1
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Zhang W, Xu L, Zhang H. Recent advances in mass spectrometry techniques for atmospheric chemistry research on molecular-level. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:1091-1134. [PMID: 37439762 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's atmosphere is composed of an enormous variety of chemical species associated with trace gases and aerosol particles whose composition and chemistry have critical impacts on the Earth's climate, air quality, and human health. Mass spectrometry analysis as a powerful and popular analytical technique has been widely developed and applied in atmospheric chemistry for decades. Mass spectrometry allows for effective detection, identification, and quantification of a broad range of organic and inorganic chemical species with high sensitivity and resolution. In this review, we summarize recently developed mass spectrometry techniques, methods, and applications in atmospheric chemistry research in the past several years on molecular-level. Specifically, new developments of ion-molecule reactors, various soft ionization methods, and unique coupling with separation techniques are highlighted. The new mass spectrometry applications in laboratory studies and field measurements focused on improving the detection limits for traditional and emerging volatile organic compounds, characterizing multiphase highly oxygenated molecules, and monitoring particle bulk and surface compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Lu Xu
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
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2
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Rutherford M, Koss A, de Gouw J. Mobile VOC measurements in Commerce City, CO reveal the emissions from different sources. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2024. [PMID: 39008377 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2024.2379927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Source attribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be challenging in urban areas, which have many point sources. Mobile laboratories using time-of-flight mass spectrometers (TOF-MS) can take measurements throughout areas of concern, resulting in data with high spatial resolution that can be used to more easily identify these sources. However, emissions in heavily polluted areas still undergo significant mixing over short distances, making source attribution of some compounds challenging. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for attributing pollutants to different sources when taking stationary measurements due to its ability to process large amounts of data into generally interpretable results. However, some limitations of PMF can impact its usefulness to mobile data; PMF is a computationally intensive process, requires some user choices in attributing factors to emissions sources, and results can be significantly impacted by chemical transformations after emission. Here, both PMF and a simpler comparative analysis method are evaluated in analyzing measurements taken in the Elyria Swansea neighborhood of Commerce City, CO. This neighborhood is located near an oil refinery, a wastewater treatment plant, local industrial shops, and major highways. PMF failed to differentiate between oil refinery emissions and traffic emissions, and had difficulties recognizing other key sources. A simpler comparative analysis showed that the refinery contributed significantly to VOC concentrations throughout the neighborhood, including air toxics such as benzene. A wastewater treatment plant contributed to methanethiol and dimethyl sulfide. Finally, a small woodshop was identified as a hyperlocal VOC source, and contributed high amounts of some VOCs, such as toluene and other solvents, in its immediate surroundings.Implications Statement: This work discusses mobile measurements of VOCs around Commerce City, CO, a heavily polluted urban area north of Denver, using a PTR-TOF-MS. Two different source attribution methods, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and comparative analysis, were evaluated in the context of mobile measurements. The results show that an oil refinery and a woodshop contributed greatly to many VOC concentrations in the Elyria Swansea residential area of Commerce City. Additional sources, such as a wastewater treatment plant, also contributed to some odorous VOCs. PMF was unable to fully describe sources based on the mobile data. Comparative analysis was useful in attributing more VOCs to different sources, but quantitative results were influenced by how the analysis is set up. These findings are relevant to the residents of Denver and regulatory bodies to better understand Denver air pollution, as well as to other mobile studies doing source attribution of VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Rutherford
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado,Boulder, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado,Boulder, USA
| | | | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado,Boulder, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado,Boulder, USA
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3
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Pfannerstill EY, Arata C, Zhu Q, Schulze BC, Ward R, Woods R, Harkins C, Schwantes RH, Seinfeld JH, Bucholtz A, Cohen RC, Goldstein AH. Temperature-dependent emissions dominate aerosol and ozone formation in Los Angeles. Science 2024; 384:1324-1329. [PMID: 38900887 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite declines in transportation emissions, urban North America and Europe still face unhealthy air pollution levels. This has challenged conventional understanding of the sources of their volatile organic compound (VOC) precursors. Using airborne flux measurements to map emissions of a wide range of VOCs, we demonstrate that biogenic terpenoid emissions contribute ~60% of emitted VOC OH reactivity, ozone, and secondary organic aerosol formation potential in summertime Los Angeles and that this contribution strongly increases with temperature. This implies that control of nitrogen oxides is key to reducing ozone formation in Los Angeles. We also show some anthropogenic VOC emissions increase with temperature, which is an effect not represented in current inventories. Air pollution mitigation efforts must consider that climate warming will strongly change emission amounts and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Y Pfannerstill
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qindan Zhu
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Ryan Ward
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Roy Woods
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Meteorology, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony Bucholtz
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Ronald C Cohen
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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4
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Hopstock K, Perraud V, Dalton AB, Barletta B, Meinardi S, Weltman RM, Mirkhanian MA, Rakosi KJ, Blake DR, Edwards RD, Nizkorodov SA. Chemical Analysis of Exhaled Vape Emissions: Unraveling the Complexities of Humectant Fragmentation in a Human Trial Study. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1000-1010. [PMID: 38769630 PMCID: PMC11187636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Electronic cigarette smoking (or vaping) is on the rise, presenting questions about the effects of secondhand exposure. The chemical composition of vape emissions was examined in the exhaled breath of eight human volunteers with the high chemical specificity of complementary online and offline techniques. Our study is the first to take multiple exhaled puff measurements from human participants and compare volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations between two commonly used methods, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and gas chromatography (GC). Five flavor profile groups were selected for this study, but flavor compounds were not observed as the main contributors to the PTR-ToF-MS signal. Instead, the PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra were overwhelmed by e-liquid thermal decomposition and fragmentation products, which masked other observations regarding flavorings and other potentially toxic species associated with secondhand vape exposure. Compared to the PTR-ToF-MS, GC measurements reported significantly different VOC concentrations, usually below those from PTR-ToF-MS. Consequently, PTR-ToF-MS mass spectra should be interpreted with caution when reporting quantitative results in vaping studies, such as doses of inhaled VOCs. Nevertheless, the online PTR-ToF-MS analysis can provide valuable qualitative information by comparing relative VOCs in back-to-back trials. For example, by comparing the mass spectra of exhaled air with those of direct puffs, we can conclude that harmful VOCs present in the vape emissions are largely absorbed by the participants, including large fractions of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine
S. Hopstock
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Véronique Perraud
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Avery B. Dalton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Barbara Barletta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Robert M. Weltman
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Megan A. Mirkhanian
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Krisztina J. Rakosi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Rufus D. Edwards
- Program
in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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5
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Bielik N, Correia D, Rodrigues Crespo K, Goujon-Ginglinger C, Mitova MI. Pitfalls in the Detection of Volatiles Associated with Heated Tobacco and e-Vapor Products When Using PTR-TOF-MS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1261-1271. [PMID: 38780179 PMCID: PMC11157645 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the applicability of proton transfer reaction-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-TOF-MS) for quantitative analysis of mixtures comprising glycerin, acetol, glycidol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and propylene glycol. While PTR-TOF-MS offers real-time simultaneous determination, the method selectivity is limited when analyzing compounds with identical elemental compositions or when labile compounds present in the mixture produce fragments that generate overlapping ions with other matrix components. In this study, we observed significant fragmentation of glycerin, acetol, glycidol, and propylene glycol during protonation via hydronium ions (H3O+). Nevertheless, specific ions generated by glycerin (m/z 93.055) and propylene glycol (m/z 77.060) enabled their selective detection. To thoroughly investigate the selectivity of the method, various mixtures containing both isotope-labeled and unlabeled compounds were utilized. The experimental findings demonstrated that when samples contained high levels of glycerin, it was not feasible to perform time-resolved analysis in H3O+ mode for acetaldehyde, acetol, and glycidol. To overcome the observed selectivity limitations associated with the H3O+ reagent ions, alternative ionization modes were investigated. The ammonium ion mode proved appropriate for analyzing propylene glycol (m/z 94.086) and acetone (m/z 76.076) mixtures. Concerning the nitric oxide mode, specific m/z were identified for acetaldehyde (m/z 43.018), acetone (m/z 88.039), glycidol (m/z 73.028), and propylene glycol (m/z 75.044). It was concluded that considering the presence of multiple product ions and the potential influence of other compounds, it is crucial to conduct a thorough selectivity assessment when employing PTR-TOF-MS as the sole method for analyzing compounds in complex matrices of unknown composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Bielik
