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Gandhi VD, Lee J, Hua L, Latif M, Hogan CJ, Larriba-Andaluz C. Investigation of Zero-/High-Field Ion Mobility Orthogonal Separation Using a Hyphenated DMA-FAIMS System and Validation of the Two-Temperature Theory at Arbitrary Field for Tetraalkylammonium Salts in Nitrogen. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7941-7949. [PMID: 37172072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Toward greater separation techniques for ions, a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) has been coupled with field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) to take advantage of two mobility-related but different methods of separation. The filtering effect of the DMA allows ions to be selected individually based on low-field mobility and studied in FAIMS at variable electric field, yielding mobility separations in two dimensions. Because spectra fully describe ion mobility at variable field strength, results are then compared with a two-temperature theory-predicted mobility up to the fourth-order approximation. The comparison yields excellent results up to at least 100 Td, beyond which the theory deviates from experiments. This is attributed to two effects, the enlargement of the structure due to ion heating and the inelasticity of the collisions with the nitrogen bath gas. The corrected mobility can then be used to predict the dispersion plot through a newly developed implicit equation that circumvents the possible issues related to the more elaborate Buryakov equation. Our results simultaneously show that the DMA-FAIMS coupling yields complete information on ion mobility versus the field-strength to gas-density ratio and works toward predicting such spectra from ion structures and gas properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj D Gandhi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jihyeon Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Leyan Hua
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Mohsen Latif
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlos Larriba-Andaluz
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, IUPUI, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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2
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Walker TE, Laganowsky A, Russell DH. Surface Activity of Amines Provides Evidence for the Combined ESI Mechanism of Charge Reduction for Protein Complexes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:10824-10831. [PMID: 35862200 PMCID: PMC9357154 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Charge reduction reactions are important for native mass spectrometry (nMS) because lower charge states help retain native-like conformations and preserve noncovalent interactions of protein complexes. While mechanisms of charge reduction reactions are not well understood, they are generally achieved through the addition of small molecules, such as polyamines, to traditional nMS buffers. Here, we present new evidence that surface-active, charge reducing reagents carry away excess charge from the droplet after being emitted due to Coulombic repulsion, thereby reducing the overall charge of the droplet. Furthermore, these processes are directly linked to two mechanisms for electrospray ionization, specifically the charge residue and ion evaporation models (CRM and IEM). Selected protein complexes were analyzed in solutions containing ammonium acetate and selected trialkylamines or diaminoalkanes of increasing alkyl chain lengths. Results show that amines with higher surface activity have increased propensities for promoting charge reduction of the protein ions. The electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter potential was also found to be a major contributing parameter to the prevalence of charge reduction; higher emitter potentials consistently coincided with lower average charge states among all protein complexes analyzed. These results offer experimental evidence for the mechanism of charge reduction in ESI and also provide insight into the final stages of the ESI and their impact on biological ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Arthur Laganowsky
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David H Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Pathak P, Shvartsburg AA. Assessing the Dipole Moments and Directional Cross Sections of Proteins and Complexes by Differential Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7041-7049. [PMID: 35500292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has become a mainstream approach to fractionate complex mixtures, separate isomers, and assign the molecular geometries. All modalities were grouped into linear IMS (based on the absolute ion mobility, K) and field asymmetric waveform IMS (FAIMS) relying on the evolution of K at a high normalized electric field (E/N) that induces strong ion heating. In the recently demonstrated low-field differential (LOD) IMS, the field is too weak for significant heating but locks the macromolecular dipoles to produce novel separations controlled by the relevant directional collision cross sections (CCSs). Here, we show LODIMS for mass-selected species, exploring the dipole alignment across charge states for the monomers and dimers of an exemplary protein, the alcohol dehydrogenase. Distinct conformational families for aligned species are revealed with directional CCS estimated from the field-dependent trend lines. We set up a model to extract the fractions of pendular conformers as a function of field intensity and translate them into dipole moment distributions. These developments make a critical step toward establishing LODIMS as a new tool for top-down proteomics and integrative structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Alexandre A Shvartsburg
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
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4
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Lee J, He S, Song G, Hogan CJ. Size distribution monitoring for chemical mechanical polishing slurries: An intercomparison of electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and differential mobility analysis. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Ma Y, Gandhi PJ, Reilly JP. Aqueous Solutions of Peptides and Trialkylamines Lead to Unexpected Peptide Modification. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 26:molecules26216481. [PMID: 34770892 PMCID: PMC8587169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
When trialkylamines are added to buffered solutions of peptides, unexpected adducts can be formed. These adducts correspond to Schiff base products. The source of the reaction is the unexpected presence of aldehydes in amines. The aldehydes can be detected in a few ways. Most importantly, they can lead to unanticipated results in proteomics experiments. Their undesirable effects can be minimized through the addition of other amines.
