str.) was predominant on maize, while most of the isolates collected from rice and wheat were identified as F. asiaticum. Fusarium isolates from three hosts varied in trichothecene chemotypes. The 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3ADON) chemotype predominated on wheat and rice population, while 15ADON was prevailing in the remaining isolates. Sequence analysis of the translation elongation factor 1α and trichodiene synthase indicated the accuracy of the above conclusion. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis suggested four groups with strong correlation with species, chemotype, and host. These isolates were also evaluated for their sensitivity to carbendazim and mycotoxins production. The maize population was less sensitive than the other two. The DON levels were similar in three populations, while those isolates on maize produced more ZEN. More DON was produced in carbendazim resistant strains than sensitive ones, but it seemed that carbendazim resistance had no effect on ZEN production in wheat culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province-State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Key Lab of Agro-product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture; Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Abstract
AbstractToxigenic Fusarium species are common pathogens of wheat and other cereals worldwide. In total, 449 wheat heads from six localities in Poland, heavily infected with Fusarium during 2009 season, were examined for Fusarium species identification. F. culmorum was the most common species (72.1% on average) with F. graminearum and F. avenaceum the next most commonly observed, but much less frequent (13.4 and 12.5% respectively). F. cerealis was found in 1.8% of all samples, and F. tricinctum was found only in one sample (0.2%). Subsequent quantification of the three major mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and moniliformin) in grain and chaff fractions with respect to associated prevailing pathogen species uncovered the following patterns. Moniliformin (MON) was found in low amounts in all samples with F. avenaceum present. In contrast, deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA) were the contaminants of F. culmorum- and F. graminearum-infected heads. The highest concentration of DON was recorded in grain sample collected in Radzików (77 µg g−1). High temperatures in Central Poland during July and August accompanied with high rainfall in July were responsible for this high DON accumulation. Trichothecene, zearalenone, enniatin and beauvericin chemotypes were identified among 21 purified isolates using gene-specific PCR markers.
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Stȩpień Ł, Jestoi M, Chełkowski J. Cyclic hexadepsipeptides in wheat field samples and esyn1 gene divergence among enniatin producing Fusarium avenaceum strains. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium avenaceum is one of the most important pathogenic species in agricultural and forest environments of moderate climate, particularly in cereals and legume pulse crops. Numerous mycotoxins can be synthesized by the species, with moniliformin and enniatins (ENN) being the prevailing metabolites. The aims of this work were to examine the amounts of ENN and beauvericin present in naturally contaminated field samples of wheat kernels and chaffs collected in Poland in 2005 and 2009 from heads infected with F. avenaceum, and to reveal the divergence of the esyn1 gene among F. avenaceum strains of different origin. ENN-B and ENN-B1 were the major metabolites identified in wheat field samples. Chaff fractions contained significantly more mycotoxins than grain. Samples originating from 2005 were in general less contaminated with ENN than those from the 2009 season. The highest amount of ENN-B found in grain was 28,520 μg/kg. Beauvericin was only found in trace amounts in all the samples tested. F. avenaceum strains isolated from the analysed wheat samples were identified using species-specific DNA marker and translation elongation factor 1α (tef-1α) sequence analysis. A higher level of sequence polymorphism was revealed for the enniatin synthetase (esyn1) gene than ecorded by tef-1α analysis. Moreover, species known to be typical beauvericin producers, e.g. Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum, were clustered into a separate branch on the dendrogram, apart from the strains of ENN-producing species, i.e. F. avenaceum and Fusarium scirpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ł. Stȩpień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - M. Jestoi
- Research Unit of Chemistry and Toxicology, Finnish Food Safety Authority (Evira), Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J. Chełkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
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Stępień Ł, Koczyk G, Waśkiewicz A. Diversity of Fusarium species and mycotoxins contaminating pineapple. J Appl Genet 2013; 54:367-80. [PMID: 23572446 PMCID: PMC3720990 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-013-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pineapple (Ananas comosus var. comosus) is an important perennial crop in tropical and subtropical areas. It may be infected by various Fusarium species, contaminating the plant material with mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate Fusarium species variability among the genotypes isolated from pineapple fruits displaying fungal infection symptoms and to evaluate their mycotoxigenic abilities. Forty-four isolates of ten Fusarium species were obtained from pineapple fruit samples: F. ananatum, F. concentricum, F. fujikuroi, F. guttiforme, F. incarnatum, F. oxysporum, F. polyphialidicum, F. proliferatum, F. temperatum and F. verticillioides. Fumonisins B1-B3, beauvericin (BEA) and moniliformin (MON) contents were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in pineapple fruit tissue. Fumonisins are likely the most dangerous metabolites present in fruit samples (the maximum FB1 content was 250 μg g(-1) in pineapple skin and 20 μg ml(-1) in juice fraction). In both fractions, BEA and MON were of minor significance. FUM1 and FUM8 genes were identified in F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, F. temperatum and F. verticillioides. Cyclic peptide synthase gene (esyn1 homologue) from the BEA biosynthetic pathway was identified in 40 isolates of eight species. Based on the gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays, none of the isolates tested were found to be able to produce trichothecenes or zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stępień
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
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Stępień Ł, Waśkiewicz A. Sequence divergence of the enniatin synthase gene in relation to production of beauvericin and enniatins in Fusarium species. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:537-55. [PMID: 23486233 PMCID: PMC3705277 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENNs) are cyclic peptide mycotoxins produced by a wide range of fungal species, including pathogenic Fusaria. Amounts of BEA and ENNs were quantified in individual rice cultures of 58 Fusarium strains belonging to 20 species, originating from different host plant species and different geographical localities. The species identification of all strains was done on the basis of the tef-1α gene sequence. The main aim of this study was to analyze the variability of the esyn1 gene encoding the enniatin synthase, the essential enzyme of this metabolic pathway, among the BEA- and ENNs-producing genotypes. The phylogenetic analysis based on the partial sequence of the esyn1 gene clearly discriminates species producing exclusively BEA from those synthesizing mainly enniatin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland; E-Mail:
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Waśkiewicz A, Stępień Ł, Wilman K, Kachlicki P. Diversity of pea-associated F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides populations revealed by FUM1 sequence analysis and fumonisin biosynthesis. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:488-503. [PMID: 23470545 PMCID: PMC3705274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium proliferatum and F. verticillioides are considered as minor pathogens of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Both species can survive in seed material without visible disease symptoms, but still contaminating it with fumonisins. Two populations of pea-derived F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides strains were subjected to FUM1 sequence divergence analysis, forming a distinct group when compared to the collection strains originating from different host species. Furthermore, the mycotoxigenic abilities of those strains were evaluated on the basis of in planta and in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis. No differences were observed in fumonisin B (FB) levels measured in pea seeds (maximum level reached 1.5 μg g(-1)); however, in rice cultures, the majority of F. proliferatum genotypes produced higher amounts of FB1-FB3 than F. verticillioides strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, Poznań 60-625, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland; E-Mails: (Ł.S.); (K.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Karolina Wilman
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland; E-Mails: (Ł.S.); (K.W.); (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kachlicki
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań 60-479, Poland; E-Mails: (Ł.S.); (K.W.); (P.K.)
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Stępień Ł. The use ofFusariumsecondary metabolite biosynthetic genes in chemotypic and phylogenetic studies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 40:176-85. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.770387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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