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Correia
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Maya I. Mitova
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Quai Jeanrenaud 5, CH-2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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6
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Molinier B, Arata C, Katz EF, Lunderberg DM, Ofodile J, Singer BC, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Bedroom Concentrations and Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds during Sleep. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7958-7967. [PMID: 38656997 PMCID: PMC11080066 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Because humans spend about one-third of their time asleep in their bedrooms and are themselves emission sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), it is important to specifically characterize the composition of the bedroom air that they experience during sleep. This work uses real-time indoor and outdoor measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to examine concentration enhancements in bedroom air during sleep and to calculate VOC emission rates associated with sleeping occupants. Gaseous VOCs were measured with proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry during a multiweek residential monitoring campaign under normal occupancy conditions. Results indicate high emissions of nearly 100 VOCs and other species in the bedroom during sleeping periods as compared to the levels in other rooms of the same residence. Air change rates for the bedroom and, correspondingly, emission rates of sleeping-associated VOCs were determined for two bounding conditions: (1) air exchange between the bedroom and outdoors only and (2) air exchange between the bedroom and other indoor spaces only (as represented by measurements in the kitchen). VOCs from skin oil oxidation and personal care products were present, revealing that many emission pathways can be important occupant-associated emission factors affecting bedroom air composition in addition to direct emissions from building materials and furnishings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Molinier
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Erin F. Katz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David M. Lunderberg
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Ofodile
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Brett C. Singer
- Indoor
Environment Group and Residential Building Systems Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Allen H. Goldstein
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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7
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Abar T, Mestdagh H, Heninger M, Lemaire J. Analysis of VOCs in Liquids through Vaporization in a Tubular Oven Monitored by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1048. [PMID: 38400206 PMCID: PMC10891908 DOI: 10.3390/s24041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical compounds present at trace levels in liquids is important not only for environmental measurements but also, for example, in the health sector. The reference technique for the analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in liquids is GC, which is difficult to use with an aqueous matrix. In this work, we present an alternative technique to GC to analyze VOCs in water. A tubular oven is used to completely vaporize the liquid sample deposited on a gauze. The oven is heated in the presence of a dinitrogen flow, and the gas is analyzed at the exit of the oven by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer developed in our laboratory. It is a low magnetic field Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) optimized for real-time analysis. The Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) used during the Chemical Ionization event results in the selective ionization of the VOCs present in the gas phase. The optimization of the desorption conditions is described for the main operating parameters: temperature ramp, liquid quantity, and nitrogen flow. Their influence is studied using a 100 ppmv aqueous toluene solution. The analytical method is then tested on a mixture of seven VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Heninger
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (T.A.); (H.M.); (J.L.)
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8
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Vasquez S, Angeli MAC, Polo A, Costantini A, Petrelli M, Avancini E, Di Cagno R, Gobbetti M, Gaiardo A, Valt M, Lugli P, Petti L. In vitro gastrointestinal gas monitoring with carbon nanotube sensors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:825. [PMID: 38191903 PMCID: PMC10774382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro simulators of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract are remarkable technological platforms for studying the impact of food on the gut microbiota, enabling continuous and real-time monitoring of key biomarkers. However, comprehensive real-time monitoring of gaseous biomarkers in these systems is required with a cost-effective approach, which has been challenging to perform experimentally to date. In this work, we demonstrate the integration and in-line use of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based chemiresitive gas sensors coated with a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane for the continuous monitoring of gases within the Simulator of the Human Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME). The findings demonstrate the ability of the gas sensor to continuously monitor the different phases of gas production in this harsh, anaerobic, highly humid, and acidic environment for a long exposure time (16 h) without saturation. This establishes our sensor platform as an effective tool for real-time monitoring of gaseous biomarkers in in vitro systems like SHIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahira Vasquez
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
| | - Martina Aurora Costa Angeli
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Polo
- Micro4Food Lab, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alice Costantini
- Micro4Food Lab, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mattia Petrelli
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Enrico Avancini
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Cagno
- Micro4Food Lab, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- Micro4Food Lab, Faculty of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Gaiardo
- Micro Nano Facility, Bruno Kessler Foundation, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Matteo Valt
- Micro Nano Facility, Bruno Kessler Foundation, 38123, Trento, Italy
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Luisa Petti
- Sensing Technologies Laboratory (STL), Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bolzano, Italy.
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9
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Corion M, Portillo-Estrada M, Santos S, Lammertyn J, De Ketelaere B, Hertog M. Non-destructive egg breed separation using advanced VOC analytical techniques HSSE-GC-MS, PTR-TOF-MS, and SIFT-MS: Assessment of performance and systems' complementarity. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113802. [PMID: 38163682 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, advanced analytical techniques have been utilized to examine volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in eggs. These VOCs offer valuable insights into factors such as freshness, fertility, the presence of cracks, embryo sex, and breed. In our study, we assessed three mass spectrometry-based systems (headspace sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HSSE-GC-MS, proton transfer reaction time-of-flight-mass spectrometry; PTR-TOF-MS; and selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry; SIFT-MS) to analyze and identify VOCs present in intact hatching eggs from three distinct breeds (Dekalb white layer, Shaver brown layer, and Ross 308 broiler). The eggs were sampled on incubation days 2 and 8, to identify VOCs that distinguish breeds irrespective of incubation day. VOC measurements were conducted on 15 eggs per breed by placing them together with PDMS-coated stir bars inside inert Teflon® air sampling bags. After an accumulation period of 2 h, the headspace was analyzed using PTR-TOF-MS and SIFT-MS, while the VOCs adsorbed onto the stir bars were analyzed using GC-MS for additional compound identification. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were constructed for breed differentiation, and variable selection was performed. As a result, 111 VOCs were identified using HSSE-GC-MS, with alcohols and esters being the most abundant. The PLS-DA models demonstrated the efficacy of breed discrimination, with the HSSE-GC-MS and the PTR-TOF-MS exhibiting the highest balanced accuracy of 95.5 % using a reduced set of 11 VOCs and 5 product ions, respectively. The SIFT-MS model had a balanced accuracy of 92.8 % with a reduced set of 11 product ions. Furthermore, complementarity was observed between HSSE-GC-MS, which primarily selected higher molecular weight VOCs, and PTR-TOF-MS and SIFT-MS. A higher correlation was found for compound abundances between the HSSE-GC-MS and the PTR-TOF-MS relative to the SIFT-MS, indicating that the PTR-TOF-MS was better suited to quantify specific compounds identified by the HSSE-GC-MS. Finally, the findings support the presence of VOCs originating from both synthetic and natural sources, highlighting the ability of the VOC analysis systems to non-destructively perform quality control and reveal differences in management practices or biological information encoded in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Corion
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Simão Santos
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biosensors Group, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Ketelaere
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Biostatistics Group, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Hertog
- KU Leuven, BIOSYST-MeBioS Postharvest Group, Department of Biosystems, Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Meredith LK, Ledford SM, Riemer K, Geffre P, Graves K, Honeker LK, LeBauer D, Tfaily MM, Krechmer J. Automating methods for estimating metabolite volatility. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267234. [PMID: 38163064 PMCID: PMC10755872 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The volatility of metabolites can influence their biological roles and inform optimal methods for their detection. Yet, volatility information is not readily available for the large number of described metabolites, limiting the exploration of volatility as a fundamental trait of metabolites. Here, we adapted methods to estimate vapor pressure from the functional group composition of individual molecules (SIMPOL.1) to predict the gas-phase partitioning of compounds in different environments. We implemented these methods in a new open pipeline called volcalc that uses chemoinformatic tools to automate these volatility estimates for all metabolites in an extensive and continuously updated pathway database: the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) that connects metabolites, organisms, and reactions. We first benchmark the automated pipeline against a manually curated data set and show that the same category of volatility (e.g., nonvolatile, low, moderate, high) is predicted for 93% of compounds. We then demonstrate how volcalc might be used to generate and test hypotheses about the role of volatility in biological systems and organisms. Specifically, we estimate that 3.4 and 26.6% of compounds in KEGG have high volatility depending on the environment (soil vs. clean atmosphere, respectively) and that a core set of volatiles is shared among all domains of life (30%) with the largest proportion of kingdom-specific volatiles identified in bacteria. With volcalc, we lay a foundation for uncovering the role of the volatilome using an approach that is easily integrated with other bioinformatic pipelines and can be continually refined to consider additional dimensions to volatility. The volcalc package is an accessible tool to help design and test hypotheses on volatile metabolites and their unique roles in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - S. Marshall Ledford
