1
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Campbell GR, Rawat P, To RK, Spector SA. HIV-1 Tat Upregulates TREM1 Expression in Human Microglia. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:429-442. [PMID: 37326481 PMCID: PMC10352590 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Because microglia are a reservoir for HIV and are resistant to the cytopathic effects of HIV infection, they are a roadblock for any HIV cure strategy. We have previously identified that triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) plays a key role in human macrophage resistance to HIV-mediated cytopathogenesis. In this article, we show that HIV-infected human microglia express increased levels of TREM1 and are resistant to HIV-induced apoptosis. Moreover, upon genetic inhibition of TREM1, HIV-infected microglia undergo cell death in the absence of increased viral or proinflammatory cytokine expression or the targeting of uninfected cells. We also show that the expression of TREM1 is mediated by HIV Tat through a TLR4, TICAM1, PG-endoperoxide synthase 2, PGE synthase, and PGE2-dependent manner. These findings highlight the potential of TREM1 as a therapeutic target to eradicate HIV-infected microglia without inducing a proinflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R. Campbell
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD
| | - Pratima Rawat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Rachel K. To
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen A. Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, CA
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2
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Ruhanya V, Jacobs GB, Paul RH, Joska JA, Seedat S, Nyandoro G, Glashoff RH, Engelbrecht S. HIV-1 subtype C Tat exon-1 amino acid residue 24K is a signature for neurocognitive impairment. J Neurovirol 2022; 28:392-403. [PMID: 35394614 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-022-01073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Variation and differential selection pressures on Tat genes have been shown to alter the biological function of the protein, resulting in pathological consequences in a number of organs including the brain. We evaluated the impact of genetic variation and selection pressure on 147 HIV-1 subtype C Tat exon 1 sequences from monocyte-depleted peripheral lymphocytes on clinical diagnosis of neurocognitive impairment. Genetic analyses identified two signature amino acid residues, lysine at codon 24 (24K) with a frequency of 43.4% and arginine at codon 29 (29R) with a frequency of 34.0% in individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment. The analyses also revealed two signature residues, asparagine, 24 N (31.9%), and histidine, 29H (21.3%), in individuals without neurocognitive impairment. Both codons, 24 and 29, were associated with high entropy but only codon 29 was under positive selection. The presence of signature K24 increased by 2.08 times the risk of neurocognitive impairment, 3.15 times higher proviral load, and 69% lower absolute CD4 T-cell count compared to those without the signature. The results support a linkage between HIV-1 C Tat N24K polymorphism, proviral load, immunosuppression, and neurocognitive impairment. The signature may induce more neurotoxic effects, which contributes to establishment and severity of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vurayai Ruhanya
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | - Graeme Brendon Jacobs
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Robert H Paul
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Missouri-St Louis, University Boulevard, St Louis, USA
| | - John A Joska
- MRC Unit of Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- MRC Unit of Anxiety & Stress Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Richard H Glashoff
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Avenue, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.,National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Tygerberg Business Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
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3
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Crucial Role of Central Nervous System as a Viral Anatomical Compartment for HIV-1 Infection. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122537. [PMID: 34946138 PMCID: PMC8705402 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic infection established by the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) produces serious CD4+ T cell immunodeficiency despite the decrease in HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels and the raised life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) through treatment with combined antiretroviral therapies (cART). HIV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS), where perivascular macrophages and microglia are infected. Serious neurodegenerative symptoms related to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are produced by infection of the CNS. Despite advances in the treatment of this infection, HAND significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality globally. The pathogenesis and the role of inflammation in HAND are still incompletely understood. Principally, growing evidence shows that the CNS is an anatomical reservoir for viral infection and replication, and that its compartmentalization can trigger the evolution of neurological damage and thus make virus eradication more difficult. In this review, important concepts for understanding HAND and neuropathogenesis as well as the viral proteins involved in the CNS as an anatomical reservoir for HIV infection are discussed. In addition, an overview of the recent advancements towards therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HAND is presented. Further neurological research is needed to address neurodegenerative difficulties in people living with HIV, specifically regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication.
