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Chen KQ, Kawakami H, Anderson A, Corcoran D, Soni A, Nishinakamura R, Kawakami Y. Sall genes regulate hindlimb initiation in mouse embryos. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae029. [PMID: 38386912 PMCID: PMC11075541 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate limbs start to develop as paired protrusions from the lateral plate mesoderm at specific locations of the body with forelimb buds developing anteriorly and hindlimb buds posteriorly. During the initiation process, limb progenitor cells maintain active proliferation to form protrusions and start to express Fgf10, which triggers molecular processes for outgrowth and patterning. Although both processes occur in both types of limbs, forelimbs (Tbx5), and hindlimbs (Isl1) utilize distinct transcriptional systems to trigger their development. Here, we report that Sall1 and Sall4, zinc finger transcription factor genes, regulate hindlimb initiation in mouse embryos. Compared to the 100% frequency loss of hindlimb buds in TCre; Isl1 conditional knockouts, Hoxb6Cre; Isl1 conditional knockout causes a hypomorphic phenotype with only approximately 5% of mutants lacking the hindlimb. Our previous study of SALL4 ChIP-seq showed SALL4 enrichment in an Isl1 enhancer, suggesting that SALL4 acts upstream of Isl1. Removing 1 allele of Sall4 from the hypomorphic Hoxb6Cre; Isl1 mutant background caused loss of hindlimbs, but removing both alleles caused an even higher frequency of loss of hindlimbs, suggesting a genetic interaction between Sall4 and Isl1. Furthermore, TCre-mediated conditional double knockouts of Sall1 and Sall4 displayed a loss of expression of hindlimb progenitor markers (Isl1, Pitx1, Tbx4) and failed to develop hindlimbs, demonstrating functional redundancy between Sall1 and Sall4. Our data provides genetic evidence that Sall1 and Sall4 act as master regulators of hindlimb initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Q Chen
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Hiroko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aaron Anderson
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dylan Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Aditi Soni
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ryuichi Nishinakamura
- Department of Kidney Development, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Langeh N, Ansari MT, Kabra M, Gupta N. Split-hand/foot malformation 3 resulting from microduplications in 10q24 region in five patients from India. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63520. [PMID: 38168117 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a genetically heterogeneous congenital limb reduction defect characterized by the deficiencies of central rays of the autopod. Tandem duplications at 10q24 locus account for approximately 20% of all SHFM cases. Here, we report five affected individuals from four unrelated Indian families with SHFM3 caused by microduplication of 10q24 locus showing varied clinical presentations. This report substantiates and extends the current understanding of this rare, multifaceted, and complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Langeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Madhulika Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Neerja Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
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3
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Truong BT, Shull LC, Zepeda BJ, Lencer E, Artinger KB. Human split hand/foot variants are not as functional as wildtype human PRDM1 in the rescue of craniofacial defects. Birth Defects Res 2024; 116:e2327. [PMID: 38456586 PMCID: PMC10949536 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb disorder presenting with limb anomalies, such as missing, hypoplastic, or fused digits, and often craniofacial defects, including a cleft lip/palate, microdontia, micrognathia, or maxillary hypoplasia. We previously identified three novel variants in the transcription factor, PRDM1, that are associated with SHFM phenotypes. One individual also presented with a high arch palate. Studies in vertebrates indicate that PRDM1 is important for development of the skull; however, prior to our study, human variants in PRDM1 had not been associated with craniofacial anomalies. METHODS Using transient mRNA overexpression assays in prdm1a-/- mutant zebrafish, we tested whether the PRDM1 SHFM variants were functional and could lead to a rescue of the craniofacial defects observed in prdm1a-/- mutants. We also mined previously published CUT&RUN and RNA-seq datasets that sorted EGFP-positive cells from a Tg(Mmu:Prx1-EGFP) transgenic line that labels the pectoral fin, pharyngeal arches, and dorsal part of the head to examine Prdm1a binding and the effect of Prdm1a loss on craniofacial genes. RESULTS The prdm1a-/- mutants exhibit craniofacial defects including a hypoplastic neurocranium, a loss of posterior ceratobranchial arches, a shorter palatoquadrate, and an inverted ceratohyal. Injection of wildtype (WT) hPRDM1 in prdm1a-/- mutants partially rescues the palatoquadrate phenotype. However, injection of each of the three SHFM variants fails to rescue this skeletal defect. Loss of prdm1a leads to a decreased expression of important craniofacial genes by RNA-seq, including emilin3a, confirmed by hybridization chain reaction expression. Other genes including dlx5a/dlx6a, hand2, sox9b, col2a1a, and hoxb genes are also reduced. Validation by real-time quantitative PCR in the anterior half of zebrafish embryos failed to confirm the expression changes suggesting that the differences are enriched in prx1 expressing cells. CONCLUSION These data suggest that the three SHFM variants are likely not functional and may be associated with the craniofacial defects observed in the humans. Finally, they demonstrate how Prdm1a can directly bind and regulate genes involved in craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany T Truong
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Development, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lomeli C Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Development, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bryan J Zepeda
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ezra Lencer
- Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristin B Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Development, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Odrzywolski A, Tüysüz B, Debeer P, Souche E, Voet A, Dimitrov B, Krzesińska P, Vermeesch JR, Tylzanowski P. Gollop-Wolfgang Complex Is Associated with a Monoallelic Variation in WNT11. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:129. [PMID: 38275609 PMCID: PMC10815061 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Gollop-Wolfgang complex (GWC) is a rare congenital limb anomaly characterized by tibial aplasia with femur bifurcation, ipsilateral bifurcation of the thigh bone, and split hand and monodactyly of the feet, resulting in severe and complex limb deformities. The genetic basis of GWC, however, has remained elusive. We studied a three-generation family with four GWC-affected family members. An analysis of whole-genome sequencing results using a custom pipeline identified the WNT11 c.1015G>A missense variant associated with the phenotype. In silico modelling and an in vitro reporter assay further supported the link between the variant and GWC. This finding further contributes to mapping the genetic heterogeneity underlying split hand/foot malformations in general and in GWC specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Odrzywolski
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Philippe Debeer
- Locomotor and Neurological Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Souche
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Modelling and Design, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Boyan Dimitrov
- Clinical Sciences, Research Group Reproduction and Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Centre for Medical Genetics, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulina Krzesińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joris Robert Vermeesch
- Laboratory for Cytogenetics and Genome Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Akimova D, Markova T, Ampleeva M, Skoblov M. Variable clinical presentation of split hand/foot malformation syndrome in a family with microduplication of 10q24.32: a case report. Front Genet 2024; 14:1303807. [PMID: 38250576 PMCID: PMC10796452 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1303807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
SHFM (Split Hand/Foot Malformation) is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by the presence of clefts in the hands and feet, along with syndactyly of the digits. In this article, we describe a family in which two members exhibit characteristic developmental abnormalities associated with SHFM, presenting with variable clinical features. Using whole-genome sequencing, we identified a microduplication of a chromosomal segment on locus 10q24.32, specifically spanning positions 102934495 to 103496555, encompassing genes BTRC, POLL, FBXW4 and LBX1 in the proband. Genomic duplications, including these genes, were previously described in patients diagnosed with the third type of SHFM. We validated the presence of this structural rearrangement in 7 family members, including the proband and the proband's father. Remarkably, further investigation demonstrated that the detected duplication exhibits a mosaic state in the phenotypically normal paternal grandmother of the proband, thereby providing a plausible explanation for the absence of a pathological phenotype in her.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Akimova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Maria Ampleeva
- Independent Clinical Bioinformatics Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
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Finsterer J. Novel genetic syndrome manifesting with cerebral atrophy, cataract, hypoacusis, diabetes, and brachy-/syndactyly. J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:3415-3417. [PMID: 38361886 PMCID: PMC10866254 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_642_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic disorders manifest clinically in a variety of phenotypes. A patient with cataract, hypoacusis, hand and foot deformities, and diabetes was not reported. The patient is a 74-year-old male with a history of congenital foot and hand deformities manifesting as brachydactyly of fingers 4 and 5 on the right side and brachydactyly and syndactyly of the fingers 1-5 on the left side. Foot deformities required orthopedic surgery from an early age. He later developed cataract that required surgery, hypoacusis with tinnitus on the left side, and diabetes. Cerebral MRI revealed generalized atrophy. Since the family history was positive for deaf muteness in his father, a genetic defect was considered. In summary, a novel syndrome has been described that manifests itself in cerebral atrophy, cataract, hypoacusis, hand and foot deformities, and diabetes. Considering the father's deaf muteness, a genetic cause of the syndrome is likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Department of Neurological, Neurology and Neurophysiology Center, Vienna, Austria