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kristina Riemer
- Arizona Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Parker Geffre
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kelsey Graves
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Linnea K. Honeker
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - David LeBauer
- Arizona Experiment Station, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Malak M. Tfaily
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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11
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Desservettaz M, Pikridas M, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Hatzianastassiou N, Sciare J, Mihalopoulos N, Bourtsoukidis E. Emission of volatile organic compounds from residential biomass burning and their rapid chemical transformations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166592. [PMID: 37640072 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Biomass combustion releases a complex array of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) that pose significant challenges to air quality and human health. Although biomass burning has been extensively studied at ecosystem levels, understanding the atmospheric transformation and impact on air quality of emissions in urban environments remains challenging due to complex sources and burning materials. In this study, we investigate the VOC emission rates and atmospheric chemical processing of predominantly wood burning emissions in a small urban centre in Greece. Ioannina is situated in a valley within the Dinaric Alps and experiences intense atmospheric pollution accumulation during winter due to its topography and high wood burning activity. During pollution event days, the ambient mixing ratios of key VOC species were found to be similar to those reported for major urban centres worldwide. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) analysis revealed that biomass burning was the dominant emission source (>50 %), representing two thirds of OH reactivity, which indicates a highly reactive atmospheric mixture. Calculated OH reactivity ranges from 5 s-1 to an unprecedented 278 s-1, and averages at 93 ± 66 s-1 at 9 PM, indicating the presence of exceptionally reactive VOCs. The highly pronounced photochemical formation of organic acids coincided with the formation of ozone, highlighting the significance of secondary formation of pollutants in poorly ventilated urban areas. Our findings underscore the pressing need to transition from wood burning to environmentally friendly sources of energy in poorly ventilated urban areas, in order to improve air quality and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Hatzianastassiou
- Laboratory of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus; Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
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12
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Singh R, Sinha B, Hakkim H, Sinha V. Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds during paddy-residue burning season in north-west India reveals large pool of photochemically formed air toxics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 338:122656. [PMID: 37793541 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Paddy-residue burning is associated with poor air quality in north-west India during October-November every year. However, till date a quantitative study of its contribution to ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using highly time-resolved measurements within the region has been lacking. Several VOCs like benzene are carcinogenic and also fuel formation of secondary pollutants such as secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone. Here, we undertake quantitative source-apportionment using a PMF source-receptor model on a high-quality in-situ measured dataset of 54 VOCs in Punjab, India, and validate the model results using source profiles. The contribution of the seven most dominant sources to the total VOC mass concentrations were: daytime photochemistry and biogenic VOCs (BVOCs) (26%), followed by solid-fuel usage and waste-disposal (18%), traffic (two-wheeler 14% and four-wheeler 10%), photochemically aged biomass burning (17%), industries and solvent usage (9%), and fresh paddy residue burning (6%). Ozone production potential was dominated by solid fuel usage and waste disposal (25%), followed by traffic (two-wheeler 11% and four-wheeler 12%), BVOCs and photooxidation products (21%), photochemically aged biomass burning (16%), industries & solvent usage (9%) and fresh paddy residue burning (6%). SOA production was dominated by traffic (two-wheeler 26% and four-wheeler 28%) followed by solid fuel usage and waste disposal (22%), photochemically aged biomass burning emissions (15%) with minor contribution from industries & solvents (6%), fresh paddy residue burning (2%) and photochemistry and biogenic VOCs (1%). Comparisons with global emission inventories REASv3.2.1 and EDGARv4.3.2, showed both overestimate the industry and solvent source. Further, EDGARv4.3.2 underestimated the traffic source whereas paddy residue burning emissions are absent in REASv3.2.1. Although the overall mass contribution of paddy-residue burning emissions isn't high, our results show that health-relevant compounds emitted directly and formed photochemically from biomass burning sources active at this time are majorly responsible for the unhealthy air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Singh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Baerbel Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Haseeb Hakkim
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Vinayak Sinha
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Manauli PO, Punjab, 140306, India.
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13
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Omezzine Gnioua M, Spesyvyi A, Španěl P. Gas phase H +, H 3O + and NH 4+ affinities of oxygen-bearing volatile organic compounds; DFT calculations for soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30343-30348. [PMID: 37909271 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemistry calculations were performed using the density functional theory, DFT, to understand the structures and energetics of organic ions relevant to gas phase ion chemistry in soft chemical ionisation mass spectrometry analytical methods. Geometries of a range of neutral volatile organic compound molecules and ions resulting from protonation, the addition of H3O+ and the addition of NH4+ were optimised using the B3LYP hybrid DFT method. Then, the total energies and the normal mode vibrational frequencies were determined, and the total enthalpies of the neutral molecules and ions were calculated for the standard temperature and pressure. The calculations were performed for several feasible structures of each of the ions. The proton affinities of several benchmark molecules agree with the accepted values within ±4 kJ mol-1, indicating that B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) provides chemical accuracy for oxygen-containing volatile organic compounds. It was also found that the binding energies of H3O+ and NH4+ to molecules correlate with their proton affinities. The results contribute to the understanding of ligand switching ion-molecule reactions important for secondary electrospray ionisation, SESI, and selected ion flow tube, SIFT, mass spectrometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroua Omezzine Gnioua
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 747/2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Anatolii Spesyvyi
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrik Španěl
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 2155/3, 18223 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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14
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Beel G, Langford B, Carslaw N, Shaw D, Cowan N. Temperature driven variations in VOC emissions from plastic products and their fate indoors: A chamber experiment and modelling study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163497. [PMID: 37062317 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plastic products are ubiquitous in our homes, but we know very little about emissions from these products and their subsequent impact on indoor air quality. This is the first study to systematically determine temperature-dependent emissions of volatile organic compounds from commonly used plastic consumer products found in the home. The plastic types included high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and polyester rubber. Plastic samples were exposed to increasing temperatures (between 18 and 28 °C) in controlled environmental chambers, connected to a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass-spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS), where real-time emissions were detected. Average emission rates were determined and used to initialise an indoor air chemistry model (INCHEM-Py) at the highest and lowest experimental temperatures, to explore the impact these product emissions have on the indoor air chemistry. The PS tubing plastic proved to be the highest emitting polymer per surface area. Almost all selected VOC emissions were found to have a linear relationship with temperature. Upon observing the impacts of primary VOC emissions from plastics in modelled simulations, the hydroxyl radical concentration decreased by an average of 1.6 and 10 % relative to the baseline (with no plastics included) at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. On the other hand, formaldehyde concentrations increased by 29 and 31.6 % relative to the baseline conditions at 18 °C and 28 °C respectively. The presence of plastic products indoors, therefore, has the potential to impact the indoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Beel
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom; Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Ben Langford
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - David Shaw
- Department of Geography and Environment, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Cowan
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
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15