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6
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Tamadate T, Higashi H, Hogan CJ, Seto T. The charge reduction rate for multiply charged polymer ions via ion-ion recombination at atmospheric pressure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25215-25226. [PMID: 33125012 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03989f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The charge reduction of multiply charged macromolecular ions via recombination with small ions in the gas phase is commonly employed to modulate the charge on macromolecules prior to mass spectrometric and mobility analyses. We employ a recently developed continuum-Molecular Dynamics (MD) calculation approach to determine the recombination rate coefficient of multiply charged (1 to 7 excess positive charged) polyethylene glycol ions (mass of 4600 Da) with smaller singly charged anions, modeled as NO2- ions. The continuum-MD approach accounts explicitly for the influence of the background gas on the recombination process, accounts explicitly for ion translational, vibrational, and rotational motion, and enables recombination rate coefficient calculation in nitrogen near atmospheric pressure, wherein neither low pressure nor high pressure recombination theories are strictly applicable. Continuum-MD simulations yield recombination rate coefficients near 3.9 × 10-14 m3 s-1 for singly charged ions, increasing to 3.0 × 10-11 m3 s-1 for the +7 ion. Pre-existing collision rate coefficient expressions for rigid ions are found to be within a factor of 2-5 of calculations for all charge states, but their use requires knowledge of an appropriate collision distance, which is not well-defined for flexible polymer ions. Continuum-MD-inferred rate coefficients are incorporated into a model of charge reduction, and the charge state distribution versus anion concentration determined with it is compared to charge reduction measurements made via atmospheric pressure differential mobility analysis. Good agreement is observed between simulations and experiments; although results are extremely sensitive to the recombination rate coefficients, experimental results are bound by models utilizing rates within a factor of 2 (0.5-2.0×) of the continuum-MD rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Tamadate
- Faculty of Natural System, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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7
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Lübbert C, Peukert W. Mobility-Classified Mass Spectrometry Reveals a Complete Picture of the Electrospray Outcome. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8842-8852. [PMID: 32975952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry supported by mobility classification (ESI-DMA-MS) is a strong technique for a comprehensive analysis of organic and inorganic clusters and small nanoparticles. In-depth understanding and optimization of the electrospray process are key for unlocking new fields of application and for extension of the accessible range of data. We show that the combination of mobility-classified mass spectrometry (DMA-MS) with an electrospray operated in a well-defined cone-jet mode is capable of providing a full picture of the outcome of the electrospray process including the evaporation residues of the parent droplets. Based on ESI-DMA-MS measurements of lysozyme, we find that clusters up to almost 1 MDa (around 60 lysozyme molecules per cluster) formed as evaporation residues of the parent droplets can be detected. The escape probability of lysozyme molecules from the parent droplets is polarity-dependent. A quantitative analysis of clusters is possible at analyte concentrations where the likeliness of finding more than a single molecule in the generated droplet is low. At higher concentrations, one can, however, quantify the analyte concentration from the detected size of the droplet evaporation residues. The approach is widely applicable for organic and inorganic nanostructures. The results allow clear statements on the conditions under which mixtures of larger molecules, clusters, and nanoparticles are accessible to quantitative analysis by mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lübbert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Saintmont F, De Winter J, Chirot F, Halin E, Dugourd P, Brocorens P, Gerbaux P. How Spherical Are Gaseous Low Charged Dendrimer Ions: A Molecular Dynamics/Ion Mobility Study? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1673-1683. [PMID: 32558569 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The globular shape of gaseous ions, resulting from the ionization of large molecules such as polymers and proteins, is a recurring subject that has undergone a renewed interest with the advent of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), especially in conjunction with theoretical chemistry techniques such as Molecular Dynamics (MD). Globular conformations result from a fine balance between entropy and enthalpy considerations. For multiply charged ions isolated in the gas phase of a mass spectrometer, the Coulombic repulsion between the different charges tends to prevent the ions from adopting a compact, and folded 3D structure. In the present paper, we closely associate data from IMS experiments and MD simulations to unambiguously access the conformations of dendrimer ions in the gas phase with special attention paid to the dendrimer structure, the generation, and the charge state. By doing so, we here combine a set of structural tools able to evaluate the (non)globular shape of ions based on both experimental and theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Saintmont
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabien Chirot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques, UMR 5280, 5 rue de la Doua, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emilie Halin
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Philippe Dugourd
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Brocorens
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers, Research Institute for Science and Engineering of Materials, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Center for Mass Spectrometry (CISMa), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP), University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, 7000 Mons, Belgium
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9
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de la Mora JF, Genoni M, Perez-Lorenzo LJ, Cezairli M. Measuring the Kinetics of Neutral Pair Evaporation from Cluster Ions of Ionic Liquid in the Drift Region of a Differential Mobility Analyzer. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2483-2496. [PMID: 32064875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged clusters [C+A-]nC+ or [C+A-]nA- of two salts [C+A-] are produced by electrospray ionization of alcohol solutions of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium-methide (DMPI-Me). The rate of neutral pair evaporation into [C+A-] + [C+A-]n-1C+ or [C+A-]n-1A- is studied in atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature T for the positive trimer ion (n = 2) of DMPI-Me and the negative trimer ion of EMI-FAP. The trimer is separated from all other electrosprayed ions in a first differential mobility analyzer (DMA1) and then transferred through a cooled tube to a second DMA whose drift gas is kept at a controlled temperature (25 °C < T < 100 °C). Singular characteristics of the DMA are a residence time τ of ∼0.1 to 1 ms, with essentially uniform temperature and τ. The decomposition occurring within DMA2 results in a complex mobility spectrum associated with dimer product ions, with apparent mobilities intermediate between those of the dimer and the trimer, depending on the product of the reaction rate k and τ. A theoretical expression yielding k from the shape of the collected mobility spectrum is obtained by accounting for the deterministic reactive, convective, and diffusive evolutions of the parent and product ions within DMA2. Observed and predicted mobility spectra agree well, yielding the reaction rate k with little ambiguity. Activation energies near 1 eV are determined for both trimer ions. Paradoxically, the evaporation process substantially heats up the cluster ion product. The theory developed enables measuring decay times much smaller and much larger than the residence time in the DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernandez de la Mora
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Genoni
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - L J Perez-Lorenzo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Cezairli
