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Mack ML, Huang W, Chang SL. Involvement of TRPM7 in Alcohol-Induced Damage of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Presence of HIV Viral Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1910. [PMID: 36768230 PMCID: PMC9916124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol (EtOH) exerts its effects through various protein targets, including transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels, which play an essential role in cellular homeostasis. We demonstrated that TRPM7 is expressed in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (rBMVECs), the major cellular component of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Heavy alcohol drinking is often associated with HIV infection, however mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced BBB damage and HIV proteins, are not fully understood. We utilized the HIV-1 transgenic (HIV-1Tg) rat to mimic HIV-1 patients on combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART) and demonstrated TRPM7 expression in rBMVECs wass lower in adolescent HIV-1Tg rats compared to control animals, however control and HIV-1Tg rats expressed similar levels at 9 weeks, indicating persistent presence of HIV-1 proteins delayed TRPM7 expression. Binge exposure to EtOH (binge EtOH) decreased TRPM7 expression in control rBMVECs in a concentration-dependent manner, and abolished TRPM7 expression in HIV-1Tg rats. In human BMVECs (hBMVECs), TRPM7 expression was downregulated after treatment with EtOH, HIV-1 proteins, and in combination. Next, we constructed in vitro BBB models using BMVECs and found TRPM7 antagonists enhanced EtOH-mediated BBB integrity changes. Our study demonstrated alcohol decreased TRPM7 expression, whereby TRPM7 could be involved in the mechanisms underlying BBB alcohol-induced damage in HIV-1 patients on cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Mack
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Wenfei Huang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
| | - Sulie L. Chang
- Institute of NeuroImmune Pharmacology, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA
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de Almeida SM, Kulik A, Malaquias MAS, Nagashima S, de Paula CBV, Muro MD, de Noronha L. The Impact of Paracoccidioides spp Infection on Central Nervous System Cell Junctional Complexes. Mycopathologia 2022; 187:567-577. [PMID: 35922705 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-022-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides spp. is the most prevalent fungal infection among immunocompetent patients in Latin America. The estimated frequency of central nervous system (CNS) involvement among the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/PCM-positive population is 2.5%. We aimed to address the impact of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis (NPCM) and HIV/NPCM co-infection on the tight junctions (TJ) and adherens junction (AJ) proteins of the CNS. Four CNS formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens were studied: NPCM, NPCM/HIV co-infection, HIV-positive without opportunistic CNS infection, and normal brain autopsy (negative control). Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the endothelial cells and astrocytes expressions of TJ markers: claudins (CLDN)-1, -3, -5 and occludin; AJ markers: β-catenin and E-cadherin; and pericyte marker: alpha-smooth muscle actin. FFPE CNS tissue specimens were analyzed using the immunoperoxidase assay. CLDN-5 expression in the capillaries of the HIV/NPCM coinfected tissues (mixed clinical form of PCM) was lower than that in the capillaries of the HIV or NPCM monoinfected (chronic clinical form of PCM) tissues. A marked decrease in CLDN-5 expression and a compensatory increase in CLDN-1 expression in the NPCM/HIV co-infection tissue samples was observed. The authors suggest that Paracoccidioides spp. crosses the blood-brain barrier through paracellular pathway, owing to the alteration in the CLDN expression, or inside the macrophages (Trojan horse).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Monteiro de Almeida
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. .,Neuroinfection Outclinic, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua Padre Camargo 280, Curitiba, Paraná, 80060-240, Brazil.