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Yesildagli B, Lee SB, Lee J. Temporal variations of volatile organic compounds inside the cabin of a new electric vehicle under different operation modes during winter using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131368. [PMID: 37043860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Transportation is globally becoming more vehicle-dependent as public awareness towards the health risks caused by cabin-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) increases. Therefore, the need for quantifying their concentration increases as well. This study measured the real-time VOCs in a new mini-truck-type electric vehicle cabin using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry under varying cabin heating conditions during winter. A total of 246 ions were detected between m/z 30 and 250, 82 of which were quantified. The total ion count in the cabin was double that of the ambient air. Morning-to-noon concentration of total VOCs increased 2.5 times in the cabin under solar exposure (164.47-405.92 µg·m-3). Additionally, 12 VOCs that either had higher indoor-to-outdoor ratios or globally regulated chosen to investigate the effects of cabin air conditions. Heater operation immediately increased concentrations of some VOCs by 54.62%. Furthermore, blocking solar exposure from windows reduced VOC emissions during heater off and on scenarios by 35.49% and 65.42%, respectively, indicating that window coverage also provided insulation against heat loss. Finally, the fresh air reduced cabin VOCs by 62.83% due to ambient air inflow. However, cabin concentrations remained higher than those of ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Yesildagli
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Bok Lee
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; Division of Energy & Environment Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Cao C, Gentner DR, Commane R, Toledo-Crow R, Schiferl LD, Mak JE. Policy-Related Gains in Urban Air Quality May Be Offset by Increased Emissions in a Warming Climate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37327457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Air quality policies have made substantial gains by reducing pollutant emissions from the transportation sector. In March 2020, New York City's activities were severely curtailed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in 60-90% reductions in human activity. We continuously measured major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during January-April 2020 and 2021 in Manhattan. Concentrations of many VOCs decreased significantly during the shutdown with variations in daily patterns reflective of human activity perturbations, resulting in a temporary ∼28% reduction in chemical reactivity. However, the limited effect of these dramatic measures was outweighed by larger increases in VOC-related reactivity during the anomalously warm spring 2021. This emphasizes the diminishing returns from transportation-focused policies alone and the risk of increased temperature-dependent emissions undermining policy-related gains in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cao
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Drew R Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Róisín Commane
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Ricardo Toledo-Crow
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Luke D Schiferl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - John E Mak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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17
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Salthammer T, Hohm U, Stahn M, Grimme S. Proton-transfer rate constants for the determination of organic indoor air pollutants by online mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17856-17868. [PMID: 37323443 PMCID: PMC10262294 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01705b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) has become an indispensable analytical tool for indoor related sciences. With high-resolution techniques not only is the online monitoring of the selected ions in the gas phase possible, but also, with some limitations, the identification of substance mixtures without chromatographic separation. The quantification is carried out with the help of kinetic laws, which require knowledge of the conditions in the reaction chamber, the reduced ion moblilities and the reaction rate constant kPT under these conditions. Ion-dipole collision theory can be used to calculate kPT. One approach is an extension of Langevin's equation and is known as average dipole orientation (ADO). In a further development, the analytical solution of ADO was replaced by trajectory analysis, which resulted in capture theory. The calculations according to ADO and capture theory require precise knowledge of the dipole moment and the polarizability of the respective target molecule. However, for many relevant indoor related substances, these data are insufficiently known or not known at all. Consequently, the dipole moment μD and polarizability α of 114 organic compounds that are frequently found in indoor air had to be determined using advanced quantum mechanical methods. This required the development of an automated workflow that performs conformer analysis before computing μD and α using density functional theory (DFT). Then the reaction rate constants with the H3O+ ion are calculated according to the ADO theory (kADO), capture theory (kcap) and advanced capture theory for different conditions in the reaction chamber. The kinetic parameters are evaluated with regard to their plausibility and critically discussed for their applicability in PTR-MS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunga Salthammer
- Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry 38108 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Uwe Hohm
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Braunschweig - Institute of Technology 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Marcel Stahn
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn 53115 Bonn Germany
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18
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Ditto JC, Crilley LR, Lao M, VandenBoer TC, Abbatt JPD, Chan AWH. Indoor and outdoor air quality impacts of cooking and cleaning emissions from a commercial kitchen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:964-979. [PMID: 37102581 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gas and particulate emissions from commercial kitchens are important contributors to urban air quality. Not only are these emissions important for occupational exposure of kitchen staff, but they can also be vented to outdoors, causing uncertain health and environmental impacts. In this study, we chemically speciated volatile organic compounds and measured particulate matter mass concentrations in a well-ventilated commercial kitchen for two weeks, including during typical cooking and cleaning operations. From cooking, we observed a complex mixture of volatile organic gases dominated by oxygenated compounds commonly associated with the thermal degradation of cooking oils. Gas-phase chemicals existed at concentrations 2-7 orders of magnitude lower than their exposure limits, due to the high ventilation in the room (mean air change rate of 28 h-1 during operating hours). During evening kitchen cleaning, we observed an increase in the signal of chlorinated gases from 1.1-9.0 times their values during daytime cooking. Particulate matter mass loadings tripled at these times. While exposure to cooking emissions in this indoor environment was reduced effectively by the high ventilation rate, exposure to particulate matter and chlorinated gases was elevated during evening cleaning periods. This emphasizes the need for careful consideration of ventilation rates and methods in commercial kitchen environments during all hours of kitchen operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Ditto
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Melodie Lao
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Arthur W H Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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19
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Laguerre A, Brennan DL, Starry O, Rosenstiel TN, Gall ET. Characterization of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and CO 2 Uptake from Eco-roof Plants. BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT 2023; 234:110158. [PMID: 37065504 PMCID: PMC10104446 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation plays an important role in biosphere-atmosphere exchange, including emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that influence the formation of secondary pollutants. Gaps exist in our knowledge of BVOC emissions from succulent plants, which are often selected for urban greening on building roofs and walls. In this study, we characterize the CO2 uptake and BVOC emission of eight succulents and one moss using proton transfer reaction - time of flight - mass spectrometry in controlled laboratory experiments. CO2 uptake ranged 0 to 0.16 μmol [g DW (leaf dry weight)]-1 s-1 and net BVOC emission ranges -0.10 to 3.11 μg [g DW]-1 h-1. Specific BVOCs emitted or removed varied across plants studied; methanol was the dominant BVOC emitted, and acetaldehyde had the largest removal. Isoprene and monoterpene emissions of studied plants were generally low compared to other urban trees and shrubs, ranging 0 to 0.092 μg [g DW]-1 h-1 and 0 to 0.44 μg [g DW]-1 h-1, respectively. Calculated ozone formation potentials (OFP) of the succulents and moss range 4×10-7 - 4×10-4 g O3 [g DW]-1 d-1. Results of this study can inform selection of plants used in urban greening. For example, on a per leaf mass basis, Phedimus takesimensis and Crassula ovata have OFP lower than many plants presently classified as low OFP and may be promising candidates for greening in urban areas with ozone exceedances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Laguerre
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Danlyn L. Brennan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Olyssa Starry
- Portland State University Honors College, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Elliott T. Gall
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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20
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Selimovic V, Ketcherside D, Chaliyakunnel S, Wielgasz C, Permar W, Angot H, Millet DB, Fried A, Helmig D, Hu L. Atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Alaskan Arctic tundra: constraints from measurements at Toolik Field Station. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022; 22:14037-14058. [PMID: 37476609 PMCID: PMC10358744 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-14037-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic is a climatically sensitive region that has experienced warming at almost 3 times the global average rate in recent decades, leading to an increase in Arctic greenness and a greater abundance of plants that emit biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). These changes in atmospheric emissions are expected to significantly modify the overall oxidative chemistry of the region and lead to changes in VOC composition and abundance, with implications for atmospheric processes. Nonetheless, observations needed to constrain our current understanding of these issues in this critical environment are sparse. This work presents novel atmospheric in situ proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) measurements of VOCs at Toolik Field Station (TFS; 68°38' N, 149°36' W), in the Alaskan Arctic tundra during May-June 2019. We employ a custom nested grid version of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model (CTM), driven with MEGANv2.1 (Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature version 2.1) biogenic emissions for Alaska at 0.25° × 0.3125° resolution, to interpret the observations in terms of their constraints on BVOC emissions, total reactive organic carbon (ROC) composition, and calculated OH reactivity (OHr) in this environment. We find total ambient mole fraction of 78 identified VOCs to be 6.3 ± 0.4 ppbv (10.8 ± 0.5 ppbC), with overwhelming (> 80 %) contributions are from short-chain oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) including methanol, acetone and formaldehyde. Isoprene was the most abundant terpene identified. GEOS-Chem captures the observed isoprene (and its oxidation products), acetone and acetaldehyde abundances within the combined model and observation uncertainties (±25 %), but underestimates other OVOCs including methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid by a factor of 3 to 12. The negative model bias for methanol is attributed to underestimated biogenic methanol emissions for the Alaskan tundra in MEGANv2.1. Observed formaldehyde mole fractions increase exponentially with air temperature, likely reflecting its biogenic precursors and pointing to a systematic model underprediction of its secondary production. The median campaign-calculated OHr from VOCs measured at TFS was 0.7 s-1, roughly 5 % of the values typically reported in lower-latitude forested ecosystems. Ten species account for over 80 % of the calculated VOC OHr, with formaldehyde, isoprene and acetaldehyde together accounting for nearly half of the total. Simulated OHr based on median-modeled VOCs included in GEOS-Chem averages 0.5 s-1 and is dominated by isoprene (30 %) and monoterpenes (17 %). The data presented here serve as a critical evaluation of our knowledge of BVOCs and ROC budgets in high-latitude environments and represent a foundation for investigating and interpreting future warming-driven changes in VOC emissions in the Alaskan Arctic tundra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Selimovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Damien Ketcherside