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Dodds JN, Baker ES. Ion Mobility Spectrometry: Fundamental Concepts, Instrumentation, Applications, and the Road Ahead. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2185-2195. [PMID: 31493234 PMCID: PMC6832852 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a rapid separation technique that has experienced exponential growth as a field of study. Interfacing IMS with mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) provides additional analytical power as complementary separations from each technique enable multidimensional characterization of detected analytes. IMS separations occur on a millisecond timescale, and therefore can be readily nested into traditional GC and LC/MS workflows. However, the continual development of novel IMS methods has generated some level of confusion regarding the advantages and disadvantages of each. In this critical insight, we aim to clarify some common misconceptions for new users in the community pertaining to the fundamental concepts of the various IMS instrumental platforms (i.e., DTIMS, TWIMS, TIMS, FAIMS, and DMA), while addressing the strengths and shortcomings associated with each. Common IMS-MS applications are also discussed in this review, such as separating isomeric species, performing signal filtering for MS, and incorporating collision cross-section (CCS) values into both targeted and untargeted omics-based workflows as additional ion descriptors for chemical annotation. Although many challenges must be addressed by the IMS community before mobility information is collected in a routine fashion, the future is bright with possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Erin S Baker
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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11
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Pukala T. Importance of collision cross section measurements by ion mobility mass spectrometry in structural biology. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 3:72-82. [PMID: 30265417 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The field of ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has developed rapidly in recent decades, with new fundamental advances underpinning innovative applications. This has been particularly noticeable in the field of biomacromolecular structure determination and structural biology, with pioneering studies revealing new structural insight for complex protein assemblies which control biological function. This perspective offers a review of recent developments in IM-MS which have enabled expanding applications in protein structural biology, principally focusing on the quantitative measurement of collision cross sections and their interpretation to describe higher order protein structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005
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12
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Li C, Hogan Jr CJ. Direct observation of C60− nano-ion gas phase ozonation via ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:10470-10476. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric pressure differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry facilitates determination of nano-ion-neutral reaction rates approaching the collision controlled limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
- Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
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13
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Prell JS. Modelling Collisional Cross Sections. ADVANCES IN ION MOBILITY-MASS SPECTROMETRY: FUNDAMENTALS, INSTRUMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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De Freitas KCB. Resolving the Discrepancies Between Empirical and Rayleigh Charge Limiting Models for Globular Proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:2059-2066. [PMID: 30043359 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Starting with the Rayleigh charge limiting model, a slightly different approach is used to account for the well-known discrepancy that exists between the said model and experimental ESI MS data for globular proteins. It is shown using published datasets that for globular proteins, the mass density ρ exhibits a weak second-order dependence on its mass M, according to ρ(M)∝ M-α, α ~ 0.14. A direct equivalence established between ESI MS and x-ray techniques suggests a minimum but critical surface tension of 15.6 ± 5.2 mN/m for the droplet at the liquid-to-gas phase transition point. The packing density factor η for globular proteins is believed to lie between 1 (very tightly packed) and 4.6 (less tight, natively packed). While the Rayleigh charge limiting model has been linked historically to the CRM (J. Chem. Phys. 49:2240-2249, 1968; Anal. Chim. Acta 406:93-104, 2000), this paper does not expressly seek to justify the CRM, but rather uses empirical data and existing knowledge across subfields to help build a consistent picture of ESI MS phenomena that might be difficult to explain otherwise. These results would be useful in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, understanding liquid-to-gas phase transitions and in opening up new routes for cross-calibration between ESI MS, IM MS, NMR and x-ray crystallography studies. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen C B De Freitas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
- The Doctors Laboratory, The Halo Building, 1 Mabledon Place, London, WC1H 9AX, UK.
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15
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Biswas P, Wang Y, Attoui M. Sub-2 nm particle measurement in high-temperature aerosol reactors: a review. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Chingin K, Barylyuk K. Charge-State-Dependent Variation of Signal Intensity Ratio between Unbound Protein and Protein-Ligand Complex in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry: The Role of Solvent-Accessible Surface Area. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5521-5528. [PMID: 29653057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is nowadays widely used for the direct and sensitive determination of protein complex stoichiometry and binding affinity constants ( Ka). A common yet poorly understood phenomenon in native ESI-MS is the difference between the charge-state distributions (CSDs) of the bound protein-ligand complex (PL) and unbound protein (P) signals. This phenomenon is typically attributed to experimental artifacts such as nonspecific binding or in-source dissociation and is considered highly undesirable, because the determined Ka values display strong variation with charge state. This situation raises serious concerns regarding the reliability of ESI-MS for the analysis of protein complexes. Here we demonstrate that, contrary to the common belief, the CSD difference between P and PL ions can occur without any loss of complex integrity, simply due to a change in the solvent-accessible surface area (ΔSASA) of the protein upon ligand binding in solution. The experimental CSD shifts for PL and P ions in ESI-MS are explained in relation to the magnitude of ΔSASA for diverse protein-ligand systems using a simple model based on the charged residue mechanism. Our analysis shows that the revealed ΔSASA factor should be considered rather general and be given attention for the correct spectral interpretation of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation , East China University of Technology , Guanglan Road 418 , Nanchang , Jiangxi , China 330013
| | - Konstantin Barylyuk
- Department of Biochemistry , University of Cambridge , Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road , Cambridge CB2 1QW , United Kingdom
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17
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Abstract
Using a linearly swept chirp function to modulate a Bradbury-Nielsen (BN) ion gate and application of a common signal processing technique (cross-correlation), we outline a method for obtaining high resolution IMS-MS spectra with ion gate duty cycles approaching 50%. Correlation IMS (CIMS) offers advantages over current multiplexing approaches in IMS-MS, which include the Hadamard and Fourier transforms, by minimizing transform artifacts while maintaining high ion throughput. Although cross-correlation techniques have been utilized previously in the field of IMS, to the best of our knowledge, this approach has not been utilized to obtain spectrum that resembles traditional IMS spectrum with resolving powers approaching the theoretical limit. This new approach relies on a linear sweep, which is a swept frequency signal, commonly utilized in different applications because of its compatibility with the fast Fourier transform (FFT). However, unlike spectra derived from Fourier transformation, CIMS yields data sampling rates that are not dependent upon terminal frequency and takes advantage of several factors unique to IMS operation; the non-linear response of ions at relatively low gate pulse widths, fluctuations in intensity, and peak profiles resembling the input gate pulse vector observed especially noted at low gating frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austen L Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
| | - William F Siems
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA.