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4
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Akbay B, Germini D, Bissenbaev AK, Musinova YR, Sheval EV, Vassetzky Y, Dokudovskaya S. HIV-1 Tat Activates Akt/mTORC1 Pathway and AICDA Expression by Downregulating Its Transcriptional Inhibitors in B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041588. [PMID: 33557396 PMCID: PMC7915967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects T cells, but the most frequent AIDS-related lymphomas are of B-cell origin. Molecular mechanisms of HIV-1-induced oncogenic transformation of B cells remain largely unknown. HIV-1 Tat protein may participate in this process by penetrating and regulating gene expression in B cells. Both immune and cancer cells can reprogram communications between extracellular signals and intracellular signaling pathways via the Akt/mTORC1 pathway, which plays a key role in the cellular response to various stimuli including viral infection. Here, we investigated the role of HIV-1 Tat on the modulation of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway in B cells. We found that HIV-1 Tat activated the Akt/mTORC1 signaling pathway; this leads to aberrant activation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA) due to inhibition of the AICDA transcriptional repressors c-Myb and E2F8. These perturbations may ultimately lead to an increased genomic instability and proliferation that might cause B cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burkitkan Akbay
- CNRS UMR9018, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (B.A.); (D.G.); (Y.V.)
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Diego Germini
- CNRS UMR9018, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (B.A.); (D.G.); (Y.V.)
| | - Amangeldy K. Bissenbaev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
- Scientific Research Institute of Biology and Biotechnology Problems, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Yana R. Musinova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Evgeny V. Sheval
- Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Yegor Vassetzky
- CNRS UMR9018, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (B.A.); (D.G.); (Y.V.)
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Dokudovskaya
- CNRS UMR9018, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France; (B.A.); (D.G.); (Y.V.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Gianella S, Chaillon A, Chun TW, Sneller MC, Ignacio C, Vargas-Meneses MV, Caballero G, Ellis RJ, Kovacs C, Benko E, Huibner S, Kaul R. HIV RNA Rebound in Seminal Plasma after Antiretroviral Treatment Interruption. J Virol 2020; 94:e00415-20. [PMID: 32434884 PMCID: PMC7375368 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00415-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
If strategies currently in development succeed in eradicating HIV reservoirs in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues, residual sources of virus may remain in anatomic compartments. Paired blood and semen samples were collected from 12 individuals enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled therapeutic vaccine clinical trial in people with HIV (PWH) who began antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute or early infection (ClinicalTrials registration no. NCT01859325). After the week 56 visit (postintervention), all participants interrupted ART. At the first available time points after viral rebound, we sequenced HIV-1 env (C2-V3), gag (p24), and pol (reverse transcriptase) regions amplified from cell-free HIV RNA in blood and seminal plasma using the MiSeq Illumina platform. Comprehensive sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed to evaluate viral population structure, compartmentalization, and viral diversity in blood and seminal plasma. Compared to that in blood, HIV RNA rebound in semen occurred significantly later (median of 66 versus 42 days post-ART interruption, P < 0.01) and reached lower levels (median 164 versus 16,090 copies/ml, P < 0.01). Three of five participants with available sequencing data presented compartmentalized viral rebound between blood and semen in one HIV coding region. Despite early ART initiation, HIV RNA molecular diversity was higher in semen than in blood in all three coding regions for most participants. Higher HIV RNA molecular diversity in the genital tract (compared to that in blood plasma) and evidence of compartmentalization illustrate the distinct evolutionary dynamics between these two compartments after ART interruption. Future research should evaluate whether the genital compartment might contribute to viral rebound in some PWH interrupting ART.IMPORTANCE To cure HIV, we likely need to target the reservoirs in all anatomic compartments. Here, we used sophisticated statistical and phylogenetic methods to analyze blood and semen samples collected from 12 persons with HIV who began antiretroviral therapy (ART) during very early HIV infection and who interrupted their ART as part of a clinical trial. First, we found that HIV RNA rebound in semen occurred significantly later and reached lower levels than in blood. Second, we found that the virus in semen was genetically different in some participants compared to that in blood. Finally, we found increased HIV RNA molecular diversity in semen compared to that in blood in almost all study participants. These data suggest that the HIV RNA populations emerging from the genital compartment after ART interruption might not be the same as those emerging from blood plasma. Future research should evaluate whether the genital compartment might contribute to viral rebound in some people with HIV (PWH) interrupting ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gianella