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | | | - Catherine Wielgasz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Wade Permar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Hélène Angot
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dylan B. Millet
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St Paul, MN, USA
| | - Alan Fried
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Lu Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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21
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Li X, Chen MM, Su HF, Zhang ML, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Real-Time Sniffing Mass Spectrometry Aided by Venturi Self-Pumping Applicable to Gaseous and Solid Surface Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13719-13727. [PMID: 36173369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on the Venturi self-pumping effect, real-time sniffing with mass spectrometry (R-sniffing MS) is developed as a tool for direct and real-time mass spectrometric analysis of both gaseous and solid samples. It is capable of dual-mode operation in either gaseous or solid phase, with the corresponding techniques termed as Rg-sniffing MS and Rs-sniffing MS, respectively. In its gaseous mode, Rg-sniffing MS is capable of analyzing a gaseous mixture with response time (0.8-2.1 s rise time and 7.3-9.6 s fall time), spatial resolution (<80 μm), three-dimensional diffusion imaging, and aroma distribution imaging of red pepper. In its solid mode, an appropriate solvent droplet desorbs the sample from a solid surface, followed by the aspiration of the mixture using the Venturi self-pumping effect into the mass spectrometer, wherein it is ionized by a standard ion source. Compared with the desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) technique, Rs-sniffing MS demonstrated considerably improved limit of detection (LOD) values for arginine (0.07 μg/cm2 Rs-sniffing vs 1.47 μg/cm2 DESI), thymopentin (0.10 μg/cm2 vs 2.67 μg/cm2), and bacitracin (0.16 μg/cm2 vs 2.28 μg/cm2). Rs-sniffing is applicable for the detection of C60(OCH3)6Cl-, an intermediate in the methoxylation reaction involving C60Cl6 (solid) and methanol (liquid). The convenient and highly sensitive R-sniffing MS has a characteristic separation of desorption from the ionization process, in which the matrix atmosphere of desorption can be interfaced by a pipe channel and self-pumped by the Venturi effect with consequent integration using a standard ion source. The R-sniffing MS operates in a voltage-, heat-, and vibration-free environment, wherein the analyte is ionized by a standard ion source. Consequently, a wide range of samples can be analyzed simultaneously by the R-sniffing MS technique, regardless of their physical state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Miao-Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Mei-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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22
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Tanzer-Gruener R, Rajan PE, Dugan LD, Bier ME, Robinson AL, Presto AA. Watching Paint Dry: Organic Vapor Emissions from Architectural Coatings and their Impact on Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11236-11245. [PMID: 35929857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from volatile chemical products (VCPs) are emerging as a major source of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Paints and coatings are an important class of VCPs that emit both volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (VOCs and IVOCs). In this study, we directly measured I/VOC emissions from representative water- (latex) and oil-based paints used in the U.S. Paint I/VOC emissions vary by several orders of magnitude by both the solvent and gloss level. Oil-based paints had the highest emissions (>105 μg/g-paint), whereas low-gloss interior paints (Flat, Satin, and Semigloss) all emitted ∼102 μg/g-paint. Emissions from interior paints are dominated by VOCs, whereas exterior-use paints emitted a larger fraction of IVOCs. Extended emission tests showed that most I/VOC emissions occur within 12-24 h after paint application, though some paints continue to emit IVOCs for 48 h or more. We used our data to estimate paint I/VOC emissions and the subsequent SOA production in the U.S. Total annual paint I/VOC emissions are 48-155 Gg (0.15-0.48 kg/person). These emissions contribute to the formation of 2.2-7.5 Gg of SOA annually. Oil-based paints contribute 70-98% of I/VOC emissions and 61-99% of SOA formation, even though they only account for a minority of paint usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Tanzer-Gruener
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Pavithra Ethi Rajan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Liam D Dugan
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albert A Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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23
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Jeerage KM, Berry J, Murray J, Goodman C, Piotrowski P, Jones C, Cecelski CE, Carney J, Lippa K, Lovestead T. The need for multicomponent gas standards for breath biomarker analysis. J Breath Res 2022; 16. [PMID: 35584612 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac70ef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, information-rich matrix with the potential to diagnose or monitor disease, including infectious disease. Despite significant effort dedicated to biomarker identification in case control studies, very few breath tests are established in practice. In this topical review, we identify how gas standards support breath analysis today and what is needed to support further expansion and translation to practice. We examine forensic and clinical breath tests and discuss how confidence has been built through unambiguous biomarker identification and quantitation supported by gas calibration standards. Based on this discussion, we identify a need for multicomponent gas standards with part-per-trillion to part-per-million concentrations. We highlight National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) gas standards developed for atmospheric measurements that are also relevant to breath analysis and describe investigations of long-term stability, chemical reactions, and interactions with gas cylinder wall treatments. An overview of emerging online instruments and their need for gas standards is also presented. This review concludes with a discussion of our ongoing research to examine the feasibility of producing multicomponent gas standards at breath-relevant concentrations. Such standards could be used to investigate interference from ubiquitous endogenous compounds and as a starting point for standards tailored to specific breath tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita M Jeerage
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Berry
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
| | - Jacolin Murray
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Cassie Goodman
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Paulina Piotrowski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Jones
- Office of Advanced Manufacturing, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Christina Elena Cecelski
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, UNITED STATES
| | - Jennifer Carney
- Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Katrice Lippa
- Office of Weights and Measures, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland, 20899, UNITED STATES
| | - Tara Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, MS 647.07, Boulder, Colorado, 80305, UNITED STATES
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24
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Marques B, Kostenidou E, Valiente AM, Vansevenant B, Sarica T, Fine L, Temime-Roussel B, Tassel P, Perret P, Liu Y, Sartelet K, Ferronato C, D’Anna B. Detailed Speciation of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds in Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Gasoline Euro 5 Vehicles Using Online and Offline Measurements. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040184. [PMID: 35448445 PMCID: PMC9032894 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of vehicle exhaust emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is essential to estimate their impact on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and, more generally, air quality. This paper revises and updates non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) tailpipe emissions of three Euro 5 vehicles during Artemis cold urban (CU) and motorway (MW) cycles. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis is carried out for the first time on proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) datasets of vehicular emission. Statistical analysis helped to associate the emitted VOCs to specific driving conditions, such as the start of the vehicles, the activation of the catalysts, or to specific engine combustion regimes. Merged PTR-ToF-MS and automated thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometer (ATD-GC-MS) datasets provided an exhaustive description of the NMVOC emission factors (EFs) of the vehicles, thus helping to identify and quantify up to 147 individual compounds. In general, emissions during the CU cycle exceed those during the MW cycle. The gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle exhibits the highest EF during both CU and MW cycles (252 and 15 mg/km), followed by the port-fuel injection (PFI) vehicle (24 and 0.4 mg/km), and finally the diesel vehicle (15 and 3 mg/km). For all vehicles, emissions are dominated by unburnt fuel and incomplete combustion products. Diesel emissions are mostly represented by oxygenated compounds (65%) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (23%) up to C22, while GDI and PFI exhaust emissions are composed of monoaromatics (68%) and alkanes (15%). Intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) range from 2.7 to 13% of the emissions, comprising essentially linear alkanes for the diesel vehicle, while naphthalene accounts up to 42% of the IVOC fraction for the gasoline vehicles. This work demonstrates that PMF analysis of PTR-ToF-MS datasets and GC-MS analysis of vehicular emissions provide a revised and deep characterization of vehicular emissions to enrich current emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Marques
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France; (E.K.); (B.T.-R.)