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18
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Bongiorno D, Calabrese V, Ceraulo L, Indelicato S, Turco Liveri V. Entrapment of amino acids in gas phase surfactant assemblies: The case of tryptophan confined in positively charged (1R,2S)-dodecyl (2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl) dimethylammonium bromide aggregates. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:681-688. [PMID: 28732132 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of positively charged aggregates of the surfactant (1R,2S)-dodecyl(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)dimethylammonium bromide (DMEB) to incorporate D-tryptophan or L-tryptophan in the gas phase has been investigated by electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry (ESI-IM-MS). Strongly impacted by the pH of the electrosprayed solutions, both protonated (T+ ) and deprotonated (T- ) tryptophan are effectively included into the aggregates, whereas, tryptophan in zwitterionic (T0 ) form is practically absent in singly charged DMEB aggregates but can be found in multiply charged ones. The ability to incorporate tryptophan increases with the aggregation number and charge state of aggregates. More than 1 tryptophan species can be entrapped (aggregates including up to 5 tryptophan are observed). Collision induced dissociation experiments performed on the positively singly charged DMEB hexamer containing 1 T- show that at low collision energies the loss of a DMEB molecule is preferred with respect to the loss of the DMEB cation plus T- species which, in turn, is preferred with respect to the loss of mere tryptophan, suggesting that the deprotonated amino acid is preferentially located in proximity of a DMEB head group and with the ionic moiety pointing towards the core of the aggregate. The analysis of the collision cross sections (CCS) of bare and tryptophan containing aggregates allowed evaluating the contributions of tryptophan and bromide ions to the total aggregate CCS. No significant discrimination between D-tryptophan and L-tryptophan by the chiral DMEB aggregates has been evidenced by mass spectra data, CID experiments, and CCS values.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Serena Indelicato
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare (DISTEM), Università degli Studi di Palermo, via Archirafi 26, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Turco Liveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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19
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Consta S, Sharawy M, Oh MI, Malevanets A. Advances in Modeling the Stability of Noncovalent Complexes in Charged Droplets with Applications in Electrospray Ionization-MS Experiments. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8192-8202. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Consta
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Sharawy
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Myong In Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Anatoly Malevanets
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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20
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Benigni P, Marin R, Molano-Arevalo JC, Garabedian A, Wolff JJ, Ridgeway ME, Park MA, Fernandez-Lima F. Towards the Analysis of High Molecular Weight Proteins and Protein complexes using TIMS-MS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ION MOBILITY SPECTROMETRY 2016; 19:95-104. [PMID: 27818614 PMCID: PMC5091298 DOI: 10.1007/s12127-016-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we demonstrate the potential and versatility of TIMS for the analysis of proteins, DNA-protein complexes and protein-protein complexes in their native and denatured states. In addition, we show that accurate CCS measurement are possible and in good agreement with previously reported CCS values using other IMS analyzers (<5% difference). The main challenges for the analysis of high mass proteins and protein complexes in the mobility and m/z domain are described. That is, the analysis of high molecular weight systems in their native state may require the use of higher electric fields or a compromise in the TIMS mobility resolution by reducing the bath gas velocity in order to effectively trap at lower electric fields. This is the first report of CCS measurements of high molecular weight biomolecules and biomolecular complexes (~ 150 kDa) using TIMS-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Benigni
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Rebecca Marin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Alyssa Garabedian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | | | - Melvin A. Park
- Bruker Daltonics, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, USA
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
- Biomolecular Science Institute, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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21
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Indelicato S, Bongiorno D, Ceraulo L, Calabrese V, Piazzese D, Napoli A, Mazzotti F, Avellone G, Di Stefano V, Turco Liveri V. Electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry of positively and negatively charged (1R,2S)-dodecyl(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)dimethylammonium bromide aggregates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:230-238. [PMID: 26661990 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Self-assembling processes of surfactants in the gas phase constitute a developing research field of interest since they allow information to be gained on the peculiar structural organization of these aggregates, on their ability to incorporate from small molecules up to proteins and on their possible use as carriers of drugs in the gas phase or as cleaning agents and exotic reaction media. METHODS The mass spectra of charged aggregates of the chiral surfactant (1R,2S)-dodecyl(2-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)dimethylammonium bromide (DMEB) in the gas phase have been recorded using a Synapt G2-Si mass spectrometer in the positive and negative ion mode. For comparison purposes, the mass spectra of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate and sodium octane sulfonate aggregates have also been recorded under the same experimental conditions. The collisional cross sections of positively and negatively charged DMEB aggregates were obtained through an appropriate calibration of the measured drift times. RESULTS For all the surfactants investigated, it has been found that there is a lowest and a highest limit of the aggregation number at each charge state: no aggregates are found outside this range. Moreover, the occurrence at each aggregation number and extra charge of a unique value of drift time points toward aggregates whose conformations do not show discernible shape change in the experiment time scale. The analysis of the collisional cross sections emphasizes that the DMEB aggregates are nearly spherical clusters somewhat affected by the charge state and constituted by interlaced polar and apolar domains. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of all the experimental findings indicates that in the gas phase DMEB forms supramolecular aggregates characterized by an internal organization whose stability is triggered by the charge state. The comparison of the behavior of DMEB aggregates with that of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate and sodium octane sulfonate aggregates allows us to highlight the effects on the aggregate organization in gas phase due to nature of the head group and alkyl chain steric hindrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Indelicato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - David Bongiorno
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leopoldo Ceraulo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Daniela Piazzese
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, I-90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Napoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, (CS)-Italy
| | - Fabio Mazzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, Via P. Bucci Cubo 12/C, I-87036, Arcavacata di Rende, (CS)-Italy
| | - Giuseppe Avellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vita Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Turco Liveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, I-90123, Palermo, Italy
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22
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Radney JG, Zangmeister CD. Practical Limitations of Aerosol Separation by a Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer-Aerosol Particle Mass Analyzer. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2016; 50:160-172. [PMID: 28663667 PMCID: PMC5486234 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2015.1136733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A cavity ring-down spectrometer and condensation particle counter were used to investigate the limitations in the separation of singly and multiply charged aerosol particles by a tandem differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM). The impact of particle polydispersity and morphology was investigated using three materials: nearly-monodisperse polystyrene latex nanospheres (PSL); polydisperse, nearly-spherical ammonium sulfate (AS) and polydisperse lacey fractal soot agglomerates. PSL and AS particles were easily resolved as a function of charge. For fresh soot, the presence of multiply charged particles severely affects the isolation of the singly charged particles. In cases where the DMA-APM was unable to fully resolve the singly charged particles of interest, the peak mass deviated by up to 13 % leading to errors in the mass specific extinction cross section of over 100 %. For measurements of non-spherical particles, non-symmetrical distributions of concentration as a function of mass were a sign of the presence of multiply charged particles. Under these conditions, the effects of multiply charged particles can be reduced by using a second charge neutralizer after the DMA and prior to the APM. Dilution of the aerosol stream serves to decrease the total number concentration of particles and does not remove the contributions of multiply charged particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Radney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
| | - Christopher D Zangmeister
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, USA
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23
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Allen SJ, Giles K, Gilbert T, Bush MF. Ion mobility mass spectrometry of peptide, protein, and protein complex ions using a radio-frequency confining drift cell. Analyst 2016; 141:884-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02107c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A new drift cell was used to measure collision cross sections and characterize the origins of ion mobility peak broadening for biological molecules and assemblies.