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Sowińska-Seidler A, Socha M, Szoszkiewicz A, Materna-Kiryluk A, Jamsheer A. A genotype-phenotype correlation in split-hand/foot malformation type 1: further refinement of the phenotypic subregions within the 7q21.3 locus. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1250714. [PMID: 37916192 PMCID: PMC10616856 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1250714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Split-hand/foot malformation type 1 (SHFM1) refers to the group of rare congenital limb disorders defined by the absence or hypoplasia of the central rays of the autopods with or without accompanying anomalies, such as hearing loss, craniofacial malformation, and ectodermal dysplasia. Consequently, the condition is characterized by clinical variability that hinders diagnostic and counseling procedures. SHFM1 is caused by pathogenic variants affecting the DLX5/6 genes and/or their tissue-specific enhancers at the 7q21.3 locus. Herein, we report on seven patients from five unrelated Polish families affected by variable symptoms of the SHFM1 spectrum, all harboring 7q21.3 or 7q21.2-q21.3 rearrangements, and provide a genotype-phenotype correlation in the studied cohort. Methods: We applied GTG banding, array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in order to identify the causative aberrations in all affected patients. Results: The identified pathogenic structural variants included deletions and/or translocations involving the 7q21.3 locus, i.e., t(7;10)(q21.3;q22.2) and t(7;12)(q21.3;q21.2) in all affected individuals. Interestingly, a sporadic carrier of the latter aberration presented the SHFM1 phenotype with additional features overlapping with Baker-Gordon syndrome (BAGOS), which resulted from the translocation breakpoint at chromosome 12 within the SYT1 gene. Conclusion: Clinical variability of the studied cohort reflects the composition of the DLX5/6 regulatory elements that were dislocated from their target genes by chromosomal rearrangements. The correlation of our data with the previously published observations enabled us to update the phenotypic subregions and regulatory units within the SHFM1 locus. In addition, we present the first case of SHFM1 and BAGOS-like phenotype that resulted from translocation breakpoints at chromosomes 7 and 12, both of which were pathogenic, and consequently, we show the first evidence that BAGOS can also result from the regulatory loss-of-function SYT1 mutations. In this paper, we emphasize the utility of sequence-based approaches in molecular diagnostics of disorders caused by regulatory structural variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland
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de Boer E, Marcelis C, Neveling K, van Beusekom E, Hoischen A, Klein WM, de Leeuw N, Mantere T, Melo US, van Reeuwijk J, Smeets D, Spielmann M, Kleefstra T, van Bokhoven H, Vissers LE. A complex structural variant near SOX3 causes X-linked split-hand/foot malformation. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100200. [PMID: 37216008 PMCID: PMC10196709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect most typically presenting with median clefts in hands and/or feet, that can occur in a syndromic context as well as in isolated form. SHFM is caused by failure to maintain normal apical ectodermal ridge function during limb development. Although several genes and contiguous gene syndromes are implicated in the monogenic etiology of isolated SHFM, the disorder remains genetically unexplained for many families and associated genetic loci. We describe a family with isolated X-linked SHFM, for which the causative variant could be detected after a diagnostic journey of 20 years. We combined well-established approaches including microarray-based copy number variant analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with optical genome mapping and whole genome sequencing. This strategy identified a complex structural variant (SV) comprising a 165-kb gain of 15q26.3 material ([GRCh37/hg19] chr15:99795320-99960362dup) inserted in inverted position at the site of a 38-kb deletion on Xq27.1 ([GRCh37/hg19] chrX:139481061-139518989del). In silico analysis suggested that the SV disrupts the regulatory framework on the X chromosome and may lead to SOX3 misexpression. We hypothesize that SOX3 dysregulation in the developing limb disturbed the fine balance between morphogens required for maintaining AER function, resulting in SHFM in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn M. Klein
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Mantere
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Uirá S. Melo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Smeets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, 23562 Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E.L.M. Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Pindaria KP, Malik I, Dua K, Sojitra V, Solanki P, Chaliawala Y. A Rare Case Report of Split Hand and Foot Malformation. J Orthop Case Rep 2023; 13:49-52. [PMID: 37193374 PMCID: PMC10182584 DOI: 10.13107/jocr.2023.v13.i04.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Authors report a rare case report about split hand and foot malformation (SHFM) also sometimes referred to as ectrodactyly. Case Report The patient with hand and foot malformations presented to casualty. A 60-year-old male was brought with alleged history of road traffic accident with tenderness and deformity in left thigh. On further physical examination, a malformation was present in bilateral feet and right hand. Plain radiographs were taken after emergency primary management which revealed a fracture of shaft of femur of the left side and absence of 2nd and 3rd phalanges in bilateral feet and lobster claw like malformation in the right hand. The patient was further investigated and operated with femur interlocking nail and later discharged under stable condition. Screening for other congenital defects was done. Conclusion Patients with SHFM should undergo screening for other congenital anomalies. Electrocardiogram, 2D ECHO, chest radiograph, and ultrasonography abdomen should be done. Genetic analysis ideally should be done to identify mutations involved. Surgical intervention is only required when patient demands improved function of limb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ipanshu Malik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Kartik Dua
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
- Address of Correspondence: Dr. Kartik Dua, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India. E-mail:
| | - Vasu Sojitra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Praveen Solanki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Yash Chaliawala
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India
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Truong BT, Shull LC, Lencer E, Bend EG, Field M, Blue EE, Bamshad MJ, Skinner C, Everman D, Schwartz CE, Flanagan-Steet H, Artinger KB. PRDM1 DNA-binding zinc finger domain is required for normal limb development and is disrupted in split hand/foot malformation. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049977. [PMID: 37083955 PMCID: PMC10151829 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare limb abnormality with clefting of the fingers and/or toes. For many individuals, the genetic etiology is unknown. Through whole-exome and targeted sequencing, we detected three novel variants in a gene encoding a transcription factor, PRDM1, that arose de novo in families with SHFM or segregated with the phenotype. PRDM1 is required for limb development; however, its role is not well understood and it is unclear how the PRDM1 variants affect protein function. Using transient and stable overexpression rescue experiments in zebrafish, we show that the variants disrupt the proline/serine-rich and DNA-binding zinc finger domains, resulting in a dominant-negative effect. Through gene expression assays, RNA sequencing, and CUT&RUN in isolated pectoral fin cells, we demonstrate that Prdm1a directly binds to and regulates genes required for fin induction, outgrowth and anterior/posterior patterning, such as fgfr1a, dlx5a, dlx6a and smo. Taken together, these results improve our understanding of the role of PRDM1 in the limb gene regulatory network and identified novel PRDM1 variants that link to SHFM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany T. Truong
- Human Medical Genetics & Genomics Graduate Program, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lomeli C. Shull
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ezra Lencer
- Biology Department, Lafayette College, Easton, PA 18042, USA
| | - Eric G. Bend
- Greenwood Genetics Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW 2298, AUS
| | - Elizabeth E. Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Michael J. Bamshad
- Brotman-Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Kristin B. Artinger
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Cova G, Glaser J, Schöpflin R, Prada-Medina CA, Ali S, Franke M, Falcone R, Federer M, Ponzi E, Ficarella R, Novara F, Wittler L, Timmermann B, Gentile M, Zuffardi O, Spielmann M, Mundlos S. Combinatorial effects on gene expression at the Lbx1/Fgf8 locus resolve split-hand/foot malformation type 3. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1475. [PMID: 36928426 PMCID: PMC10020157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-Hand/Foot Malformation type 3 (SHFM3) is a congenital limb malformation associated with tandem duplications at the LBX1/FGF8 locus. Yet, the disease patho-mechanism remains unsolved. Here we investigate the functional consequences of SHFM3-associated rearrangements on chromatin conformation and gene expression in vivo in transgenic mice. We show that the Lbx1/Fgf8 locus consists of two separate, but interacting, regulatory domains. Re-engineering of a SHFM3-associated duplication and a newly reported inversion in mice results in restructuring of the chromatin architecture. This leads to ectopic activation of the Lbx1 and Btrc genes in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) in an Fgf8-like pattern induced by AER-specific enhancers of Fgf8. We provide evidence that the SHFM3 phenotype is the result of a combinatorial effect on gene misexpression in the developing limb. Our results reveal insights into the molecular mechanism underlying SHFM3 and provide conceptual framework for how genomic rearrangements can cause gene misexpression and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cova
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, Langone Health Medical Center, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Juliane Glaser
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Robert Schöpflin
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
- Department of Computational Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Cesar Augusto Prada-Medina
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Salaheddine Ali
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Martin Franke
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | - Rita Falcone
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Miriam Federer
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
| | - Emanuela Ponzi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Reproductive Medicine, ASL Bari, Bari, 70131, Italy
| | - Romina Ficarella
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Reproductive Medicine, ASL Bari, Bari, 70131, Italy
| | | | - Lars Wittler
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Transgenic Unit, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Bernd Timmermann
- Sequencing Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Mattia Gentile
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Reproductive Medicine, ASL Bari, Bari, 70131, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein Campus Kiel and Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, 24118, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Human Molecular Genomics Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany.