- French Agency for Ecological Transition, ADEME, 49000 Angers, France;
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Evangelia Kostenidou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France; (E.K.); (B.T.-R.)
| | - Alvaro Martinez Valiente
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France; (A.M.V.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Boris Vansevenant
- French Agency for Ecological Transition, ADEME, 49000 Angers, France;
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France; (A.M.V.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Lyon, AME-EASE, 69675 Lyon, France; (P.T.); (P.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Thibaud Sarica
- CEREA, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, EdF R&D, 77455 Marne-la Vallée, France; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Ludovic Fine
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France; (A.M.V.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Brice Temime-Roussel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France; (E.K.); (B.T.-R.)
| | - Patrick Tassel
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Lyon, AME-EASE, 69675 Lyon, France; (P.T.); (P.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Pascal Perret
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Lyon, AME-EASE, 69675 Lyon, France; (P.T.); (P.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yao Liu
- Univ Gustave Eiffel, Univ Lyon, AME-EASE, 69675 Lyon, France; (P.T.); (P.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Karine Sartelet
- CEREA, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, EdF R&D, 77455 Marne-la Vallée, France; (T.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Corinne Ferronato
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, 69626 Villeurbanne, France; (A.M.V.); (L.F.); (C.F.)
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, UMR 7376, 13331 Marseille, France; (E.K.); (B.T.-R.)
- Correspondence: (B.M.); (B.D.)
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25
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Liang Y, Weber RJ, Misztal PK, Jen CN, Goldstein AH. Aging of Volatile Organic Compounds in October 2017 Northern California Wildfire Plumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1557-1567. [PMID: 35037463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the western United States, the number and severity of large wildfires have been growing for decades. Biomass burning (BB) is a major source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to the atmosphere both globally and regionally. Following emission, BB VOCs are oxidized while being transported downwind, producing ozone, secondary organic aerosols, and secondary hazardous VOCs. In this research, we measured VOCs using proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) in an urban area 55-65 km downwind of the October 2017 Northern California wildfires. Nonaromatic oxygenated compounds were the dominant component of BB VOCs measured. In the smoke plumes, the VOCs account for 70-75% of the total observed organic carbon, with the remainder being particulate matter (with a diameter of <2.5 μm, PM2.5). We show that the correlation of VOCs with furan (primary BB VOC) and maleic anhydride (secondary BB VOC) can indicate the origin of the VOCs. This was further confirmed by the diurnal variations of the VOCs and their concentration-weighted trajectories. Oxidation during transport consumed highly reactive compounds including benzenoids, furanoids, and terpenoids and produced more oxygenated VOCs. Furthermore, wildfire VOCs altered the ozone formation regime and raised the O3 levels in the San Francisco Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Robert J Weber
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Coty N Jen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United State
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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26
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Hegen O, Salazar Gómez JI, Schlögl R, Ruland H. The potential of NO + and O 2 +• in switchable reagent ion proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022:e21770. [PMID: 35076949 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry with switchable reagent ion capability (PTR+SRI-MS) are analytical techniques for real-time qualification and quantification of compounds in gas samples with trace level concentrations. In the detection process, neutral compounds-mainly volatile organic compounds-are ionized via chemical ionization with ionic reagents or primary ions. The most common reagent ions are H3 O+ , NO+ and O2 +• . While ionization with H3 O+ occurs by means of proton transfer, the ionization via NO+ and O2 +• offers a larger variety on ionization pathways, as charge transfer, hydride abstraction and so on are possible. The distribution of the reactant into various reaction channels depends not only on the usage of either NO+ or O2 +• , but also on the class of analyte compounds. Furthermore, the choice of the reaction conditions as well as the choice of either SIFT-MS or PTR+SRI-MS might have a large impact on the resulting products. Therefore, an overview of both NO+ and O2 +• as reagent ions is given, showing differences between SIFT-MS and PTR+SRI-MS as used analytical methods revealing the potential how the knowledge obtained with H3 O+ for different classes of compounds can be extended with the usage of NO+ and O2 +• .