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24
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Bouza M, Orejas J, López-Vidal S, Pisonero J, Bordel N, Pereiro R, Sanz-Medel A. A flowing atmospheric pressure afterglow as an ion source coupled to a differential mobility analyzer for volatile organic compound detection. Analyst 2016; 141:3437-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A FAPA is a good alternative to traditional ion mobility ionization sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Bouza
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Jaime Orejas
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Oviedo
- 33007 Oviedo
- Spain
| | | | - Jorge Pisonero
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Oviedo
- 33007 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Nerea Bordel
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Science
- University of Oviedo
- 33007 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Rosario Pereiro
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
| | - Alfredo Sanz-Medel
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Oviedo
- 33006 Oviedo
- Spain
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25
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Jeon S, Oberreit DR, Van Schooneveld G, Hogan CJ. Nanomaterial size distribution analysis via liquid nebulization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry (LN-IMS). Analyst 2016; 141:1363-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ion mobility spectrometry is used for nanomaterial size distribution measurement without the need of electrospray based aerosolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongho Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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26
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Baker ES, Burnum-Johnson KE, Ibrahim YM, Orton DJ, Monroe ME, Kelly RT, Moore RJ, Zhang X, Théberge R, Costello CE, Smith RD. Enhancing bottom-up and top-down proteomic measurements with ion mobility separations. Proteomics 2015; 15:2766-76. [PMID: 26046661 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic measurements with greater throughput, sensitivity, and structural information are essential for improving both in-depth characterization of complex mixtures and targeted studies. While LC separation coupled with MS (LC-MS) measurements have provided information on thousands of proteins in different sample types, the introduction of a separation stage that provides further component resolution and rapid structural information has many benefits in proteomic analyses. Technical advances in ion transmission and data acquisition have made ion mobility separations an opportune technology to be easily and effectively incorporated into LC-MS proteomic measurements for enhancing their information content. Herein, we report on applications illustrating increased sensitivity, throughput, and structural information by utilizing IMS-MS and LC-IMS-MS measurements for both bottom-up and top-down proteomics measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Shammel Baker
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Yehia M Ibrahim
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Daniel J Orton
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Matthew E Monroe
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ryan T Kelly
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Ronald J Moore
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Roger Théberge
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard D Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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27
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Wyttenbach T, Bleiholder C, Anderson SE, Bowers MT. A new algorithm to characterise the degree of concaveness of a molecular surface relevant in ion mobility spectrometry. Mol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2015.1042935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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28
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Fernandez de la Mora J. High-Resolution Mobility Analysis of Charge-Reduced Electrosprayed Protein Ions. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3729-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504445n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernandez de la Mora
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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29
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Higashi H, Tokumi T, Hogan CJ, Suda H, Seto T, Otani Y. Simultaneous ion and neutral evaporation in aqueous nanodrops: experiment, theory, and molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:15746-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01730k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutral and ion evaporation from aqueous nanodrops is examined experimentally, numerically, and theoretically, demonstrating the validity of analytical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Higashi
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | - Takuya Tokumi
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Suda
- Home Appliances Development Center
- Corporate Engineering Division
- Appliances Company
- Panasonic Corporation
- Kusatsu
| | - Takafumi Seto
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
| | - Yoshio Otani
- Faculty of Natural Systems
- Institute of Science and Engineering
- Kanazawa University
- Kanazawa
- Japan
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30
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Rawat VK, Vidal-de-Miguel G, Hogan CJ. Modeling vapor uptake induced mobility shifts in peptide ions observed with transversal modulation ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2015; 140:6945-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00753d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption models are used to explain vapor dopant facilitated mobility shifts for peptide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K. Rawat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
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31
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Hewitt D, Marklund E, Scott DJ, Robinson CV, Borysik AJ. A Hydrodynamic Comparison of Solution and Gas Phase Proteins and Their Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8489-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501950d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Hewitt
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Marklund
- Physical
and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks
Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Scott
- National
Centre for Macromolecular Hydrodynamics, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington
Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Carol V. Robinson
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Antoni J. Borysik
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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32
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Tseng YH, Pease LF. Electrospray differential mobility analysis for nanoscale medicinal and pharmaceutical applications. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2014; 10:1591-600. [PMID: 24846522 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale characterization tools hold the potential to overcome long-standing medicinal and pharmaceutical challenges. For example, electrospray differential mobility analysis (ES-DMA) is an emerging tool that rapidly provides label-free multimodal size distributions for proteins and particles from ~1 nm to <500 nm with subnanometer precision. Here we critically review the contributions of this tool to medicine, pharmaceutical practice, and pharmaceutical production. Our review critically evaluates, first, the use of ES-DMA for diagnostic strategies that detect and quantify lipoproteins, bacterial infections, viruses and amyloid fibrillation and then focuses on ES-DMA's contribution to treatment strategies that employ tailored virus-like particles as vaccines and decorated nanoparticle vectors for gene delivery. Our review also highlights ES-DMA's contribution to viral clearance and antibody aggregation and potential as a process analytical technology (PAT). FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Electrospray differential mobility analysis is an emerging nanotechnology-based tool with potential clinical utility in the detection and quantification of lipoproteins, glycoproteins, viruses, amyloids, bacterial infections. Its contribution to treatment strategies and pharmaceutical production is also discussed in this comprehensive review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Hsun Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Leonard F Pease
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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33
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Kruve A, Kaupmees K, Liigand J, Leito I. Negative Electrospray Ionization via Deprotonation: Predicting the Ionization Efficiency. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4822-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404066v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Kruve
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Karl Kaupmees
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Ivo Leito
- University of Tartu, Institute of Chemistry, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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34
