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Zhang Z, Wang X, Sivaguru P, Wang Z. Exploring the synthetic application of sulfinyl radicals. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01403c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarized the applications of sulfinyl radicals in organic chemistry and thoroughly examined the challenges and future development trends of sulfinyl radicals in modern organic chemistry, as well as their structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Paramasivam Sivaguru
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Zikun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
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2
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Two-step reaction mechanism reveals new antioxidant capability of cysteine disulfides against hydroxyl radical attack. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18216-18223. [PMID: 32680962 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006639117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine disulfides, which constitute an important component in biological redox buffer systems, are highly reactive toward the hydroxyl radical (•OH). The mechanistic details of this reaction, however, remain unclear, largely due to the difficulty in characterizing unstable reaction products. Herein, we have developed a combined approach involving mass spectrometry (MS) and theoretical calculations to investigate reactions of •OH with cysteine disulfides (Cys-S-S-R) in the gas phase. Four types of first-generation products were identified: protonated ions of the cysteine thiyl radical (+Cys-S•), cysteine (+Cys-SH), cysteine sulfinyl radical (+Cys-SO•), and cysteine sulfenic acid (+Cys-SOH). The relative reaction rates and product branching ratios responded sensitively to the electronic property of the R group, providing key evidence to deriving a two-step reaction mechanism. The first step involved •OH conducting a back-side attack on one of the sulfur atoms, forming sulfenic acid (-SOH) and thiyl radical (-S•) product pairs. A subsequent H transfer step within the product complex was favored for protonated systems, generating sulfinyl radical (-SO•) and thiol (-SH) products. Because sulfenic acid is a potent scavenger of peroxyl radicals, our results implied that cysteine disulfide can form two lines of defense against reactive oxygen species, one using the cysteine disulfide itself and the other using the sulfenic acid product of the conversion of cysteine disulfide. This aspect suggested that, in a nonpolar environment, cysteine disulfides might play a more active role in the antioxidant network than previously appreciated.
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3
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Mu X, Song T, Siu CK, Chu IK. Tautomerization and Dissociation of Molecular Peptide Radical Cations. CHEM REC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Mu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Tao Song
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; City University of Hong Kong; 83 Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
| | - Ivan K. Chu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Hong Kong; Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR P. R. China
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Shyam PK, Kim YK, Lee C, Jang HY. Copper-Catalyzed Aerobic Formation of Unstable Sulfinyl Radicals for the Synthesis of Sulfinates and Thiosulfonates. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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5
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Love-Nkansah CB, Tan L, Francisco JS, Xia Y. Gas-Phase Unimolecular Dissociation Reveals Dominant Base Property of Protonated Homocysteine Sulfinyl Radical Ions. Chemistry 2015; 22:934-40. [PMID: 26531146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201502642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Earth, Atmospheric, Planetary Sciences; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN 47907-2084 USA
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6
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Oh HB, Moon B. Radical-driven peptide backbone dissociation tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:116-132. [PMID: 24863492 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a number of novel tandem mass spectrometry approaches utilizing radical-driven peptide gas-phase fragmentation chemistry have been developed. These approaches show a peptide fragmentation pattern quite different from that of collision-induced dissociation (CID). The peptide fragmentation features of these approaches share some in common with electron capture dissociation (ECD) or electron transfer dissociation (ETD) without the use of sophisticated equipment such as a Fourier-transform mass spectrometer. For example, Siu and coworkers showed that CID of transition metal (ligand)-peptide ternary complexes led to the formation of peptide radical ions through dissociative electron transfer (Chu et al., 2000. J Phys Chem B 104:3393-3397). The subsequent collisional activation of the generated radical ions resulted in a number of characteristic product ions, including a, c, x, z-type fragments and notable side-chain losses. Another example is the free radical initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) approach, in which Porter et al. and Beauchamp et al. independently introduced a free radical initiator to the primary amine group of the lysine side chain or N-terminus of peptides (Masterson et al., 2004. J Am Chem Soc 126:720-721; Hodyss et al., 2005 J Am Chem Soc 127: 12436-12437). Photodetachment of gaseous multiply charged peptide anions (Joly et al., 2008. J Am Chem Soc 130:13832-13833) and UV photodissociation of photolabile radical precursors including a C-I bond (Ly & Julian, 2008. J Am Chem Soc 130:351-358; Ly & Julian, 2009. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 20:1148-1158) also provide another route to generate radical ions. In this review, we provide a brief summary of recent results obtained through the radical-driven peptide backbone dissociation tandem mass spectrometry approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Republic of Korea