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hegen
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
| | - Jorge I Salazar Gómez
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Ruland
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Deutschland
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27
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Meredith LK, Tfaily MM. Capturing the microbial volatilome: an oft overlooked 'ome'. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:622-631. [PMID: 35039213 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Among the diverse metabolites produced by microbial communities, some are volatile. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are vigorously cycled by microbes as metabolic substrates and products and as signaling molecules. Yet, current microbial metabolomic studies predominantly focus on nonvolatile metabolites and overlook VOCs, which therefore represent a missing component of the metabolome. Advances in VOC detection now allow simultaneous observation of the numerous VOCs constituting the 'volatilome' of microbial systems. We present a roadmap for integrating and advancing VOC and other 'omics approaches and highlight the potential for realtime VOC measurements to help overcome limitations in discrete 'omics sampling. Including volatile metabolites in metabolomics, both conceptually and in practice, will build a more comprehensive understanding of microbial processes across ecological communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Meredith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Malak M Tfaily
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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28
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Gbaoui L, Fachet M, Lüno M, Meyer-Lotz G, Frodl T, Hoeschen C. Breathomics profiling of metabolic pathways affected by major depression: Possibilities and limitations. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1061326. [PMID: 36590606 PMCID: PMC9795849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1061326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders with multifactorial etiologies. Metabolomics has recently emerged as a particularly potential quantitative tool that provides a multi-parametric signature specific to several mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous pathophysiology of MDD. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate possibilities and limitations of breath-based metabolomics, breathomics patterns to discriminate MDD patients from healthy controls (HCs) and identify the altered metabolic pathways in MDD. METHODS Breath samples were collected in Tedlar bags at awakening, 30 and 60 min after awakening from 26 patients with MDD and 25 HCs. The non-targeted breathomics analysis was carried out by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry. The univariate analysis was first performed by T-test to rank potential biomarkers. The metabolomic pathway analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) were performed to group the significant metabolites involved in the same metabolic pathways or networks. Moreover, a support vector machine (SVM) predictive model was built to identify the potential metabolites in the altered pathways and clusters. The accuracy of the SVM model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. RESULTS A total of 23 differential exhaled breath metabolites were significantly altered in patients with MDD compared with HCs and mapped in five significant metabolic pathways including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (p = 0.0055), branched chain amino acids valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis (p = 0.0060), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (p = 0.0067), nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism (p = 0.0213) and pyruvate metabolism (p = 0.0440). Moreover, the SVM predictive model showed that butylamine (p = 0.0005, pFDR=0.0006), 3-methylpyridine (p = 0.0002, pFDR = 0.0012), endogenous aliphatic ethanol isotope (p = 0.0073, pFDR = 0.0174), valeric acid (p = 0.005, pFDR = 0.0162) and isoprene (p = 0.038, pFDR = 0.045) were potential metabolites within identified clusters with HCA and altered pathways, and discriminated between patients with MDD and non-depressed ones with high sensitivity (0.88), specificity (0.96) and area under curve of ROC (0.96). CONCLUSION According to the results of this study, the non-targeted breathomics analysis with high-throughput sensitive analytical technologies coupled to advanced computational tools approaches offer completely new insights into peripheral biochemical changes in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Gbaoui
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Fachet
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marian Lüno
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Meyer-Lotz
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Hoeschen
- Chair of Medical Systems Technology, Institute for Medical Technology, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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29
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Jiang J, Ding X, Isaacson KP, Tasoglou A, Huber H, Shah AD, Jung N, Boor BE. Ethanol-based disinfectant sprays drive rapid changes in the chemical composition of indoor air in residential buildings. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LETTERS 2021; 2:100042. [PMID: 34977843 PMCID: PMC8423670 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazl.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in increased usage of ethanol-based disinfectants for surface inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in buildings. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particles from ethanol-based disinfectant sprays were characterized in real-time (1 Hz) via a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) and a high-resolution electrical low-pressure impactor (HR-ELPI+), respectively. Ethanol-based disinfectants drove sudden changes in the chemical composition of indoor air. VOC and particle concentrations increased immediately after application of the disinfectants, remained elevated during surface contact time, and gradually decreased after wiping. The disinfectants produced a broad spectrum of VOCs with mixing ratios spanning the sub-ppb to ppm range. Ethanol was the dominant VOC emitted by mass, with concentrations exceeding 103 μg m-3 and emission factors ranging from 101 to 102 mg g-1. Listed and unlisted diols, monoterpenes, and monoterpenoids were also abundant. The pressurized sprays released significant quantities (104-105 cm-3) of nano-sized particles smaller than 100 nm, resulting in large deposited doses in the tracheobronchial and pulmonary regions of the respiratory system. Inhalation exposure to VOCs varied with time during the building disinfection events. Much of the VOC inhalation intake (>60 %) occurred after the disinfectant was sprayed and wiped off the surface. Routine building disinfection with ethanol-based sprays during the COVID-19 pandemic may present a human health risk given the elevated production of volatile chemicals and nano-sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglin Jiang
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Xiaosu Ding
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Kristofer P Isaacson
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Heinz Huber
- Edelweiss Technology Solutions, LLC, Novelty, OH, United States
| | - Amisha D Shah
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Division of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nusrat Jung
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Brandon E Boor
- Lyles School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Center for High Performance Buildings, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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30
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Jensen A, Liu Z, Tan W, Dix B, Chen T, Koss A, Zhu L, Li L, de Gouw J. Measurements of Volatile Organic Compounds During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Changzhou, China. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL095560. [PMID: 34924637 PMCID: PMC8667654 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl095560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 outbreak in 2020 prompted strict lockdowns, reduced human activity, and reduced emissions of air pollutants. We measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry instrument in Changzhou, China from 8 January through 27 March, including periods of pre-lockdown, strict measures (level 1), and more relaxed measures (level 2). We analyze the data using positive matrix factorization and resolve four factors: textile industrial emissions (62 ± 10% average reduction during level 1 relative to pre-lockdown), pharmaceutical industrial emissions (40 ± 20%), traffic emissions (71 ± 10%), and secondary chemistry (20 ± 20%). The two industrial sources showed different responses to the lockdown, so emissions from the industrial sector should not be scaled uniformly. The quantified changes in VOCs due to the lockdowns constrain emission inventories and inform chemistry-transport models, particularly for sectors where activity data are sparse, as the effects of lockdowns on air quality are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jensen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
- Changzhou Institute of Environmental ScienceChangzhouChina
| | | | - Barbara Dix
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Tianshu Chen
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Environment Research InstituteShandong UniversityQingdaoChina
| | | | | | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
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31
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Gkatzelis GI, Coggon MM, McDonald BC, Peischl J, Gilman JB, Aikin KC, Robinson MA, Canonaco F, Prevot ASH, Trainer M, Warneke C. Observations Confirm that Volatile Chemical Products Are a Major Source of Petrochemical Emissions in U.S. Cities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4332-4343. [PMID: 33720711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of declining air pollution, urban U.S. areas are still affected by summertime ozone and wintertime particulate matter exceedance events. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and photochemically produced ozone. Urban VOC emission sources, including on-road transportation emissions, have decreased significantly over the past few decades through successful regulatory measures. These drastic reductions in VOC emissions have led to a change in the distribution of urban emissions and noncombustion sources of VOCs such as those from volatile chemical products (VCPs), which now account for a higher fraction of the urban VOC burden. Given this shift in emission sources, it is essential to quantify the relative contribution of VCP and mobile source emissions to urban pollution. Herein, ground site and mobile laboratory measurements of VOCs were performed. Two ground site locations with different population densities, Boulder, CO, and New York City (NYC), NY, were chosen in order to evaluate the influence of VCPs in cities with varying mixtures of VCPs and mobile source emissions. Positive matrix factorization was used to attribute hundreds of compounds to mobile- and VCP-dominated sources. VCP-dominated emissions contributed to 42 and 78% of anthropogenic VOC emissions for Boulder and NYC, respectively, while mobile source emissions contributed 58 and 22%. Apportioned VOC emissions were compared to those estimated from the Fuel-based Inventory of Vehicle Emissions and VCPs and agreed to within 25% for the bulk comparison and within 30% for more than half of individual compounds. The evaluated inventory was extended to other U.S. cities and it suggests that 50 to 80% of emissions, reactivity, and the SOA-forming potential of urban anthropogenic VOCs are associated with VCP-dominated sources, demonstrating their important role in urban U.S. air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios I Gkatzelis
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | | | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
| | - Michael Trainer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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32