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany.
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12
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Bukowska-Olech E, Sowińska-Seidler A, Wierzba J, Jamsheer A. SHFLD3 phenotypes caused by 17p13.3 triplication/ duplication encompassing Fingerin (BHLHA9) invariably. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:325. [PMID: 36028842 PMCID: PMC9419377 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Split-hand/ foot malformation with long bone deficiency 3 (SHFLD3) is an extremely rare condition associated with duplications located on 17p13.3, which invariably encompasses the BHLHA9 gene. The disease inherits with variable expressivity and significant incomplete penetrance as high as 50%. Results We have detected 17p13.3 locus one-allele triplication in a male proband from family 1 (F1.1), and duplication in a male proband from family 2 (F2.1) applying array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH). The rearrangements mapped to the following chromosomal regions–arr[GRCh38] 17p13.3(960254–1291856)×4 in F1.1 and arr[GRCh38] 17p13.3(1227482–1302716)×3 in F2.1. The targeted quantitative PCR revealed that the 17p13.3 locus was also duplicated in the second affected member from family 2 (F2.2; brother of F2.1). In the next step, we performed segregation studies using quantitative PCR and revealed that F1.1 inherited the triplication from his healthy father—F1.2, whereas the locus was unremarkable in the mother of F2.1 & F2.2 and the healthy son of F2.1. However, the duplication was present in a healthy daughter of F2.2, an asymptomatic carrier. The breakpoint analysis allowed to define the exact size and span of the duplicated region in Family 2, i.e., 78,948 bp chr17:1225063–1304010 (HG38). Interestingly, all symptomatic carriers from both families presented with variable SHFLD3 phenotype. The involvement of secondary modifying locus could not be excluded, however, the Sanger sequencing screening of BHLHA9 entire coding sequence was unremarkable for both families. Conclusions We have shed light on the one-allele CNV triplication occurrence that should be considered when a higher probe (over duplication range) signal is noted. Second, all SHFLD3 patients were accurately described regarding infrequent limb phenotypes, which were highly variable even when familial. Of note, all symptomatic individuals were males. SHFLD3 still remains a mysterious ultra-rare disease and our findings do not answer crucial questions regarding the disease low penetrance, variable expression and heterogeneity. However, we have presented some clinical and molecular aspects that may be helpful in daily diagnostic routine, both dysmorphological and molecular assessment, of patients affected with SHFLD3. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02480-w.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Wierzba
- Department of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine Nursing, Department of Rare Disorders, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland. .,Centers for Medical Genetics GENESIS, Poznan, Poland.
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13
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Miao M, Lu S, Sun X, Zhao M, Wang J, Su X, Jin B, Sun L. Identification of a novel heterozygous missense TP63 variant in a Chinese pedigree with split-hand/foot malformation. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:157. [PMID: 35831859 PMCID: PMC9281006 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor protein p63 is an important transcription factor regulating epithelial morphogenesis. Variants associated with the TP63 gene are known to cause multiple disorders. In this study, we determined the genetic cause of split-hand/foot malformation in a Chinese pedigree. METHODS For this study, we have recruited a Chinese family and collected samples from affected and normal individuals of the family (three affected and two normal). Whole exome sequencing was performed to detect the underlying genetic defect in this family. The potential variant was validated using the Sanger sequencing approach. RESULTS Using whole-exome and Sanger sequencing, we identified a novel heterozygous pathogenic missense variant in TP63 (NM_003722.5: c.921G > T; p.Met307Ile). This variant resulted in the substitution of methionine with isoleucine. Structural analysis suggested a resulting change in the structure of a key functional domain of the p63 protein. CONCLUSION This novel missense variant expands the TP63 variant spectrum and provides a basis for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of families with split-hand/foot malformation or other TP63-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Miao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shoulian Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaotan Su
- Department of Bioinformatics, Berry Genomics Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Bai Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lizhou Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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14
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Singh SV, Puri G, Gemmy AE. An Unusual Presentation of Bilateral Split Hand-Foot Malformation (SHFM) in Family: A Tale of Two Generations. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2022; 48:356-359. [PMID: 36815080 PMCID: PMC9940929 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.48.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM), also called as ectrodactyly. SHFM is a natural limb deformity, characterized by a deep standard split of the hand and/ or foot due to the absence of the central shafts. SHFM may happen as a separate existent or as part of a syndrome. Both forms are constantly established in association with chromosomal rearrangements resemblant to translocations or deletion. It is clinically and genetically diverse and shows substantially autosomal dominant heritage with variable expressivity and reduced penetrance. Cases presenting with SHFM features should be rigorously diagnosed, clinically examined, and submitted to pertinent cytogenetic and/ or molecular testing. We presented two months old male child and his paternal grandmother with SHFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Vijay Singh
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Institute of Orthopedics, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Gyanendra Puri
- Department of Orthopedics, Central Institute of Orthopedics, Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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15
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Bailess G. Sonographic Prenatal Diagnosis of Ectrodactyly: A Case Study. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/87564793211064268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ectrodactyly, also known as split hand/split foot malformation, is a rare congenital disease defined as the absence or underdevelopment of the central digits with a median cleft of the hand or foot. It can be an isolated sonographic finding or associated with a syndrome. This case study describes isolated left-handed ectrodactyly diagnosed sonographically at 20 weeks gestation, during a routine anatomy sonogram. The patient had no family history of this condition, which demonstrates the importance of sonography for early diagnosis, counseling, and genetic testing options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen Bailess
- Diagnostic Medical Sonography Program, UCHealth, Aurora, CO, USA
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16
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Shin JH, Han MJ, Kim SJ. Split-Hand/Foot Malformation and Subependymal Heterotopia Caused by a DLX5 Gene Mutation: A Case Report. ANNALS OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26815/acn.2021.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Socha M, Sowińska-Seidler A, Melo US, Kragesteen BK, Franke M, Heinrich V, Schöpflin R, Nagel I, Gruchy N, Mundlos S, Sreenivasan VK, López C, Vingron M, Bukowska-Olech E, Spielmann M, Jamsheer A. Position effects at the FGF8 locus are associated with femoral hypoplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:1725-1734. [PMID: 34433009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy-number variations (CNVs) are a common cause of congenital limb malformations and are interpreted primarily on the basis of their effect on gene dosage. However, recent studies show that CNVs also influence the 3D genome chromatin organization. The functional interpretation of whether a phenotype is the result of gene dosage or a regulatory position effect remains challenging. Here, we report on two unrelated families with individuals affected by bilateral hypoplasia of the femoral bones, both harboring de novo duplications on chromosome 10q24.32. The ∼0.5 Mb duplications include FGF8, a key regulator of limb development and several limb enhancer elements. To functionally characterize these variants, we analyzed the local chromatin architecture in the affected individuals' cells and re-engineered the duplications in mice by using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. We found that the duplications were associated with ectopic chromatin contacts and increased FGF8 expression. Transgenic mice carrying the heterozygous tandem duplication including Fgf8 exhibited proximal shortening of the limbs, resembling the human phenotype. To evaluate whether the phenotype was a result of gene dosage, we generated another transgenic mice line, carrying the duplication on one allele and a concurrent Fgf8 deletion on the other allele, as a control. Surprisingly, the same malformations were observed. Capture Hi-C experiments revealed ectopic interaction with the duplicated region and Fgf8, indicating a position effect. In summary, we show that duplications at the FGF8 locus are associated with femoral hypoplasia and that the phenotype is most likely the result of position effects altering FGF8 expression rather than gene dosage effects.
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18
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Limb anomalies, microcephaly, dysmorphic facial features and fibroma of the tongue after failed abortion with methotrexate and misoprostol. Clin Dysmorphol 2021; 29:182-185. [PMID: 32541333 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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A rare case of limb deficiency syndrome: Gollop WolfGang syndrome. Radiol Case Rep 2021; 16:2053-2055. [PMID: 34158891 PMCID: PMC8203590 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2021.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb deficiency disorders are rare, etiologically heterogeneous skeletal dysplasias that occur as an isolated anomaly or as a part of a syndrome. The term limb deficiency incorporates both absence and size reduction of any of the 120 human limb bones, with around 205 identified abnormalities. Congenital absence of tibia is a rare and severe lower limb malformation with an incidence of approximately 1:1,000,000 live births. Absence of tibia with ectrodactyly (lobster claw deformity) or tibial hemimelia with split hand/foot malformation (TH-SHFM) or Gollop-Wolfgang complex is a rarer malformation with highly variable manifestations.