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael C Sneller
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Gemma Caballero
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanja Huibner
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Ajasin D, Eugenin EA. HIV-1 Tat: Role in Bystander Toxicity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:61. [PMID: 32158701 PMCID: PMC7052126 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV Tat protein is a critical protein that plays multiple roles in HIV pathogenesis. While its role as the transactivator of HIV transcription is well-established, other non-viral replication-associated functions have been described in several HIV-comorbidities even in the current antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. HIV Tat protein is produced and released into the extracellular space from cells with active HIV replication or from latently HIV-infected cells into neighboring uninfected cells even in the absence of active HIV replication and viral production due to effective ART. Neighboring uninfected and HIV-infected cells can take up the released Tat resulting in the upregulation of inflammatory genes and activation of pathways that leads to cytotoxicity observed in several comorbidities such as HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), HIV associated cardiovascular impairment, and accelerated aging. Thus, understanding how Tat modulates host and viral response is important in designing novel therapeutic approaches to target the chronic inflammatory effects of soluble viral proteins in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ajasin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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7
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Livelli A, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Ma Q, Ferrara M, Clifford DB, Collier AC, Gelman BB, Marra CM, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Sacktor N, Simpson DM, Grant I, Letendre SL. Correlates of HIV RNA concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid during antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet HIV 2019; 6:e456-e462. [PMID: 31208949 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(19)30143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few large projects have evaluated the factors that influence the HIV RNA concentrations (viral load) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during antiretroviral therapy (ART) over time. We aimed to determine the correlates of HIV RNA in CSF in a large cohort. METHODS We analysed longitudinal data from adults living with HIV in the US CHARTER cohort. Participants in the CHARTER study were recruited from six US academic medical centres-in Baltimore (MD), Galveston (TX), New York (NY), St Louis (MO), San Diego (C92A), and Seattle (WA). Participants in this study had been assessed at least three times between Sept 4, 2003, and Sept 14, 2010, and were taking ART and underwent venous and lumbar puncture with measurement of HIV RNA concentration at all assessments. The lower limit of quantification of the HIV RNA assays was 50 copies per mL. Data were analysed with longitudinal mixed effects logistic regression to identify correlates of HIV RNA concentration (as a binary [detectable or not] and as a continuous variable) in CSF over time. We tested demographic characteristics, plasma HIV RNA, nadir and current CD4 cell count in blood, current CD8 cell count in blood, estimated duration of HIV infection, AIDS diagnosis, duration of ART, adherence to ART, ART characteristics, and CSF characteristics as potential correlates. FINDINGS At the time of analysis, 2207 assessments from 401 participants met the criteria for inclusion in this study. Mean duration of observation was 33·7 months (range 12-84). HIV RNA concentrations in 710 (32·2%) plasma specimens and in 255 (11·6%) CSF specimens were greater than the lower limit of quantification. The best multivariate model of HIV RNA concentration in CSF greater than the lower limit of quantification over time included increased plasma HIV RNA concentration (odds ratio 18·0 per 1 log10 copy per mL, 95% CI 11·3 to 28·8; p<0·0001), increased CSF leucocyte count (2·01 per 5 cells per μL, 1·61 to 2·39; p<0·0001), decreased CD4 cell count (0·53 per 5 square-root cells per μL, 0·35 to 0·79; p=0·0025), decreased CNS penetration-effectiveness value (0·71 per unit, 0·56 to 0·92; p=0·0078), increased CD8 cell count (1·51 per 5 square-root cells, 1·11 to 2·06; p=0·0089), and protease inhibitor use (3·26, 1·04 to 10·23; p=0·039; model R2=0·22, p<0·0001). Analyses of continuous HIV RNA concentration in CSF that accounted for censoring below the lower limit of quantification had similar findings, although increased HIV RNA concentrations in CSF were also associated with black ethnicity (change in log10 HIV RNA concentration in CSF 0·205, 0·0367 to 0·3733; p=0·017), increased total protein in CSF (0·0025, -0·0002 to 0·0052; p=0·069), and the presence of addictive-drug metabolites in urine (0·103, -0·013 to 0·219; p=0·081). INTERPRETATION The identified correlates of HIV RNA concentration in CSF during ART could strengthen clinical prediction of risk for failure to achieve or maintain HIV RNA suppression in CSF. Because most participants in this analysis were ART-experienced and were taking a three-drug regimen that did not include an integrase inhibitor, future research should focus on participants who are taking their first ART regimens or regimens that include integrase inhibitors or two drugs. FUNDING The work was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Livelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Florin Vaida