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Li M, Mulholland GW, Zachariah MR. Understanding the mobility of nonspherical particles in the free molecular regime. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:022112. [PMID: 25353427 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.022112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An approach to obtain the mobility of nonspherical particles is proposed by averaging the drag force orientationally, and two other widely used approaches in the literature, the averaged-collision-integral and averaged-drift-velocity methods, are summarized and extended. The concept of orientationally averaged collision integrals based on Chapman-Enskog theory for small gas-phase ions is re-examined for macromolecular ions whose surface cannot be treated as specular, but with inelastic interactions. A well accepted collision model considering inelastic collisions is Epstein's theory, which has been extended to include long-range potential forces by Li and Wang [Phys. Rev. E 68, 061206 (2003)] for spherical particles. This work extends Li and Wang's spherical particle theory to convex nonspherical particles considering long-range potential, and simplifies this collision integral to a product of the averaged projection area and an enhancement factor for short-range interactions (hard collisions), which is independent of convex particle shape and is identical to the value for a sphere that people are using. We also show that the averaged projection area of a convex particle in free molecular regime for hard collisions is equal to its mobility diameter. The second approach is the averaged-drift-velocity approach using the friction coefficient in a tensor form, which is often employed in aerosol science. We extend this approach in our previous work for axisymmetric particles to develop an expression for the mobility of nonspherical particles in a general form. Furthermore, it is pointed out that this approach is only valid when the particle Brownian rotation is slow compared with the particle translational relaxation time. If the particle Brownian rotation is fast, usually so in the case of very small ions and particles, we propose an "averaged-drag-force" approach. The three approaches are then compared for a randomly oriented rod and the protein GroEL. We show that for a cylinder rod in the free molecular regime at random orientation, the averaged-drag-force approach is identical to the averaged-collision-integral approach for short-range interactions (hard collisions). We then summarize the relationship between collision-integral based approach and tensor based approaches. For readers only interested in implementation of the theory, we provide useful expressions in Tables I and II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdong Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - George W Mulholland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael R Zachariah
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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35
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Fernández-García J, de la Mora JF. Electrical mobilities of multiply charged ionic-liquid nanodrops in air and carbon dioxide over a wide temperature range: influence of ion-induced dipole interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20500-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polarization correction enables inferring true cross-sections of globular ions from electrical mobility measurements performed in air and carbon dioxide over a wide temperature range (20–100 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-García
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department
- Yale University
- New Haven, USA
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36
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Fernández-García J, Fernández de la Mora J. Measuring the effect of ion-induced drift-gas polarization on the electrical mobilities of multiply-charged ionic liquid nanodrops in air. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1872-1889. [PMID: 24048890 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The electrical mobilities of multiply-charged nanodrops of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl, 3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMI-N[CN]2) were accurately measured in air at 20 °C for mass-selected clusters of composition [EMI-N[CN]2] n [EMI(+)] z , with 2 ≤ n ≤ 369 and 1 ≤ z ≤ 10. We confirm prior reports that the mobility Z of a globular ion of mass m is given approximately by the modified Stokes-Millikan law for spheres, Z = Z SM,mod (d m + d g , z, m), where d m = (6m/πρ)(1/3) is the nanodrop mass-diameter based on the density ρ of the liquid (corrected for the capillary compression and electrostatic deformation of the nanodrop), and d g is an effective air molecule diameter. There is however a measurable (up to 7%) and systematic z-dependent departure of Z from Z SM,mod . As theoretically expected at small ε (*) , this effect is accurately described by a simple correction factor of the form Z/Z SM,mod = δ(1 - βε (*)), where kTε (*) is the potential energy due to the ion-induced dipole (polarization) attraction between a perfectly-conducting charged nanodrop and a polarized neutral gas-molecule at a distance (d m + d g )/2 from its center. An excellent fit of this model to hundreds of data points is found for d g ≈ 0.26 nm, β ≈ 0.36, and δ ≈ 0.954. Accounting for the effect of polarization decreases d g considerably with respect to values inferred from earlier nanodrop measurements that ignored this effect. In addition, and in spite of ambiguities in the mobility calibration scale, the measured constant δ smaller than unity increases Millikan's drag enhancement factor from the accepted value ξ m ≈ 1.36 to the new value ξ ≈ ξ m /δ ≈ 1.42 ± 0.03.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fernández-García
- Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA,
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37
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Ouyang H, Larriba-Andaluz C, Oberreit DR, Hogan CJ. The collision cross sections of iodide salt cluster ions in air via differential mobility analysis-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:1833-1847. [PMID: 24026975 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0724-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To date, most collision cross section (CCS) predictions have invoked gas molecule impingement-reemission rules in which specular and elastic scattering of spherical gas molecules from rigid polyatomic surfaces are assumed. Although such predictions have been shown to agree well with CCSs measured in helium bath gas, a number of studies reveal that these predictions do not agree with CCSs for ions in diatomic gases, namely, air and molecular nitrogen. To further examine the validity of specular-elastic versus diffuse-inelastic scattering models, we measured the CCSs of positively charged metal iodide cluster ions of the form [MI]n[M(+)]z, where M = Na, K, Rb, or Cs, n = 1 - 25, and z = 1 - 2. Measurements were made in air via differential mobility analysis mass spectrometry (DMA-MS). The CCSs measured are compared with specular-elastic as well as diffuse-inelastic scattering model predictions with candidate ion structures determined from density functional theory. It is found that predictions from diffuse-inelastic collision models agree well (within 5%) with measurements from sodium iodide cluster ions, while specular-elastic collision model predictions are in better agreement with cesium iodide cluster ion measurements. The agreement with diffuse-inelastic and specular-elastic predictions decreases and increases, respectively, with increasing cation mass. However, even when diffuse-inelastic cluster ion predictions disagree with measurements, the disagreement is of a near-constant factor for all ions, indicating that a simple linear rescaling collapses predictions to measurements. Conversely, rescaling cannot be used to collapse specular-elastic predictions to measurements; hence, although the precise impingement reemission rules remain ambiguous, they are not specular-elastic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ouyang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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38
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Allen SJ, Schwartz AM, Bush MF. Effects of Polarity on the Structures and Charge States of Native-Like Proteins and Protein Complexes in the Gas Phase. Anal Chem 2013; 85:12055-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. Allen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Alicia M. Schwartz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Matthew F. Bush
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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39
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Tsai DH, DelRio FW, Pettibone JM, Lin PA, Tan J, Zachariah MR, Hackley VA. Temperature-programmed electrospray-differential mobility analysis for characterization of ligated nanoparticles in complex media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11267-11274. [PMID: 23937656 DOI: 10.1021/la402311c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An electrospray-differential mobility analyzer (ES-DMA) was operated with an aerosol flow-mode, temperature-programmed approach to enhance its ability to characterize the particle size distributions (PSDs) of nanoscale particles (NPs) in the presence of adsorbed and free ligands. Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2-NPs) stabilized by citric acid (CA) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were utilized as representative systems. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry were used to provide visual information and elemental-based PSDs, respectively. Results show that the interference resulting from electrospray-dried nonvolatile salt residual nanoscale particles (S-NPs) could be effectively reduced using the thermal treatment process: PSDs were accurately measured at temperatures above 200 °C for CA-stabilized TiO2-NPs and above 400 °C for BSA-stabilized TiO2-NPs. Moreover, TEM confirmed the volumetric shrinkage of S-NPs due to thermal treatment and also showed that the primary structure of TiO2-NPs was relatively stable over the temperature range studied (i.e., below 700 °C). Conversely, the shape factor for TiO2-NPs decreased after treatment above 500 °C, possibly due to a change in the secondary (aggregate) structure. S-NPs from BSA-stabilized TiO2-NPs exhibited higher global activation energies toward induced volumetric shrinkage than those of CA-stabilized TiO2-NPs, suggesting that activation energy is dependent on ligand size. This prototype study demonstrates the efficacy of using ES-DMA coupled with thermal treatment for characterizing the physical state of NPs, even in a complex medium (e.g., containing plasma proteins) and in the presence of particle agglomerates induced by interaction with binding ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hao Tsai