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20
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Elalaoui SC, Fejjal N, Li Y, Thiele H, Altmüller J, Guaoua S, Nürnberg P, Wollnik B, Sefiani A, Ratbi I. Homozygous nonsense mutation of WNT10B gene in a Moroccan family with split-hand foot malformation identified by exome sequencing: a case report. Pan Afr Med J 2021; 39:21. [PMID: 34394812 PMCID: PMC8348243 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2021.39.21.26176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand foot malformation (SHFM) is a clinically heterogeneous congenital limb defect affecting predominantly the central rays of hands and/or feet. The clinical expression varies in severity between patients as well between the limbs in the same individual. SHFM might be non-syndromic with limb-confined manifestations or syndromic with extra-limb manifestations. Isolated SHFM is a rare condition with an incidence of about 1 per 18,000 live born infants and accounts for 8-17 % of all limb malformations. To date, many chromosomal loci and genes have been described as associated with isolated SHFM, i.e., SHFM1 to 6. SHFM6 is one of the rarest forms of SHFM, and is caused by mutations in WNT10B gene. Less than ten pathogenic variants have been described. We have investigated a large consanguineous Moroccan family with three affected members showing feet malformations with or without split hand malformation phenotypes. Using an exome sequencing approach, we identified a homozygous nonsense variant p.Arg115* of WNT10B gene retaining thereby the diagnosis of SHFM6. This homozygous nonsense mutation identified by exome sequencing in a large family of split hand foot malformation highlights the importance of exome sequencing in genetically heterogeneous entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siham Chafai Elalaoui
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Nawfal Fejjal
- Service de Chirurgie Plastique Pédiatrique, Hôpital des Enfants, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Université Mohammed V, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Yun Li
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Soukaina Guaoua
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
| | - Ilham Ratbi
- Génomique et Epidémiologie Moléculaire des Maladies Génétiques (G2MG), Centre GENOPATH, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Maroc.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Maroc
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21
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Elliott AM, Scott WJ, Chudley AE, Reed MH, Evans JA. Classifications of split hand foot malformation (SHFM) should include transverse deficiencies: Why Maisels was correct. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:2809-2814. [PMID: 33955662 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Elliott
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,BC Children's Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William J Scott
- Division of Developmental Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert E Chudley
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Martin H Reed
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jane A Evans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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22
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A Novel Missense Variant of TP63 Heterozygously Present in Split-Hand/Foot Malformation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4215632. [PMID: 33294441 PMCID: PMC7714569 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4215632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a severe congenital disability mainly characterized by the absence or hypoplasia of the central ray of the hand/foot. To date, several candidate genes associated with SHFM have been identified, including TP63, DLX5, DLX6, FGFR1, and WNT10B. Herein, we report a novel variant of TP63 heterozygously present in affected members of a family with SHFM. Methods This study investigated a Chinese family, in which the proband and his son suffered from SHFM. The peripheral blood sample of the proband was used to perform whole-exome sequencing (WES) to explore the possible genetic causes of this disease. Postsequencing bioinformatic analyses and Sanger sequencing were conducted to verify the identified variants and parental origins on all family members in the pedigree. Results By postsequencing bioinformatic analyses and Sanger sequencing, we identified a novel missense variant (NM_003722.4:c.948G>A; p.Met316Ile) of TP63 in this family that results in a substitution of methionine with isoleucine, which is probably associated with the occurrence of SHFM. Conclusion A novel missense variant (NM_003722.4:c.948G>A; p.Met316Ile) of TP63 in SHFM was thus identified, which may enlarge the spectrum of known TP63 variants and also provide new approaches for genetic counselling of families with SHFM.
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23
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Aerden M, Bauters M, Van Den Bogaert K, Vermeesch JR, Holvoet M, Plasschaert F, Devriendt K. Genotype-phenotype correlations of UBA2 mutations in patients with ectrodactyly. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104009. [PMID: 32758660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial 19q13.11 deletions are associated with ectrodactyly, which has recently been linked to loss-of-function of the UBA2 gene. We report a boy with a de novo frameshift mutation in UBA2 (c.612delA (p.(Glu205Lysfs*63)), presenting with ectrodactyly of the feet associated with learning difficulties and minor physical anomalies. We review genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with chromosomal 19q13.11 microdeletions compared to those with intragenic UBA2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Aerden
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marijke Bauters
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Den Bogaert
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maureen Holvoet
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Plasschaert
- Department of Physical Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koenraad Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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24
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Goldfarb CA, Ezaki M, Wall LB, Lam WL, Oberg KC. The Oberg-Manske-Tonkin (OMT) Classification of Congenital Upper Extremities: Update for 2020. J Hand Surg Am 2020; 45:542-547. [PMID: 32093994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A new classification for congenital upper-extremity anomalies was first published in 2010. It has come to be known as the OMT classification highlighting the thought leaders behind it: Kerby Oberg, Paul Manske, and Michael Tonkin. Based on a dysmorphology framework, the OMT has been adopted by the International Federation of Society for Surgery of the Hand and surgeons who treat congenital upper-extremity anomalies. As predicted in the first publication, updates will be necessary based on an improved understanding of morphogenesis; the first update was in 2014 and this represents the second update to the original OMT classification. We carefully reviewed all aspects of the OMT classification, its current stratification, and updated literature on the developmental basis of limb anomalies. We also considered the clinical usefulness and challenges of the classification through discussions with stakeholders and those who care for patients with congenital upper-limb anomalies. These factors guided the current modifications of the OMT classification. In providing the updated classification, we provide the rationale for these changes. The updated OMT classification is by no means final. As our understanding of congenital anomalies progresses, we anticipate subsequent updates in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Goldfarb
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis Children's Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, MO.
| | | | - Lindley B Wall
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis Children's Hospital and Shriners Hospital for Children, St Louis, MO
| | - Wee L Lam
- Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
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25
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Jourdain A, Petit F, Odou M, Balduyck M, Brunelle P, Dufour W, Boussion S, Brischoux‐Boucher E, Colson C, Dieux A, Gérard M, Ghoumid J, Giuliano F, Goldenberg A, Khau Van Kien P, Lehalle D, Morin G, Moutton S, Smol T, Vanlerberghe C, Manouvrier‐Hanu S, Escande F. Multiplex targeted high‐throughput sequencing in a series of 352 patients with congenital limb malformations. Hum Mutat 2019; 41:222-239. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Sophie Jourdain
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie MoléculaireCHU LilleLille France
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
| | - Florence Petit
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | - Marie‐Françoise Odou
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie MoléculaireCHU LilleLille France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, UMR995, LIRIC (Lille Inflammation Research International Center)University of LilleLille France
| | - Malika Balduyck
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie MoléculaireCHU LilleLille France
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
| | - Perrine Brunelle
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie MoléculaireCHU LilleLille France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | | | | | | | | | - Anne Dieux
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | | | - Jamal Ghoumid
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | | | | | | | - Daphné Lehalle
- Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies, Department of Medical GeneticsDijon University HospitalDijon France
| | - Gilles Morin
- Centre d'activité de Génétique et d'OncogénétiqueCHU Amiens PicardieAmiens France
| | - Sébastien Moutton
- Reference Center for Developmental Anomalies, Department of Medical GeneticsDijon University HospitalDijon France
| | - Thomas Smol
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
- Institut de Génétique MédicaleCHU LilleLille France
| | - Clémence Vanlerberghe
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier‐Hanu
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy FontaineCHU LilleLille France
| | - Fabienne Escande
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie MoléculaireCHU LilleLille France
- EA7364 RADEMEUniv. LilleLille France
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26