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Micol Ferrara
- Department of Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ann C Collier
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Justin C McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J Allen McCutchan
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Susan Morgello
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, and Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David M Simpson
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Scott L Letendre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Abstract
: Neurological conditions associated with HIV remain major contributors to morbidity and mortality and are increasingly recognized in the aging population on long-standing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Importantly, growing evidence shows that the central nervous system (CNS) may serve as a reservoir for viral replication, which has major implications for HIV eradication strategies. Although there has been major progress in the last decade in our understanding of the pathogenesis, burden, and impact of neurological conditions associated with HIV infection, significant scientific gaps remain. In many resource-limited settings, antiretrovirals considered second or third line in the United States, which carry substantial neurotoxicity, remain mainstays of treatment, and patients continue to present with severe immunosuppression and CNS opportunistic infections. Despite this, increased global access to cART has coincided with an aging HIV-positive population with cognitive sequelae, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral neuropathy. Further neurological research in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is needed to address the burden of neurological complications in HIV-positive patients, particularly regarding CNS viral reservoirs and their effects on eradication.
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9
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Gianella S, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Oliveira MF, Scheffler K, Strain MC, De la Torre A, Letendre S, Smith DM, Ellis RJ. Compartmentalized HIV rebound in the central nervous system after interruption of antiretroviral therapy. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew020. [PMID: 27774305 PMCID: PMC5072458 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To design effective eradication strategies, it may be necessary to target HIV reservoirs in anatomic compartments other than blood. This study examined HIV RNA rebound following interruption of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to determine whether the central nervous system (CNS) might serve as an independent source of resurgent viral replication. Paired blood and CSF samples were collected longitudinally from 14 chronically HIV-infected individuals undergoing ART interruption. HIV env (C2-V3), gag (p24) and pol (reverse transcriptase) were sequenced from cell-free HIV RNA and cell-associated HIV DNA in blood and CSF using the Roche 454 FLX Titanium platform. Comprehensive sequence and phylogenetic analyses were performed to search for evidence of unique or differentially represented viral subpopulations emerging in CSF supernatant as compared with blood plasma. Using a conservative definition of compartmentalization based on four distinct statistical tests, nine participants presented a compartmentalized HIV RNA rebound within the CSF after interruption of ART, even when sampled within 2 weeks from viral rebound. The degree and duration of viral compartmentalization varied considerably between subjects and between time-points within a subject. In 10 cases, we identified viral populations within the CSF supernatant at the first sampled time-point after ART interruption, which were phylogenetically distinct from those present in the paired blood plasma and mostly persisted over time (when longitudinal time-points were available). Our data suggest that an independent source of HIV RNA contributes to viral rebound within the CSF after treatment interruption. The most likely source of compartmentalized HIV RNA is a CNS reservoir that would need to be targeted to achieve complete HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gianella
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Michelli F Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matt C Strain
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio De la Torre
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott Letendre