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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40
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Mui W, Thomas DA, Downard AJ, Beauchamp JL, Seinfeld JH, Flagan RC. Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry with a Radial Opposed Migration Ion and Aerosol Classifier (ROMIAC). Anal Chem 2013; 85:6319-26. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400580u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wilton Mui
- Division of Engineering
and
Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Daniel A. Thomas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Andrew J. Downard
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jesse L. Beauchamp
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - John H. Seinfeld
- Division of Engineering
and
Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Engineering
and
Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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41
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Brunelli NA, Neidholdt EL, Giapis KP, Flagan RC, Beauchamp JL. Continuous flow ion mobility separation with mass spectrometric detection using a nano-radial differential mobility analyzer at low flow rates. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4335-41. [PMID: 23544674 DOI: 10.1021/ac3032417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a hybrid mass-mobility instrument in which a continuous-flow ion mobility classifier is used as a front-end separation device for mass spectrometric analysis of ions generated with an electrospray ionization source. Using nitrogen as a carrier gas, the resolving power of the nano-radial differential mobility analyzer (nRDMA) for nanometer-sized ions is 5-7 for tetraalkylammonium ions. Data are presented demonstrating the ability of the system to resolve the different aggregation and charge states of tetraalkylammonium ions and protonated peptides using a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) mass spectrometer to analyze the mobility-classified ions. Specifically, data are presented for the two charge states of the decapeptide Gramicidin S. A key feature of the new instrument is the ability to continuously transmit ions with specific mobilities to the mass spectrometer for manipulation and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Brunelli
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States.
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42
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Larriba C, Hogan CJ. Ion Mobilities in Diatomic Gases: Measurement versus Prediction with Non-Specular Scattering Models. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:3887-901. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312432z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Larriba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
| | - Christopher J. Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455,
United States
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43
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Testa L, Brocca S, Santambrogio C, D'Urzo A, Habchi J, Longhi S, Uversky VN, Grandori R. Extracting structural information from charge-state distributions of intrinsically disordered proteins by non-denaturing electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. INTRINSICALLY DISORDERED PROTEINS 2013; 1:e25068. [PMID: 28516012 PMCID: PMC5424789 DOI: 10.4161/idp.25068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exert key biological functions but tend to escape identification and characterization due to their high structural dynamics and heterogeneity. The possibility to dissect conformational ensembles by electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) offers an attracting possibility to develop a signature for this class of proteins based on their peculiar ionization behavior. This review summarizes available data on charge-state distributions (CSDs) obtained for IDPs by non-denaturing ESI-MS, with reference to globular or chemically denatured proteins. The results illustrate the contributions that direct ESI-MS analysis can give to the identification of new putative IDPs and to their conformational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Brocca
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Annalisa D'Urzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
| | - Johnny Habchi
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB); Marseille, France
| | - Sonia Longhi
- Aix-Marseille Université; CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB); Marseille, France
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine; College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA.,Institute for Biological Instrumentation; Russian Academy of Sciences; Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Rita Grandori
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences; University of Milano-Bicocca; Milan, Italy
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44
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Wyttenbach T, Bleiholder C, Bowers MT. Factors contributing to the collision cross section of polyatomic ions in the kilodalton to gigadalton range: application to ion mobility measurements. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2191-9. [PMID: 23305137 DOI: 10.1021/ac3029008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The projected superposition approximation (PSA) method was used to theoretically evaluate the factors contributing to the cross section measured in ion mobility experiments and to study how the significance of these factors varies with ion size from diglycine to a 1 μm oil droplet. Thousands of PSA calculations for ∼400 different molecules in the temperature range from 80 to 700 K revealed that the molecular framework made up of atomic hard spheres is, as expected, a major component of the cross section. However, the ion-buffer gas interaction is almost equally important for very small peptides, and although its significance decreases with increasing ion size, interaction is still a factor for megadalton ions. An additional major factor is the ion shape: Fully convex ions drifting in a buffer gas have a minimal frictional resisting force, whereas the resisting force increases with degree of ion surface concaveness. This added resistance is small for peptides and larger for proteins and increases the ion mobility cross section from 0 to greater than 40%. The proteins with the highest degree of concaveness reach a shape-effected friction similar to, and sometimes larger than that of, macroscopic particles such as oil droplets. In summary, our results suggest that the transition from nanoparticle (with Lennard-Jones-like interaction with the buffer gas) to macroscopic particle (with hard sphere-like interaction) occurs at ∼1 GDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wyttenbach
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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45
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Doussineau T, Santacreu M, Antoine R, Dugourd P, Zhang W, Chaduc I, Lansalot M, D'Agosto F, Charleux B. The Charging of Micellar Nanoparticles in Electrospray Ionization. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:603-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Fernandez de la Mora J. Why do GroEL ions exhibit two gas phase conformers? JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:2115-2121. [PMID: 23055071 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0454-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The reasons for the existence of two gas phase conformers for electrosprayed ions of the large tetradecameric protein complex GroEL are considered. Key features are that: (1) both conformers extrapolate to very similar cross sections in the limit of zero charge; (2) both conformers supercharge above the maximum value permitted by the Rayleigh criterion; and (3) one of the conformers supercharges substantially more than the other. We hypothesize that the supercharging observed is associated to the approximately cylindrical shape of GroEL in aqueous solution, enabling accumulation of extra charge on either one or two of its bases when they intersect the evaporating drop surface. The two conformers would then correspond to cases when either one or the two bases of the cylinder carry extra charge. Apparently, the conformer symmetrically (doubly) supercharged on both ends is Coulombically stretched, therefore exhibiting a mobility different from the conformer asymmetrically supercharged only on one end. Several general consequences follow. First, non-spherical proteins may generally be charged above the usual Rayleigh limit. Second, we confirm the previously advanced but contentious notion that gas phase protein ions are readily compacted or stretched away from their crystal structure by capillary and Coulombic forces during the electrospraying process.