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Jin JY, Zeng L, Li K, He JQ, Pang X, Huang H, Xiang R, Tang JY. A novel mutation (c.1010G>T; p.R337L) in TP63 as a cause of split-hand/foot malformation with hypodontia. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3122. [PMID: 31420900 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor protein p63 (TP63)-related disorders can be divided into at least six categories, including ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft lip/palate syndrome 3 (EEC syndrome 3), ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip/palate syndrome (AEC syndrome), acro-dermo-ungual-lacrimal-tooth syndrome (ADULT syndrome), limb-mammary syndrome (LMS), Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS) and split-hand/foot malformation 4 (SHFM4), and are all a result of heterozygous mutations of TP63. The phenotypes of TP63-related disorders broadly involve ectodermal dysplasias, acromelic malformation and orofacial cleft. SHFM and hypodontia are prominent clinical manifestations of TP63-related disorders. METHODS The present study investigated a family with SHFM and hypodontia; determined the sequences of DLX5, WNT8B, WNT10B, BHLHA9, CDH3, DYNC1I1 and FGFR1; and performed single nucleotide polymorphism-array analysis. We detected the mutation by multiple sequence alignments and a bioinformatic prediction. RESULTS We identified a novel missense mutation of TP63 (c.1010G>T; R337L) in the family without mutations of DLX5, WNT8B, WNT10B, BHLHA9, CDH3, DYNC1I1, FGFR1 and copy number variants causing SHFM. CONCLUSIONS A mutation of TP63 (c.1010G>T; R337L) leads to SHFM with hypodontia. The identification of this mutation expands the spectrum of known TP63 mutations and also may contribute to novel approaches for the genetic diagnosis and counseling of families with TP63-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yuan Jin
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Li
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ji-Qiang He
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ju-Yu Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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27
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Al Ghamdi MA, Al-Qattan MM, Hadadi A, Alabdulrahman A, Almuzzaini B, Alatwi N, AlBalwi MA. A classification system for split-hand/ foot malformation (SHFM): A proposal based on 3 pedigrees with WNT10B mutations. Eur J Med Genet 2019; 63:103738. [PMID: 31421290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2019.103738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SHFM6 (OMIM 225300) is caused by WNT10B pathogenic variants (12q13.12). It is one of the rarest forms of SHFM; with only seven pathogenic variants described in the world literature. Furthermore, it has not been determined if SHFM6 has specific phenotypic characteristics. In this paper, we present a case series of three unrelated families with SHFM6 caused by three novel WNT10B pathogenic variants. The index patient of the first family was homozygous for the nonsense variant c.676C > T (p.Arg226*) in the WNT10B gene. The index case of the second family had a homozygous splice variant c.338-1G > C in the WNT10B gene. Finally, the index case of the third family carried two different variants in the WNT10B gene: A nonsense variant (p.Arg226*), and a missense variant (p.Gln86Pro). The latter represents the first compound heterozygous pathogenic variant related to SHFM6. We also offer a classification system for the hand/foot defects to illustrate the specific phenotypic characteristics of SHFM6. Based on this classification and a review of all previously reported cases, we demonstrate that SHFM6 caused by WNT10B pathogenic variants have the following characteristics: more severe feet defects (compared to the hand defects), polydactyly, severe flexion digital contractures, and phalangeal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A Al Ghamdi
- Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Hadadi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstractive Surgery, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkareem Alabdulrahman
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Almuzzaini
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Alatwi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A AlBalwi
- Department of Medical Genomics Research, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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The role of ultrasound and genetic counsel in prenatal diagnosis of split hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 58:574-576. [PMID: 31307755 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the report is to highlight importance of careful ultrasound examination and genetic counsel in case of split hand/foot prenatal diagnosis. Evaluation of the accompanying long bone deficiency indicates that array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) should be used. CASE REPORT We present a prenatal diagnosis of split hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency type 3 (SHFLD3) in a patient suffering from congenital limb anomalies but without previous molecular diagnosis. Genetic consultation and prenatal testing were offered. While karyotype was normal, aCGH revealed microduplication in locus 17p33.3. Microarray analysis was carried out also in pregnant patient and her asymptomatic mother and gave positive results on both. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of SHFLD3 either imaging or cytogenetic is possible. Both methods should be used to make a correct diagnosis. Due to reduced penetrance of SHFLD3 not all individuals carrying microduplication present clinical findings. Therefore, pedigree analysis and genetic counsel is important for whole family and not only for affected members. Advances in genetics may allow to establish exact diagnosis in previously undiagnosed patients.
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29
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Paththinige CS, Sirisena ND, Escande F, Manouvrier S, Petit F, Dissanayake VHW. Split hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency associated with BHLHA9 gene duplication: a case report and review of literature. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:108. [PMID: 31200655 PMCID: PMC6570964 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0839-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a group of congenital skeletal disorders which may occur either as an isolated abnormality or in syndromic forms with extra-limb manifestations. Chromosomal micro-duplication or micro-triplication involving 17p13.3 region has been described as the most common cause of split hand/foot malformation with long bone deficiency (SHFLD) in several different Caucasian and Asian populations. Gene dosage effect of the extra copies of BHLHA9 gene at this locus has been implicated in the pathogenesis of SHFLD. Case presentation The proband was a female child born to non-consanguineous parents. She was referred for genetic evaluation of bilateral asymmetric ectrodactyly involving both hands and right foot along with right tibial hemimelia. The right foot had fixed clubfoot deformity with only 2 toes. The mother had bilateral ectrodactyly involving both hands, but the rest of the upper limbs and both lower limbs were normal. Neither of them had any other congenital malformations or neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Genetic testing for rearrangement of BHLHA9 gene by quantitative polymerase chain reaction confirmed the duplication of the BHLHA9 gene in both the proband and the mother. Conclusions We report the first Sri Lankan family with genetic diagnosis of BHLHA9 duplication causing SHFLD. This report along with the previously reported cases corroborate the possible etiopathogenic role of BHLHA9 gene dosage imbalances in SHFM and SHFLD across different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamara Sampath Paththinige
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka. .,Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, 50008, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Fabienne Escande
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Oncologie Moléculaire, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florence Petit
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, CHU Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
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30
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Habenicht R, Mann M, Guéro S, Ezaki M, Oberg KC. Distal Dorsal Dimelia: A Disturbance of Dorsal-Ventral Digit Development. J Hand Surg Am 2019; 44:421.e1-421.e8. [PMID: 30292712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital palmar nail (distal dorsal dimelia [dDD]) of the hand is a rare malformation most commonly affecting the little finger. The purpose of this report was to review the features and associations of this rare disorder and discuss the suspected underlying etiology in light of our current understanding of developmental biology. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study from 3 practices, we describe our collective experience and review the reported literature on this disorder both as an isolated condition and in conjunction with other anomalies. RESULTS We examined 15 fingers with dDD, 5 of which involved little fingers. We also found dDD in 6 cases with radial polydactyly (preaxial polydactyl type II [PPD2]) and in 1 case of cleft hand involving digits adjacent to the clefted web space (the index and middle fingers). Cases of little finger dDD were also associated with prominent clefting of the adjacent web space in 4 of 5 cases. All cases had stiffness of the interphalangeal joints and loss of palmar creases consistent with dorsalization of the palmar aspect of the digit. When combined with 63 fingers reported in the literature with dDD, 3 patterns were evident. The most common form occurred in little fingers (n = 50; 64%; dDDu). The next most common form was reported in association with cleft hands (n = 16; 21%; dDDc). Radial digits in association with either radial polydactyly (PPD2) or radial longitudinal deficiency were also susceptible to dDD (n = 12; 15%; dDDr). CONCLUSIONS Congenital dDD is a disturbance of terminal dorsal-ventral digit patterning. The distribution of this condition with little fingers, clefting, and altered radial digit formation (PPD2 or radial longitudinal deficiency), as well as recent genetic and animal studies, suggests that dDD and altered dorsal-ventral patterning are linked to abnormal apical ectodermal ridge boundary formation. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Habenicht
- Department of Hand Surgery, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Max Mann
- Department of Hand Surgery, Catholic Children's Hospital Wilhelmstift, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Marybeth Ezaki
- Department of Orthopedics, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, TX
| | - Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA.