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Departments of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Shi Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang A, Guo H, Wei F, Mehta SR, Espitia S, Smith DM, Liu L, Zhang Y, Chen D. A novel mutant 10Ala/Arg together with mutant 144Ser/Arg of hepatitis B virus X protein involved in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocarcinogenesis in HepG2 cell lines. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:285-91. [PMID: 26706415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major health problem worldwide. HBV X (HBx) protein is the most common open reading frame that may undergo mutations, resulting in the development of HCC. This study aimed to determine specific HBx mutations that differentiate the central- and para-tumor tissues, and identify their association with HCC development. HBx gene from HCC tumor and para-tumor tissues of 47 HCC patients was amplified, sequenced and statistically analyzed. A novel combination of 2 mutations at residues 10 and 144 was identified which might play a significant role in HCC development. Expression vectors carrying HBx with the specific mutations were constructed and transfected into HepG2 and p53-null HepG2 cells. Compared to wild type (WT) and single mutation of HBx at residue 10 or 144, the 10/144 double mutations strongly up-regulated p21 expression and prolonged G1/S transition in WT- and p53-null HepG2 cells. Apoptosis was also inhibited by HBx harboring 10/44 double-mutation. Binding of 10/144 double-mutant HBx to p53 was lower than WT HBx. Conclusively, the 10/144 double mutation of HBx might play a crucial role in HCC formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China; Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Yuhe Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changping District Hospital, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Anna Wang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Hongliang Guo
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, China
| | - Feili Wei
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Sanjay R Mehta
- Department of General Surgery, Changping District Hospital, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Stephen Espitia
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- San Diego Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Longgen Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Institute of Hepatology, Changzhou City 213001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yulin Zhang
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China; Department of Infectious Diseases, The Third Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou Institute of Hepatology, Changzhou City 213001, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Dexi Chen
- Capital Medical University Affiliated Beijing Youan Hospital, Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing 100054, China.
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11
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de Oliveira MF, Gianella S, Letendre S, Scheffler K, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Smith DM, Strain M, Ellis RJ. Comparative Analysis of Cell-Associated HIV DNA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Peripheral Blood by Droplet Digital PCR. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139510. [PMID: 26431315 PMCID: PMC4592012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of HIV DNA-bearing cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is challenging because few cells are present. We present a novel application of the sensitive droplet digital (dd)PCR in this context. Methods We analyzed CSF cell pellets and paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 28 subjects, 19 of whom had undetectable HIV RNA (<48 copies/mL) in both compartments. We extracted DNA from PBMC using silica-based columns and used direct lysis on CSF cells. HIV DNA and the host housekeeping gene (RPP30) were measured in CSF and PBMC by (dd)PCR. We compared HIV DNA levels in virally-suppressed and-unsuppressed subgroups and calculated correlations between HIV DNA and RNA levels in both compartments using non-parametric tests. Results HIV DNA was detected in 18/28 (64%) CSF cell pellets, including 10/19 (53%) samples with undetectable HIV RNA. HIV DNA levels in CSF cell pellets were not correlated with RPP30 (p = 0.3), but correlated positively with HIV RNA in CSF (p = 0.04) and HIV DNA in PBMC (p = 0.03). Cellular HIV DNA in CSF was detected in comparable levels in HIV RNA-suppressed and unsuppressed subjects (p = 0.14). In contrast, HIV DNA levels in PBMC were significantly lower in HIV RNA-suppressed than in unsuppressed subjects (p = 0.014). Among subjects with detectable HIV DNA in both compartments, HIV DNA levels in CSF were significantly higher than in PBMC (p<0.001). Conclusions Despite low mononuclear cell numbers in CSF, HIV DNA was detected in most virally suppressed individuals. In contrast to PBMC, suppressive ART was not associated with lower HIV DNA levels in CSF cells, compared to no ART, perhaps due to poorer ART penetration, slower decay of HIV DNA, or enrichment of HIV DNA-bearing mononuclear cells into the CSF, compared to blood. Future studies should determine what fraction of HIV DNA is replication-competent in CSF leukocytes, compared to PBMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelli Faria de Oliveira
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MFO); (RJE)
| | - Sara Gianella
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Letendre
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Konrad Scheffler
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Davey M. Smith
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, United States of America
| | - Matt Strain
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Ellis
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MFO); (RJE)
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12