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7
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Nam J, Kwon H, Jang I, Jeon A, Moon J, Lee SY, Kang D, Han SY, Moon B, Oh HB. Bromine isotopic signature facilitates de novo sequencing of peptides in free-radical-initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:378-387. [PMID: 25800020 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We recently showed that free-radical-initiated peptide sequencing mass spectrometry (FRIPS MS) assisted by the remarkable thermochemical stability of (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO) is another attractive radical-driven peptide fragmentation MS tool. Facile homolytic cleavage of the bond between the benzylic carbon and the oxygen of the TEMPO moiety in o-TEMPO-Bz-C(O)-peptide and the high reactivity of the benzylic radical species generated in •Bz-C(O)-peptide are key elements leading to extensive radical-driven peptide backbone fragmentation. In the present study, we demonstrate that the incorporation of bromine into the benzene ring, i.e. o-TEMPO-Bz(Br)-C(O)-peptide, allows unambiguous distinction of the N-terminal peptide fragments from the C-terminal fragments through the unique bromine doublet isotopic signature. Furthermore, bromine substitution does not alter the overall radical-driven peptide backbone dissociation pathways of o-TEMPO-Bz-C(O)-peptide. From a practical perspective, the presence of the bromine isotopic signature in the N-terminal peptide fragments in TEMPO-assisted FRIPS MS represents a useful and cost-effective opportunity for de novo peptide sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea
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8
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Jariwala FB, Hibbs JA, Weisbecker CS, Ressler J, Khade RL, Zhang Y, Attygalle AB. A distonic radical-ion for detection of traces of adventitious molecular oxygen (O2) in collision gases used in tandem mass spectrometers. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1670-3. [PMID: 25001381 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0945-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe a diagnostic ion that enables rapid semiquantitative evaluation of the degree of oxygen contamination in the collision gases used in tandem mass spectrometers. Upon collision-induced dissociation (CID), the m/z 359 positive ion generated from the analgesic etoricoxib undergoes a facile loss of a methyl sulfone radical [(•)SO(2)(CH(3)); 79-Da] to produce a distonic radical cation of m/z 280. The product-ion spectrum of this m/z 280 ion, recorded under low-energy activation on tandem-in-space QqQ or QqTof mass spectrometers using nitrogen from a generator as the collision gas, or tandem-in-time ion-trap (LCQ, LTQ) mass spectrometers using purified helium as the buffer gas, showed two unexpected peaks at m/z 312 and 295. This enigmatic m/z 312 ion, which bears a mass-to-charge ratio higher than that of the precursor ion, represented an addition of molecular oxygen (O(2)) to the precursor ion. The exceptional affinity of the m/z 280 radical cation towards oxygen was deployed to develop a method to determine the oxygen content in collision gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freneil B Jariwala
- Center for Mass Spectrometry, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology and Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
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Stinson CA, Xia Y. Reactions of hydroxyalkyl radicals with cysteinyl peptides in a nanoESI plume. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:1192-1201. [PMID: 24793576 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-0898-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In biological systems, carbon-centered small molecule radicals are primarily formed via external radiation or internal radical reactions. These radical species can react with a variety of biomolecules, most notably nucleic acids, the consequence of which has possible links to gene mutation and cancer. Sulfur-containing peptides and proteins are reactive toward a variety of radical species and many of them behave as radical scavengers. In this study, the reactions between alkyl alcohol carbon-centered radicals (e.g., •CH2OH for methanol) and cysteinyl peptides within a nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) plume were explored. The reaction system involved ultraviolet (UV) irradiation of a nanoESI plume using a low pressure mercury lamp consisting of 185 and 254 nm emission bands. The alkyl alcohol was added as solvent into the nanoESI solution and served as the precursor of hydroxyalkyl radicals upon UV irradiation. The hydroxyalkyl radicals subsequently reacted with cysteinyl peptides either containing a disulfide linkage or free thiol, which led to the formation of peptide-S-hydroxyalkyl product. This radical reaction coupled with subsequent MS/MS was shown to have analytical potential by cleaving intrachain disulfide linked peptides prior to CID to enhance sequence information. Tandem mass spectrometry via collision-induced dissociation (CID), stable isotope labeling, and accurate mass measurement were employed to verify the identities of the reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Stinson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2084, USA