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31
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Holder-Espinasse M, Jamsheer A, Escande F, Andrieux J, Petit F, Sowinska-Seidler A, Socha M, Jakubiuk-Tomaszuk A, Gerard M, Mathieu-Dramard M, Cormier-Daire V, Verloes A, Toutain A, Plessis G, Jonveaux P, Baumann C, David A, Farra C, Colin E, Jacquemont S, Rossi A, Mansour S, Ghali N, Moncla A, Lahiri N, Hurst J, Pollina E, Patch C, Ahn JW, Valat AS, Mezel A, Bourgeot P, Zhang D, Manouvrier-Hanu S. Duplication of 10q24 locus: broadening the clinical and radiological spectrum. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:525-534. [PMID: 30622331 PMCID: PMC6460637 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-hand-split-foot malformation (SHFM) is a rare condition that occurs in 1 in 8500-25,000 newborns and accounts for 15% of all limb reduction defects. SHFM is heterogeneous and can be isolated, associated with other malformations, or syndromic. The mode of inheritance is mostly autosomal dominant with incomplete penetrance, but can be X-linked or autosomal recessive. Seven loci are currently known: SHFM1 at 7q21.2q22.1 (DLX5 gene), SHFM2 at Xq26, SHFM3 at 10q24q25, SHFM4 at 3q27 (TP63 gene), SHFM5 at 2q31 and SHFM6 as a result of variants in WNT10B (chromosome 12q13). Duplications at 17p13.3 are seen in SHFM when isolated or associated with long bone deficiency. Tandem genomic duplications at chromosome 10q24 involving at least the DACTYLIN gene are associated with SHFM3. No point variant in any of the genes residing within the region has been identified so far, but duplication of exon 1 of the BTRC gene may explain the phenotype, with likely complex alterations of gene regulation mechanisms that would impair limb morphogenesis. We report on 32 new index cases identified by array-CGH and/or by qPCR, including some prenatal ones, leading to termination for the most severe. Twenty-two cases were presenting with SHFM and 7 with monodactyly only. Three had an overlapping phenotype. Additional findings were identified in 5 (renal dysplasia, cutis aplasia, hypogonadism and agenesis of corpus callosum with hydrocephalus). We present their clinical and radiological findings and review the literature on this rearrangement that seems to be one of the most frequent cause of SHFM.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Comparative Genomic Hybridization/methods
- F-Box Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Hand Deformities, Congenital/physiopathology
- Humans
- Infant
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/diagnostic imaging
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/genetics
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/physiopathology
- Male
- Pedigree
- Phenotype
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Radiography
- Segmental Duplications, Genomic/genetics
- Wnt Proteins/genetics
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Fabienne Escande
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- RADEME, EA 7364, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florence Petit
- RADEME, EA 7364, Lille University, Lille, France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Jakubiuk-Tomaszuk
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Alain Verloes
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Albert David
- Service de Génétique, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Chantal Farra
- American University of Beirut Medical Centre, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sébastien Jacquemont
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annick Rossi
- Laboratoire de Cytogénétique, EFS Normandie, Bois Guillaume, France
| | | | - Neeti Ghali
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Harrow, UK
| | - Anne Moncla
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CHU Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Jane Hurst
- Clinical Genetics, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Elena Pollina
- Pathology Department, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, UK
| | | | - Joo Wook Ahn
- Genetics Laboratories, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anne-Sylvie Valat
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Aurélie Mezel
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Bourgeot
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire de Diagnostic Prénatal, CHRU Lille, Lille, France
| | - David Zhang
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sylvie Manouvrier-Hanu
- RADEME, EA 7364, Lille University, Lille, France
- Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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32
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Integrative genomic analysis predicts novel functional enhancer-SNPs for bone mineral density. Hum Genet 2019; 138:167-185. [PMID: 30656451 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-01971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD) and deterioration of bone microarchitecture. To identify novel genetic loci underlying osteoporosis, an effective strategy is to focus on scanning of variants with high potential functional impacts. Enhancers play a crucial role in regulating cell-type-specific transcription. Therefore, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in enhancers (enhancer-SNPs) may represent strong candidate functional variants. Here, we performed a targeted analysis for potential functional enhancer-SNPs that may affect gene expression and biological processes in bone-related cells, specifically, osteoblasts, and peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs), using five independent cohorts (n = 5905) and the genetics factors for osteoporosis summary statistics, followed by comprehensive integrative genomic analyses of chromatin states, transcription, and metabolites. We identified 15 novel enhancer-SNPs associated with femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD, including 5 SNPs mapped to novel genes (e.g., rs10840343 and rs10770081 in IGF2 gene) and 10 novel SNPs mapped to known BMD-associated genes (e.g., rs2941742 in ESR1 gene, and rs10249092 and rs4342522 in SHFM1 gene). Interestingly, enhancer-SNPs rs10249092 and rs4342522 in SHFM1 were tightly linked, but annotated to different enhancers in PBMs and osteoblasts, respectively, suggesting that even tightly linked SNPs may regulate the same target gene and contribute to the phenotype variation in cell-type-specific manners. Importantly, ten enhancer-SNPs may also regulate BMD variation by affecting the serum metabolite levels. Our findings revealed novel susceptibility loci that may regulate BMD variation and provided intriguing insights into the genetic mechanisms of osteoporosis.
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33
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Guero S, Holder-Espinasse M. Insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of split/hand foot malformation (cleft hand/foot). J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2019; 44:80-87. [PMID: 30380990 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418807375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cleft hand or split hand foot malformation is a sequence of phenotypes, from a minor shortening of the central digit to a complete absence of the third ray and in the most severe cases, absence of two, three or four rays. It is a rare but spectacular presentation usually involving both hands and feet. Inheritance is mostly autosomal dominant but sporadic cases without family history are also reported, resulting from a de novo mutation/deletion/duplication. Intra-familial clinical variability is the rule, with incomplete penetrance. X-linked or autosomal recessive inheritance has also been described. To date, seven subgroups of split hand foot malformation have been identified and seven loci are currently known. Anatomical records have enhanced our knowledge of this group of disorders of the hands and feet and allowed us to improve surgical procedures and long-term outcome.
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34
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Oberg KC. Classification of congenital upper limb anomalies: towards improved communication, diagnosis, and discovery. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2019; 44:4-14. [PMID: 30269619 DOI: 10.1177/1753193418801280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand replaced the Swanson scheme for classifying congenital upper limb anomalies with the Oberg, Manske, Tonkin (OMT) classification. This review explores the reasons for this change after nearly 50 years of using the Swanson classification. In particular, it documents the state of our understanding regarding genetics and limb development at the time Swanson generated his classification. It also describes the continued progress in clinical genetics and developmental biology. Such progress drives the need to embrace and incorporate these changes within a new classification scheme; one that will improve communication, diagnosis, and support further discovery of the pathogenesis of congenital hand anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerby C Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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35
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Aman A, Darby L, Rahmani MJH. Lady with ‘lobster claw’ feet. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2018-226368. [DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2018-226368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A 94-year-old woman admitted with confusion secondary to a urinary tract infection exhibited deformities in all four limbs that were present from birth. Her appearance was suggestive of split hand/split foot malformation a rare congenital condition that affects the central rays of the distal limb portion. She had no syndromic features and had lived without support or assistance of her daily activities. A keen knitter, she regularly knitted for her three grandchildren, all of which, along with her son, were unaffected by this condition.
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36
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Yang X, Lin X, Zhu Y, Luo J, Lin G. Genetic analysis of a congenital split‑hand/split‑foot malformation 4 pedigree. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7553-7558. [PMID: 29620206 PMCID: PMC5983954 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study whole-exome sequencing using the Complete Genomics platform was employed to scan a proband from a split-hand/split-foot malformation (SHFM) 4 family. The missense mutation c.728G>A (p.Arg243Gln) in the TP63 gene was revealed to be associated with SHFM. Sanger sequencing confirmed the sequences of the proband and his father. The father was diagnosed with SHFM and harbored a CGG-to-CAG mutation in exon 5, which produced a R243Q substitution in the zinc binding site and dimerization site of TP63. The R243Q mutation was predicted to be pathogenic by PolyPhen-2. The proband, who was diagnosed with four digit SHFM, exhibited a more severe phenotype. X-ray analysis returned the following results: Absence of third phalange bilaterally and third metacarpus of the left hand; absence of the second toes bilaterally and partial third toes; and partial fusion of the second, third and metatarsal bones of the right side with deformity of the second metatarsal of the right side. Osteochondroma was present in the fourth proximal radial metacarpal of the left hand and the basal and proximal parts of the second metatarsal of the right side. The proband's father had five digits in both feet. These results indicate that the R243Q mutation produces a novel phenotype named SHFM4. The present study revealed that the R243Q mutation in the TP63 gene produced a novel phenotype named SHFM4, thereby demonstrating the mutational overlap between ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-cleft syndrome and SHFM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Teaching and Research Office of Medical Cosmetology, Department of Management, Fujian Health College, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xinfu Lin
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yaobin Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
| | - Jiewei Luo
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Genhui Lin
- Provincial Clinical Medical College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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Ashi M, Assur R, Awan B, Aljaaly H. Bilateral split hand foot malformation in siblings: Case series. Int J Surg Case Rep 2017; 44:114-117. [PMID: 29499514 PMCID: PMC5910499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Split Hand-Foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect that affects the central rays of the hands and/or feet. It is a rare condition that has genetic and environmental etiologies. It ranges in severity depending on the extent of the malformation. We report on two siblings with severe SHFM affecting all limbs. METHODS We described two cases of siblings with SHFM and discuss the possible causes of the condition. This research did not require ethical approval due to the institute not requiring it for this type of study. RESULTS Case 1 is a 7-year-old boy, and case 2 is his 4-year-old brother. They are both medically and surgically free. They had normal growth and development and were products of a consanguineous marriage. They both presented with bilateral deformities of the hands and feet, and had no previous family history of congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION SHFM may occur as a result of consanguineous marriage, genetic mutation, and chemical exposure. Genetic counseling and thorough assessment of associated anomalies is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ashi
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rehab Assur
- College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basim Awan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hattan Aljaaly
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zadora J, Singh M, Herse F, Przybyl L, Haase N, Golic M, Yung HW, Huppertz B, Cartwright JE, Whitley G, Johnsen GM, Levi G, Isbruch A, Schulz H, Luft FC, Müller DN, Staff AC, Hurst LD, Dechend R, Izsvák Z. Disturbed Placental Imprinting in Preeclampsia Leads to Altered Expression of DLX5, a Human-Specific Early Trophoblast Marker. Circulation 2017; 136:1824-1839. [PMID: 28904069 PMCID: PMC5671803 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.028110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Preeclampsia is a complex and common human-specific pregnancy syndrome associated with placental pathology. The human specificity provides both intellectual and methodological challenges, lacking a robust model system. Given the role of imprinted genes in human placentation and the vulnerability of imprinted genes to loss of imprinting changes, there has been extensive speculation, but no robust evidence, that imprinted genes are involved in preeclampsia. Our study aims to investigate whether disturbed imprinting contributes to preeclampsia. Methods: We first aimed to confirm that preeclampsia is a disease of the placenta by generating and analyzing genome-wide molecular data on well-characterized patient material. We performed high-throughput transcriptome analyses of multiple placenta samples from healthy controls and patients with preeclampsia. Next, we identified differentially expressed genes in preeclamptic placentas and intersected them with the list of human imprinted genes. We used bioinformatics/statistical analyses to confirm association between imprinting and preeclampsia and to predict biological processes affected in preeclampsia. Validation included epigenetic and cellular assays. In terms of human specificity, we established an in vitro invasion-differentiation trophoblast model. Our comparative phylogenetic analysis involved single-cell transcriptome data of human, macaque, and mouse preimplantation embryogenesis. Results: We found disturbed placental imprinting in preeclampsia and revealed potential candidates, including GATA3 and DLX5, with poorly explored imprinted status and no prior association with preeclampsia. As a result of loss of imprinting, DLX5 was upregulated in 69% of preeclamptic placentas. Levels of DLX5 correlated with classic preeclampsia markers. DLX5 is expressed in human but not in murine trophoblast. The DLX5high phenotype resulted in reduced proliferation, increased metabolism, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-response activation in trophoblasts in vitro. The transcriptional profile of such cells mimics the transcriptome of preeclamptic placentas. Pan-mammalian comparative analysis identified DLX5 as part of the human-specific regulatory network of trophoblast differentiation. Conclusions: Our analysis provides evidence of a true association among disturbed imprinting, gene expression, and preeclampsia. As a result of disturbed imprinting, the upregulated DLX5 affects trophoblast proliferation. Our in vitro model might fill a vital niche in preeclampsia research. Human-specific regulatory circuitry of DLX5 might help explain certain aspects of preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna Zadora
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Manvendra Singh
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Florian Herse
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Lukasz Przybyl
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Nadine Haase
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Michaela Golic
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Hong Wa Yung
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Berthold Huppertz
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Judith E Cartwright
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Guy Whitley
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Guro M Johnsen
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Giovanni Levi
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Annette Isbruch
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Herbert Schulz
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Friedrich C Luft
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Dominik N Müller
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Anne Cathrine Staff
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.)