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Kim SH, Smith AJ, Tan J, Shytle RD, Giunta B. MSM ameliorates HIV-1 Tat induced neuronal oxidative stress via rebalance of the glutathione cycle. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:328-338. [PMID: 25893035 PMCID: PMC4399096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein is a key neuropathological element in HIV associated neurogcognitive disorders (HAND); a type of cognitive syndrome thought to be at least partially mediated by increased levels of brain reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur-containing compound known to reduce oxidative stress. This study was conducted to determine whether administration of MSM attenuates HIV-1 Tat induced oxidative stress in mouse neuronal cells. MSM treatment significantly decreased neuronal cell NO and ROS secretion. Further, MSM significantly reversed HIV-1 Tat mediated reductions in reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as HIV-1 Tat mediated increases in oxidized glutathione (GSSG). In addition, Tat reduced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a key nuclear promoter of antioxidant activity, while MSM increased its translocation to the nucleus in the presence of Tat. These results suggest that HIV-1 Tat reduces the resiliency of neuron cells to oxidative stress which can be reversed by MSM. Given the clinical safety of MSM, future preclinical in vivo studies will be required to further confirm these results in effort to validate MSM as a neuroprotectant in patients at risk of, or who are already diagnosed with, HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol-hee Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam J Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Jun Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, Rashid Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Silver Child Development Center, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - R Douglas Shytle
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
| | - Brian Giunta
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroimmunology Laboratory, University of South Florida, Morsani College of MedicineTampa, FL, USA
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Clifford DB, Ances BM. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 13:976-86. [PMID: 24156898 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurological involvement in HIV is often associated with cognitive impairment. Although severe and progressive neurocognitive impairment has become rare in HIV clinics in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy, most patients with HIV worldwide have poor outcomes on formal neurocognitive tests. In this Review, we describe the manifestations of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in the era of effective HIV therapy, outline diagnosis and treatment recommendations, and explore the research questions that remain. Although comorbid disorders, such as hepatitis C infection or epilepsy, might cause some impairment, their prevalence is insufficient to explain the frequency with which it is encountered. HIV disease markers, such as viral load and CD4 cell counts, are not strongly associated with ongoing impairment on treatment, whereas cardiovascular disease markers and inflammatory markers are. New cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers are needed to detect and follow impairment. Ongoing research efforts to optimise HIV therapy within the CNS, and potentially to intervene in downstream mechanisms of neurotoxicity, remain important avenues for future investigation. Ultimately, the full control of virus in the brain is a necessary step in the goal of HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Clifford
- Department of Neurology and Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Tilghman MW, Bhattacharya J, Deshpande S, Ghate M, Espitia S, Grant I, Marcotte TD, Smith D, Mehendale S. Genetic attributes of blood-derived subtype-C HIV-1 tat and env in India and neurocognitive function. J Med Virol 2013; 86:88-96. [PMID: 24150902 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genetic elements in HIV-1 subtype B tat and env are associated with neurotoxicity yet less is known about other subtypes. HIV-1 subtype C tat and env sequences were analyzed to determine viral genetic elements associated with neurocognitive impairment in a large Indian cohort. Population-based sequences of HIV-1 tat (exon 1) and env (C2-V3 coding region) were generated from blood plasma of HIV-infected patients in Pune, India. Participants were classified as cognitively normal or impaired based on neuropsychological assessment. Tests for signature residues, positive and negative selection, entropy, and ambiguous bases were performed using tools available through Los Alamos National Laboratory (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov) and Datamonkey (http://www.datamonkey.org). HIV-1 subtype C tat and env sequences were analyzed for 155 and 160 participants, of which 34-36% were impaired. Two signature residues were unique to impaired participants in exon 1 of tat at codons 29 (arginine) and 68 (proline). Positive selection was noted at codon 29 among normal participants and at codon 68 in both groups. The signature at codon 29 was also a signature for low CD4+ (<200 cells/mm(3)) counts but remained associated with impairment after exclusion of those with low CD4+ counts. No unique genetic signatures were noted in env. In conclusion, two signature residues were identified in exon 1 of HIV-1 subtype C tat that were associated with neurocognitive impairment in India and not completely accounted for by HIV disease progression. These signatures support a linkage between diversifying selection in HIV-1 subtype C tat and neurocognitive impairment.
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