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10
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Feng S, Zheng X, Wang D, Gong Y, Wang Q, Deng H. Systematic Analysis of Reactivities and Fragmentation of Glutathione and Its Isomer GluCysGly. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8222-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics
and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics
and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyi Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory
of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Zhang X, Julian RR. Radical additions to aromatic residues in peptides facilitate unexpected side chain and backbone losses. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:626-635. [PMID: 24488753 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0810-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of fragments in tandem mass spectrometry experiments is aided by knowledge of relevant fragmentation mechanisms. Herein, novel radical addition reactions that direct unexpected side-chain dissociations at tryptophan and tyrosine residues are reported. Various mechanisms that can account for the observed dissociation channels are investigated by experiment and theory. The propensity for radical addition at a particular site is found to be primarily under kinetic control, which is largely dictated by molecular structure. In certain peptides, intramolecular radical addition reactions are favored, which leads to the observation of numerous unexpected fragments. In one pathway, radical addition leads to migration of an aromatic side chain to another residue. Alternatively, radical addition followed by hydrogen atom loss leads to cyclization of the peptide and increased observation of internal sequence fragments. Radical addition reactions should be considered when assigning fragmentation spectra obtained from activation of hydrogen deficient peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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12
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Lin Z, Tan L, Garimella S, Li L, Chen TC, Xu W, Xia Y, Ouyang Z. Characterization of a DAPI-RIT-DAPI system for gas-phase ion/molecule and ion/ion reactions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2014; 25:48-56. [PMID: 24150848 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-013-0757-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) has been developed as a facile means for efficiently introducing ions generated at atmospheric pressure to an ion trap in vacuum [e.g., a rectilinear ion trap (RIT)] for mass analysis. Introduction of multiple beams of ions or neutral species through two DAPIs into a single RIT has been previously demonstrated. In this study, a home-built instrument with a DAPI-RIT-DAPI configuration has been characterized for the study of gas-phase ion/molecule and ion/ion reactions. The reaction species, including ions or neutrals, can be introduced from both ends of the RIT through the two DAPIs without complicated ion optics or differential pumping stages. The primary reactant ions were isolated prior to reaction and the product ions were mass analyzed after controlled reaction time period. Ion/molecule reactions involving peptide radical ions and proton-transfer ion/ion reactions have been carried out using this instrument. The gas dynamic effect due to the DAPI operation on internal energy deposition and the reactivity of peptide radical ions has been characterized. The DAPI-RIT-DAPI system also has a unique feature for allowing the ion reactions to be carried out at significantly elevated pressures (in 10(-1) Torr range), which has been found to be helpful to speed up the reactions. The viability and flexibility of the DAPI-RIT-DAPI system for the study of gas-phase ion reactions have been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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13
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Durand KL, Ma X, Xia Y. Intra-molecular reactions as a new approach to investigate bio-radical reactivity: a case study of cysteine sulfinyl radicals. Analyst 2014; 139:1327-30. [PMID: 24511586 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02307a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing gas-phase intra-molecular reactions facilitated by energetic collisions, a new reaction channel, sulfinyl radical exchange with thiol within a polypeptide, was observed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirt L. Durand
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- Department of Chemistry
- Purdue University
- West Lafayette, USA
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14
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Lee J, Park H, Kwon H, Kwon G, Jeon A, Kim HI, Sung BJ, Moon B, Oh HB. One-Step Peptide Backbone Dissociations in Negative-Ion Free Radical Initiated Peptide Sequencing Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7044-51. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303517h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Hyeyeon Park
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Hyuksu Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Gyemin Kwon
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Aeran Jeon
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Hugh I. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang
790-784, Korea
| | - Bong June Sung
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Bongjin Moon
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department
of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul
121-742, Korea
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