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.).
| | - Ralf Dechend
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.).
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- From Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (J.Z., M.S., F.H., N.H., D.N.M., Z.I.); Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation between the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., H.S., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D.); Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (J.Z., F.H., L.P., N.H., M.G., F.C.L., D.N.M., R.D., Z.I.); Department of Obstetrics and Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (M.G.); German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, partner site Berlin, Germany (N.H., D.N.M.); Centre for Trophoblast Research, University of Cambridge, UK (H.W.Y.); Institute of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Graz, Austria (B.H.); Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, UK (J.E.C., G.W.); Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oslo University Hospital, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); University of Oslo, Norway (G.M.J., A.C.S.); Évolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Muséum Nationale d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France (G.L.); HELIOS-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (A.I., R.D.); Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Germany (H.S.); and Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK (L.D.H.).
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Split-Hand Malformation in a 4-Year-Old Child. Case Rep Pediatr 2017; 2017:6073619. [PMID: 28840051 PMCID: PMC5559908 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6073619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Split-hand deformity is one of the milder manifestations of a congenital disorder called split-hand/split-foot malformation. We present a case of a 4-year-old child with split-hand malformation in his left hand since birth. A median cleft was present in the affected hand with absence of the 3rd and 4th digits, giving rise to a characteristic lobster-claw appearance. Functionality of the affected hand was modestly impaired. As none of the close family members of the patient had similar limb malformations, the deformity was postulated to arise most likely from a de novo mutation. The patient was discharged after the parents were provided with genetic counseling.
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Molnar JL, Diaz RE, Skorka T, Dagliyan G, Diogo R. Comparative musculoskeletal anatomy of chameleon limbs, with implications for the evolution of arboreal locomotion in lizards and for teratology. J Morphol 2017; 278:1241-1261. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia L. Molnar
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; 520 W Street NW Washington DC 20059
| | - Raul E. Diaz
- Department of Biology; La Sierra University; 4500 Riverwalk Parkway Riverside California 92505
| | - Tautis Skorka
- Keck School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California; 2250 Alcazar Street Los Angeles California 90033
| | - Grant Dagliyan
- Keck School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California; 2250 Alcazar Street Los Angeles California 90033
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy; Howard University College of Medicine; 520 W Street NW Washington DC 20059
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Sinha N, A. Seeley M, S. Horwitz D, Maniar H, H. Seeley A. Pediatric Orthogenomics: The Latest Trends and Controversies. AIMS MEDICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.3934/medsci.2017.2.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Klar AJS. Split hand/foot malformation genetics supports the chromosome 7 copy segregation mechanism for human limb development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150415. [PMID: 27821526 PMCID: PMC5104513 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic aberrations of several unlinked loci cause human congenital split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) development. Mutations of the DLX5 (distal-less) transcription factor-encoding gene in chromosome 7 cause SHFM through haploinsufficiency, but the vast majority of cases result from heterozygous chromosomal aberrations of the region without mutating the DLX5 gene. To resolve this paradox, we invoke a chromosomal epigenetic mechanism for limb development. It is composed of a monochromatid gene expression phenomenon that we discovered in two fission yeasts with the selective chromosome copy segregation phenomenon that we discovered in mouse cells. Accordingly, one daughter cell inherits both expressed DLX5 copies while the other daughter inherits both epigenetically silenced ones from a single deterministic cell of the developing limb. Thus, differentiated daughter cells after further proliferation will correspondingly produce proximal/distal-limb tissues. Published results of a Chr. 7 translocation with a centromere-proximal breakpoint situated over 41 million bases away from the DLX locus, centromeric and DLX5-region inversions have satisfied key genetic and developmental biology predictions of the mechanism. Further genetic tests of the mechanism are proposed. We propose that the DNA double helical structure itself causes the development of sister cells' gene regulation asymmetry. We also argue against the conventionally invoked morphogen model of development.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar J S Klar
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 539, Room 154, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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Marques F, Tenney J, Duran I, Martin J, Nevarez L, Pogue R, Krakow D, Cohn DH, Li B. Altered mRNA Splicing, Chondrocyte Gene Expression and Abnormal Skeletal Development due to SF3B4 Mutations in Rodriguez Acrofacial Dysostosis. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006307. [PMID: 27622494 PMCID: PMC5021280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are a genetically heterogeneous group of inherited disorders with craniofacial and limb abnormalities. Rodriguez syndrome is a severe, usually perinatal lethal AFD, characterized by severe retrognathia, oligodactyly and lower limb abnormalities. Rodriguez syndrome has been proposed to be a severe form of Nager syndrome, a non-lethal AFD that results from mutations in SF3B4, a component of the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle (U2 snRNP). Furthermore, a case with a phenotype intermediate between Rodriguez and Nager syndromes has been shown to have an SF3B4 mutation. We identified heterozygosity for SF3B4 mutations in Rodriguez syndrome, confirming that the phenotype is a dominant disorder that is allelic with Nager syndrome. The mutations led to reduced SF3B4 synthesis and defects in mRNA splicing, primarily exon skipping. The mutations also led to reduced expression in growth plate chondrocytes of target genes, including the DLX5, DLX6, SOX9, and SOX6 transcription factor genes, which are known to be important for skeletal development. These data provide mechanistic insight toward understanding how SF3B4 mutations lead to the skeletal abnormalities observed in the acrofacial dysostoses. The acrofacial dysostoses (AFD) are inherited disorders with abnormalities of the facial and limb bones. Rodriguez syndrome is a severe type of AFD that is usually lethal in the immediate perinatal period. Rodriguez syndrome has been proposed to be a severe form of Nager syndrome, a non-lethal AFD that results from mutations in SF3B4, a component of mRNA splicing machinery needed for proper maturation of primary transcripts. Furthermore, a case with a phenotype intermediate between Rodriguez and Nager syndromes has been shown to have an SF3B4 mutation. We found that mutations in SF3B4 produce Rodriguez syndrome, further demonstrating that it is allelic with Nager syndrome. The consequences of the mutations include abnormal splicing and reduced expression in growth plate chondrocytes of genes that are important for proper development of the skeleton, providing mechanistic insight toward understanding how SF3B4 mutations lead to the skeletal abnormalities observed in the acrofacial dysostoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Universidade CEUMA, Campus Renascença, São Luís-MA, Brazil
| | - Jessica Tenney
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisette Nevarez
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Pogue
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (DHC)
| | - Daniel H. Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DK); (DHC)
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Sivasankaran A, Srikanth A, Kulshreshtha PS, Anuradha D, Kadandale JS, Samuel CR. Split Hand/Foot Malformation Associated with 7q21.3 Microdeletion: A Case Report. Mol Syndromol 2016; 6:287-96. [PMID: 27022330 DOI: 10.1159/000443708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) or ectrodactyly is a rare genetic condition affecting limb development. SHFM shows clinical and genetic heterogeneity. It can present as an isolated form or in combination with additional anomalies affecting the long bones (nonsyndromic form) or other organ systems including the craniofacial, genitourinary and ectodermal structures (syndromic ectrodactyly). This study reports a girl with SHFM who also exhibited developmental delay, mild dysmorphic facial features and sensorineural hearing loss. High-resolution banding analysis indicated an interstitial deletion within the 7q21 band. FISH using locus-specific BAC probes confirmed the microdeletion of 7q21.3. Chromosomal microarray analysis also revealed a microdeletion of 1.856 Mb in 7q21.3. However, a larger 8.44-Mb deletion involving bands 7q21.11q21.2 was observed, and the breakpoints were refined. The phenotype and the candidate genes underlying the pathogenesis of this disorder are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Sivasankaran
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
