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Allen N, Li H, Wang T, Li A. Gigaohm and Teraohm Resistors in Femtoamp and Picoamp Electrospray Ionization. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:913-921. [PMID: 37052599 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The femtoamp electrospray ionization (femtoESI) mode has been shown to exhibit unique characteristics that may facilitate ionization efficiency studies and experiments requiring low ion beam flux. Investigation of femtoESI was hindered by a tiny, applied voltage window of 10-100 V, beyond which ionization currents quickly jumped to nanoamps. This window was difficult to locate because the exact onset voltage fluctuates due to variations in ion source alignments. Large resistors (0.1-100 TΩ) in series effectively expanded the femtoESI applied voltage range, up to 1400 V. By swapping resistors, rapid alternation allows for the comparison of both ESI modes under the same alignment. In peptide mixtures, analytes with lower surface activity are suppressed in the nanoESI mode whereas the femtoESI mode shows signal enhancement of less surface-active species. For protein solutions, there is little change in the charge states generated but the femtoESI mode does show a decrease in the average charge state of protein peaks. Peptides and proteins analyzed in the femtoESI mode also tend to generate higher intensity sodiated peaks over protonated peaks at specific charge states compared with nanoESI mode operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 23 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Huishan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 23 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Taoqing Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 23 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Anyin Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Hampshire, 23 Academic Way, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
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Han Z, Komori R, Suzuki R, Omata N, Matsuda T, Hishida S, Shuuhei T, Chen LC. Bipolar Electrospray from Electrodeless Emitters for ESI without Electrochemical Reactions in the Sprayer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:728-736. [PMID: 36815710 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A bipolar ESI source is developed to generate a simultaneous emission of charged liquid jets of opposite polarity from an electrodeless sprayer. The sprayer consists of two emitters, and the electrosprays are initiated by applying a high potential difference (HV) across the counter electrodes facing each emitter. The sprayer and the liquid delivery system are made of all insulators without metal components, thus enabling the total elimination of electrochemical reactions taking place at the liquid-electrode interface in the typical electrosprayer. The bipolar electrospray has been implemented using an online configuration that uses a syringe pump for flow rate regulation and an offline configuration that relies on HV for adjusting the flow rate. The voltage-current and flow rate-current relationships of bipolar electrospray were found to be similar to the standard electrospray. The application of bipolar ESI to the mass spectrometry of protein, peptide, and metallocene without electrochemically induced oxidation/reduction is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbao Han
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Ryoki Komori
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Riku Suzuki
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Nozomu Omata
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuda
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Shoki Hishida
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Takiguchi Shuuhei
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Lee Chuin Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11, Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
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Zhang Q, Zhu Y, Tian Y, Yu Q, Wang X. Induced Self-aspiration Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Flexible Sampling and Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4600-4606. [PMID: 32096631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) operating in pulse mode can enhance the utilization efficiency of the electrospray ions by a mass spectrometer. Herein, a novel ionization technique called induced self-aspiration-electrospray ionization (ISA-ESI) was developed based on self-aspiration sampling and capacitive induction. The sample solution polarized in a strong electric field was pulsed drawn into a capillary that was connected to a subambient chamber. The sample solution with polarized ions forms a charged liquid column, which can initiate an electrospray when reaching the capillary outlet. In addition to the self-aspiration ability, the use of a constant high voltage supply and no electrical contact with the solution can also simplify the sampling and ionization operation, enabling a convenient ESI mass spectrometry analysis. The developed ISA-ESI source has been used for multidimensional monitoring of chemical reactions as well as liquid extraction surface analysis of plant tissues. It was expected that this special ionization method could be extended to automated high-throughput ESI-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Yang N, Wang Z, Xu J, Gui L, Tang Z, Zhang Y, Yi M, Yue S, Xu S. Multifunctional Freestanding Microprobes for Potential Biological Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2328. [PMID: 31137584 PMCID: PMC6567016 DOI: 10.3390/s19102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deep-level sensors for detecting the local temperatures of inner organs and tissues of an animal are rarely reported. In this paper, we present a method to fabricate multifunctional micro-probes with standard cleanroom procedures, using a piece of stainless-steel foil as the substrate. On each of the as-fabricated micro-probes, arrays of thermocouples made of Pd-Cr thin-film stripes with reliable thermal sensing functions were built, together with Pd electrode openings for detecting electrical signals. The as-fabricated sword-shaped freestanding microprobes with length up to 30 mm showed excellent mechanical strength and elastic properties when they were inserted into the brain and muscle tissues of live rats, as well as suitable electrochemical properties and, therefore, are promising for potential biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Yang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhenhai Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- School of Microelectronics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Lijiang Gui
- Department of Micro-Nano Fabrication Technology, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuanglin Yue
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Shengyong Xu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics & Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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