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Sekimoto K, Koss AR. Modern mass spectrometry in atmospheric sciences: Measurement of volatile organic compounds in the troposphere using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2021; 56:e4619. [PMID: 32955162 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the troposphere are emitted from a wide variety of natural and man-made sources and resulting in environmental issues such as air pollution and climate change. Proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), a chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique using H3 O+ reagent ions, allows real-time measurements of various VOCs in air with high sensitivity (parts-per-trillion to parts-per-billion level) and fast time response (<1 s). Modern PTR-MS equipped with time-of-flight mass analyzers can measure hundreds of compounds simultaneously. The applications of PTR-MS have greatly promoted understanding VOC sources and their roles in environmental issues, and therefore, PTR-MS has become a well-established analytical technique for in situ VOC measurements in atmospheric sciences. Here, the principles and implementation of PTR-MS are described. We additionally highlight modern PTR-MS techniques for accurate identification and comprehensive quantification of various VOCs. Finally, recent applications for atmospheric science are presented, using examples from research in biomass burning emissions and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Sekimoto
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Abigail R Koss
- Department of Applications, Tofwerk USA, Boulder, CO, USA
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33
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Zhou S, Liu Z, Wang Z, Young CJ, VandenBoer TC, Guo BB, Zhang J, Carslaw N, Kahan TF. Hydrogen Peroxide Emission and Fate Indoors during Non-bleach Cleaning: A Chamber and Modeling Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15643-15651. [PMID: 33258369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Activities such as household cleaning can greatly alter the composition of air in indoor environments. We continuously monitored hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from household non-bleach surface cleaning in a chamber designed to simulate a residential room. Mixing ratios of up to 610 ppbv gaseous H2O2 were observed following cleaning, orders of magnitude higher than background levels (sub-ppbv). Gaseous H2O2 levels decreased rapidly and irreversibly, with removal rate constants (kH2O2) 17-73 times larger than air change rate (ACR). Increasing the surface-area-to-volume ratio within the room caused peak H2O2 mixing ratios to decrease and kH2O2 to increase, suggesting that surface uptake dominated H2O2 loss. Volatile organic compound (VOC) levels increased rapidly after cleaning and then decreased with removal rate constants 1.2-7.2 times larger than ACR, indicating loss due to surface partitioning and/or chemical reactions. We predicted photochemical radical production rates and steady-state concentrations in the simulated room using a detailed chemical model for indoor air (the INDCM). Model results suggest that, following cleaning, H2O2 photolysis increased OH concentrations by 10-40% to 9.7 × 105 molec cm-3 and hydroperoxy radical (HO2) concentrations by 50-70% to 2.3 × 107 molec cm-3 depending on the cleaning method and lighting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Zhenlei Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Cora J Young
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - B Beverly Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Jianshun Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Tara F Kahan
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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Bruderer T, Gaugg MT, Cappellin L, Lopez-Hilfiker F, Hutterli M, Perkins N, Zenobi R, Moeller A. Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds with Secondary Electrospray Ionization and Proton Transfer Reaction High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: A Feature Comparison. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1632-1640. [PMID: 32584571 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of volatiles is of high relevance for a wide range of applications from environmental air sampling and security screening to potential medical applications. High-resolution mass spectrometry methods offer a particularly wide compound coverage, sensitivity, and selectivity. Online approaches allow direct analysis in real time without the need for sample preparation. For the first time, we systematically compared the analysis of volatile organic compounds with secondary electrospray ionization (SESI) and proton transfer reaction (PTR) high-resolution mass spectrometry. The selected instruments had comparable mass resolving powers with m/Δm ≥ 15000, which is particularly suitable for nontargeted analysis, for example, of exhaled breath. Exhalations from 14 healthy adults were analyzed simultaneously on both instruments. In addition, 97 reference standards from nine chemical classes were analyzed with a liquid evaporation system. Surprisingly, in breath, we found more complementary than overlapping features. A clear mass dependence was observed for each method with the highest number of detected m/z features for SESI in the high mass region (m/z = 150-250) and for PTR in the low mass region (m/z = 50-150). SESI yielded a significantly higher numbers of peaks (828) compared to PTR (491) among a total of 1304 unique breath m/z features. The number of signals observed by both methods was lower than expected (133 features) with 797 unique SESI features and 374 unique PTR features. Hypotheses to explain the observed mass-dependent differences are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bruderer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin T Gaugg
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cappellin
- TOFWERK AG, 3645 Thun, Switzerland
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | | | - Nathan Perkins
- Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Moeller
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, University Children's Hospital Zurich and Children's Research Center Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Sheu R, Stönner C, Ditto JC, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Gentner DR. Human transport of thirdhand tobacco smoke: A prominent source of hazardous air pollutants into indoor nonsmoking environments. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay4109. [PMID: 32181345 PMCID: PMC7056301 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of indoor nonsmoking environments with thirdhand smoke (THS) is an important, poorly understood public health concern. Real-time THS off-gassing from smokers into a nonsmoking movie theater was observed with online and offline high-resolution mass spectrometry. Prominent emission events of THS tracers (e.g., 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2-methylfuran, and acetonitrile) and other tobacco-related volatile organic compounds (VOCs) coincided with the arrival of certain moviegoers and left residual contamination. These VOC emission events exposed occupants to the equivalent of 1 to 10 cigarettes of secondhand smoke, including multiple hazardous air pollutants (e.g., benzene and formaldehyde) at parts-per-billion concentrations. Nicotine and related intermediate-volatility nitrogen-containing compounds, which vaporized from clothes/bodies and recondensed onto aerosol, comprised 34% of observed functionalized organic aerosol abundance. Exposure to THS VOC emission events will be considerably enhanced in poorly ventilated or smaller spaces in contrast with a large, well-ventilated theater-amplifying concentrations and potential impacts on health and indoor chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Sheu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Jenna C. Ditto
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
- SEARCH (Solutions for Energy, Air, Climate and Health) Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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36
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Richards LC, Davey NG, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Discrimination and geo-spatial mapping of atmospheric VOC sources using full scan direct mass spectral data collected from a moving vehicle. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:173-186. [PMID: 31808488 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00439d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (S/VOCs) are ubiquitous in the environment, come from a wide variety of anthropogenic and biogenic sources, and are important determinants of environmental and human health due to their impacts on air quality. They can be continuously measured by direct mass spectrometry techniques without chromatographic separation by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) and proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). We report the operation of these instruments in a moving vehicle, producing full scan mass spectral data to fingerprint ambient S/VOC mixtures with high temporal and spatial resolution. We describe two field campaigns in which chemometric techniques are applied to the full scan MIMS and PTR-ToF-MS data collected with a mobile mass spectrometry lab. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been successfully employed in a supervised analysis to discriminate VOC samples collected near known VOC sources including internal combustion engines, sawmill operations, composting facilities, and pulp mills. A Gaussian mixture model and a density-based spatial clustering of application with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm have been used to identify sample clusters within the full time series dataset collected and we present geospatial maps to visualize the distribution of VOC sources measured by PTR-ToF-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - N G Davey
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - C G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada and Chemistry Department, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, B.C., Canada and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry Department, Vancouver Island University, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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37
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Arata C, Heine N, Wang N, Misztal PK, Wargocki P, Bekö G, Williams J, Nazaroff WW, Wilson KR, Goldstein AH. Heterogeneous Ozonolysis of Squalene: Gas-Phase Products Depend on Water Vapor Concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:14441-14448. [PMID: 31757120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous work examining the condensed-phase products of squalene particle ozonolysis found that an increase in water vapor concentration led to lower concentrations of secondary ozonides, increased concentrations of carbonyls, and smaller particle diameter, suggesting that water changes the fate of the Criegee intermediate. To determine if this volume loss corresponds to an increase in gas-phase products, we measured gas-phase volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations via proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Studies were conducted in a flow-tube reactor at atmospherically relevant ozone (O3) exposure levels (5-30 ppb h) with pure squalene particles. An increase in water vapor concentration led to strong enhancement of gas-phase oxidation products at all tested O3 exposures. An increase in water vapor from near zero to 70% relative humidity (RH) at high O3 exposure increased the total mass concentration of gas-phase VOCs by a factor of 3. The observed fraction of carbon in the gas-phase correlates with the fraction of particle volume lost. Experiments involving O3 oxidation of shirts soiled with skin oil confirms that the RH dependence of gas-phase reaction product generation occurs similarly on surfaces containing skin oil under realistic conditions. Similar behavior is expected for O3 reactions with other surface-bound organics containing unsaturated carbon bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadja Heine
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Nijing Wang
- Air Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Pawel Wargocki
- Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Civil Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Air Chemistry Department , Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , 55128 Mainz , Germany
| | | | - Kevin R Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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