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47
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Borysik AJ, Robinson CV. The 'sticky business' of cleaning gas-phase membrane proteins: a detergent oriented perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14439-49. [PMID: 23032570 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
In recent years the properties of gas-phase detergent clusters have come under close scrutiny due in part to their participation in the analysis of intact membrane protein complexes by mass spectrometry. The detergent molecules that cover the protein complex are removed in the gas-phase by thermally agitating the ions by collision-induced dissociation. This process however, is not readily controlled and can frequently result in the disruption of protein structure. Improved methods of releasing proteins from detergent clusters are clearly required. To facilitate this the structural properties of detergent clusters along with the mechanistic details of their dissociation need to be understood. Pivotal to understanding the properties of gas-phase detergent clusters is the technique of ion mobility mass spectrometry. This technique can be used to assign polydisperse detergent clusters and provide information about their geometries and packing densities. In this article we consider the shapes of detergent clusters and show that these clusters possess geometries that are inconsistent with those in solution. We analyse the distributions of clusters in detail using tandem mass spectrometry and suggest that the mean charge of clusters formed from certain detergents is governed by electrostatic repulsion. We discuss the dissociation of detergent clusters and propose that detergent evaporation it a key process in the protection of protein complexes during high energy collisions in the gas-phase.
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48
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Vidal-de-Miguel G, Macía M, Pinacho P, Blanco J. Low-sample flow secondary electrospray ionization: improving vapor ionization efficiency. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8475-9. [PMID: 22970991 DOI: 10.1021/ac3005378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) systems, gaseous analytes exposed to an elecrospray plume become ionized after charge is transferred from the charging electrosprayed particles to the sample species. Current SESI systems have shown a certain potential. However, their ionization efficiency is limited by space charge repulsion and by the high sample flows required to prevent vapor dilution. As a result, they have a poor conversion ratio of vapor into ions. We have developed and tested a new SESI configuration, termed low-flow SESI, that permits the reduction of the required sample flows. Although the ion to vapor concentration ratio is limited, the ionic flow to sample vapor flow ratio theoretically is not. The new ionizer is coupled to a planar differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and requires only 0.2 lpm of vapor sample flow to produce 3.5 lpm of ionic flow. The achieved ionization efficiency is 1/700 (one ion for every 700 molecules) for TNT and, thus, compared with previous SESI ionizers coupled with atmospheric pressure ionization-mass spectrometry (API-MS) (Mesonero, E.; Sillero, J. A.; Hernández, M.; Fernandez de la Mora, J. Philadelphia PA, 2009) has been improved by a large factor of at least 50-100 (our measurements indicate 70). The new ionizer coupled with the planar DMA and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (ABSciex API5000) requires only 20 fg (50 million molecules) to produce a discernible signal after mobility and MS(2) analysis.
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49
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Vidal-de-Miguel G, Macía M, Cuevas J. Transversal Modulation Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TM-IMS), a new mobility filter overcoming turbulence related limitations. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7831-7. [PMID: 22924856 DOI: 10.1021/ac301127u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of ions according to their mobility is a technique that is attracting increasing interest. The new technology presented here, which we have termed Transversal Modulation Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TM-IMS), utilizes only electric fields, operates at atmospheric pressure, produces a continuous output of mobility selected ions (according to their true mobility and not to nonlinear effects), and has a very accessible inlet and outlet. These features would make it an ideal choice for tandem IMS-MS analysis in combination with most commercial Atmospheric Pressure Interface MS (API-MS) systems. We modeled and evaluated two different TM-IMS configurations (TM-IMS, and multistage TM-IMS), and we concluded that the most promising configuration would be a two-stage TM-IMS. We developed and tested a TM-IMS, and the measured resolving power is R = 55. The TM-IMS behaves similarly to the planar Differential Mobility Analyzer, but the TM-IMS utilizes only electric fields, and no fragile flow with high Reynolds numbers is required. We tested the robustness of the TM-IMS, which proves to be a very robust and reliable analyzer: the required voltage accuracy is 5 V in 10 kV, and the mechanical precision is 1 mm in 5 cm.
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50
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de la Mora JF, Borrajo-Pelaez R, Zurita-Gotor M. Capillary and Coulombic Effects on the Gas Phase Structure of Electrosprayed Concanavalin A Ions and Its Clusters Cn+z (n = 1–6). J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:9882-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jp210693z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fernandez de la Mora
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286,
United States
| | - R. Borrajo-Pelaez
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8286,
United States
- SEADM, Parque tecnológico de Boecillo 205, Valladolid,
Spain
| | - M. Zurita-Gotor
- Departmento de Ingeniería
Espacial y Mecánica de Fluidos, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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