| | - Ambika Srikanth
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Pooja S Kulshreshtha
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Deenadayalu Anuradha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Government Hospital for Women and Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, India
| | - Jayarama S Kadandale
- Center for Human Genetics, Biotech Park, Electronic City Phase I, Bangalore, India
| | - Chandra R Samuel
- Department of Genetics, Dr. ALM PG Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, India
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Rasmussen MB, Kreiborg S, Jensen P, Bak M, Mang Y, Lodahl M, Budtz-Jørgensen E, Tommerup N, Tranebjærg L, Rendtorff ND. Phenotypic subregions within the split-hand/foot malformation 1 locus. Hum Genet 2016; 135:345-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Conte D, Garaffo G, Lo Iacono N, Mantero S, Piccolo S, Cordenonsi M, Perez-Morga D, Orecchia V, Poli V, Merlo GR. The apical ectodermal ridge of the mouse model of ectrodactyly Dlx5;Dlx6-/- shows altered stratification and cell polarity, which are restored by exogenous Wnt5a ligand. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:740-54. [PMID: 26685160 PMCID: PMC4743692 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The congenital malformation split hand/foot (SHFM) is characterized by missing central fingers and dysmorphology or fusion of the remaining ones. Type-1 SHFM is linked to deletions/rearrangements of the DLX5–DLX6 locus and point mutations in the DLX5 gene. The ectrodactyly phenotype is reproduced in mice by the double knockout (DKO) of Dlx5 and Dlx6. During limb development, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a key-signaling center responsible for early proximal–distal growth and patterning. In Dlx5;6 DKO hindlimbs, the central wedge of the AER loses multilayered organization and shows down-regulation of FGF8 and Dlx2. In search for the mechanism, we examined the non-canonical Wnt signaling, considering that Dwnt-5 is a target of distalless in Drosophila and the knockout of Wnt5, Ryk, Ror2 and Vangl2 in the mouse causes severe limb malformations. We found that in Dlx5;6 DKO limbs, the AER expresses lower levels of Wnt5a, shows scattered β-catenin responsive cells and altered basolateral and planar cell polarity (PCP). The addition of Wnt5a to cultured embryonic limbs restored the expression of AER markers and its stratification. Conversely, the inhibition of the PCP molecule c-jun N-terminal kinase caused a loss of AER marker expression. In vitro, the addition of Wnt5a on mixed primary cultures of embryonic ectoderm and mesenchyme was able to confer re-polarization. We conclude that the Dlx-related ectrodactyly defect is associated with the loss of basoapical and PCP, due to reduced Wnt5a expression and that the restoration of the Wnt5a level is sufficient to partially reverts AER misorganization and dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy and
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valeria Orecchia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy,
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Selective chromatid segregation mechanism proposed for the human split hand/foot malformation development by chromosome 2 translocations: A perspective. Dev Biol 2015; 408:7-13. [PMID: 26477560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Three unrelated chromosome 2q14.1-14.2 region translocations caused the split hand/foot limb malformation development in humans by an unknown mechanism. Their etiology was described by the autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance genetic model although authors stated, "the understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype relationship has been most challenging". The conundrums are that no mutation was found in known genes located at or near the translocation breakpoints, some limbs were malformed while others were not in the same patient and surprisingly breakpoints lie at relatively large distance of more than 2.5 million bases to have caused disorder-causing gene mutations in a single gene. To help understand translocations etiology for limb development, we invoke the selective DNA strand/chromatid-specific epigenetic imprinting and segregation mechanism employed by the two highly diverged fission yeasts to produce daughter cells of different cell types by mitosis. By this mechanism, an anterior- and posterior-limb-tissues-generating pair of daughter cells is produced by a single deterministic cell dividing in the anlagen of the limb bud. Accordingly, malformation develops simply because translocations hinder the proper distribution of chromatid-specific epialleles of a limb developmental gene during the deterministic cell's mitosis. It is tempting to speculate that such a mechanism might involve the HOXD-cluster genes situated centromere-distal to the translocation breakpoints many million bases away at the 2q31.1 region. Further genetic tests of the hypothesis are proposed for the human and mouse limb development. In sum, genetic analysis of translocations suggests that the sequence asymmetry of strands in the double-helical DNA structure of a developmental gene forms the physical basis of daughter cells' developmental asymmetry, thus opposing the morphogen-gradient research paradigm of limb development.
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Kouwenhoven EN, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H. Gene regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by p63 in epithelial development and related disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:590-600. [PMID: 25797018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 belongs to the p53 family and is a key regulator in epithelial commitment and development. Mutations in p63 give rise to several epithelial related disorders with defects in skin, limb and orofacial structures. Since the discovery of p63, efforts have been made to identify its target genes using individual gene approaches and to understand p63 function in normal epithelial development and related diseases. Recent genome-wide approaches have identified tens of thousands of potential p63-regulated target genes and regulatory elements, and reshaped the concept of gene regulation orchestrated by p63. These data also provide insights into p63-related disease mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of p63 in normal and diseased epithelial development in light of these novel findings. We also propose future perspectives for dissecting the molecular mechanism of p63-mediated epithelial development and related disorders as well as for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N Kouwenhoven
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Sowińska-Seidler A, Piwecka M, Olech E, Socha M, Latos-Bieleńska A, Jamsheer A. Hyperosmia, ectrodactyly, mild intellectual disability, and other defects in a male patient with an X-linked partial microduplication and overexpression of the KAL1 gene. J Appl Genet 2014; 56:177-84. [PMID: 25339597 PMCID: PMC4412513 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations of the KAL1 gene are a known cause of Kallmann syndrome, a disorder characterized by the coexistence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia/hiposmia. On the other hand, neither complete nor partial duplications of KAL1 have been reported in the literature; thus, clinical symptoms associated with such alterations remain unknown. Ectrodactyly is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous abnormality presenting with hypoplasia of the central rays of the extremity, which, in around 68 % of cases, has unknown underlying molecular defect. In this paper, we report on a sporadic male patient manifesting hyperosmia and ectrodactyly accompanied by additional symptoms involving mild intellectual disability, unilateral hearing loss, genital anomalies, stocky build, and facial dysmorphism. Using a combination of high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) and breakpoint analysis, we detected a hemizygous tandem duplication of 110,967 bp on Xp22.31, encompassing the promoter region and the first two exons of KAL1. In order to confirm pathogenicity of the duplication, we tested the level of KAL1 transcript in blood lymphocytes, showing 79 times higher expression in the proband compared to controls. We, therefore, hypothesize that olfactory hypersensitivity in our proband directly results from KAL1 overproduction. Additionally, a literature review allowed us to conclude that KAL1 protein at high levels may interfere with FGFR1 signaling activity, most probably indirectly giving rise to ectrodactyly, intellectual disability, and genital anomalies. Noteworthy, those symptoms overlap with Hartsfield syndrome caused by FGFR1 loss-of-function mutations. To conclude, our paper highlights the role of KAL1 in embryogenesis and provides data on the contribution of KAL1 overexpression to human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sowińska-Seidler
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Piwecka
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14 Street, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewelina Olech
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Socha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Latos-Bieleńska
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, 4 Grudzieniec Street, 60-601 Poznan, Poland
| | - Aleksander Jamsheer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 8 Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland
- NZOZ Center for Medical Genetics GENESIS, 4 Grudzieniec Street, 60-601 Poznan, Poland
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Rattanasopha S, Tongkobpetch S, Srichomthong C, Kitidumrongsook P, Suphapeetiporn K, Shotelersuk V. Absent expression of the osteoblast-specific maternally imprinted genes,DLX5andDLX6,causes split hand/split foot malformation type I. J Med Genet 2014; 51:817-23. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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