| | - Amanda Kulik
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Seigo Nagashima
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caroline Busatta Vaz de Paula
- Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marisol Dominguez Muro
- Micology Laboratory, Hospital de Clinicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Medical Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratório de Patologia Experimental, Escola de Medicina- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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3
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Anesten B, Zetterberg H, Nilsson S, Brew BJ, Fuchs D, Price RW, Gisslén M, Yilmaz A. Effect of antiretroviral treatment on blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 infection. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:494. [PMID: 34937542 PMCID: PMC8693475 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02527-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury is prevalent in patients with HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and is a frequent feature of HIV encephalitis. Signs of BBB damage are also sometimes found in neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals without antiretroviral therapy (ART). The aim of this study was to investigate the integrity of the BBB before and after initiation of ART in both neuroasymptomatic HIV infection and in patients with HAD. Methods We determined BBB integrity by measuring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratios in archived CSF samples prior to and after initiation of ART in longitudinally-followed neuroasymptomatic HIV-1-infected individuals and patients with HAD. We also analyzed HIV RNA in blood and CSF, IgG Index, CSF WBC counts, and CSF concentrations of β2-micoglobulin, neopterin, and neurofilament light chain protein (NfL). Results We included 159 HIV-infected participants; 82 neuroasymptomatic individuals and 77 with HAD. All neuroasymptomatic individuals (82/82), and 10/77 individuals with HAD, were longitudinally followed with a median (interquartile range, IQR) follow-up of 758 (230–1752) days for the neuroasymptomatic individuals, and a median (IQR) follow-up of 241 (50–994) days for the individuals with HAD. Twelve percent (10/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 80% (8/10) of the longitudinally-followed individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios at baseline. At the last follow-up, 9% (7/82) of the neuroasymptomatic individuals and 20% (2/10) of the individuals with HAD had elevated albumin ratios. ART significantly decreased albumin ratios in both neuroasymptomatic individuals and in patients with HAD. Conclusion These findings indicate that ART improves and possibly normalizes BBB integrity in both neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals and in patients with HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Anesten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-415 50, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Hong Kong, China
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Department of Neurology, St.Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of HIV Medicine and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-415 50, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-415 50, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lentiviral Infections Persist in Brain despite Effective Antiretroviral Therapy and Neuroimmune Activation. mBio 2021; 12:e0278421. [PMID: 34903055 PMCID: PMC8669467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02784-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection persists in different tissue reservoirs among people with HIV (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). In the brain, lentiviruses replicate principally in microglia and trafficking macrophages. The impact of ART on this viral reservoir is unknown. We investigated the activity of contemporary ART in various models of lentivirus brain infection. HIV-1 RNA and total and integrated DNA were detected in cerebral cortex from all PWH (n = 15), regardless of ART duration or concurrent plasma viral quantity and, interestingly, integrated proviral DNA levels in brain were significantly higher in the aviremic ART-treated group (P < 0.005). Most ART drugs tested (dolutegravir, ritonavir, raltegravir, and emtricitabine) displayed significantly lower 50% effective concentration (EC50) values in lymphocytes than in microglia, except tenofovir, which showed 1.5-fold greater activity in microglia (P < 0.05). In SIV-infected Chinese rhesus macaques, despite receiving suppressive (n = 7) or interrupted (n = 8) ART, brain tissues had similar SIV-encoded RNA and total and integrated DNA levels compared to brains from infected animals without ART (n = 3). SIV and HIV-1 capsid antigens were immunodetected in brain, principally in microglia/macrophages, regardless of ART duration and outcome. Antiviral immune responses were comparable in the brains of ART-treated and untreated HIV- and SIV-infected hosts. Both HIV-1 and SIV persist in brain tissues despite contemporary ART, with undetectable virus in blood. ART interruption exerted minimal effect on the SIV brain reservoir and did not alter the neuroimmune response profile. These studies underscore the importance of augmenting ART potency in different tissue compartments. IMPORTANCE Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 in plasma and CSF to undetectable levels. However, the impact of contemporary ART on HIV-1 brain reservoirs remains uncertain. An active viral reservoir in the brain during ART could lead to rebound systemic infection after cessation of therapy, development of drug resistance mutations, and neurological disease. ART's impact, including its interruption, on brain proviral DNA remains unclear. The present studies show that in different experimental platforms, contemporary ART did not suppress viral burden in the brain, regardless of ART component regimen, the duration of therapy, and its interruption. Thus, new strategies for effective HIV-1 suppression in the brain are imperative to achieve sustained HIV suppression.
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Possible mechanisms of HIV neuro-infection in alcohol use: Interplay of oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy interruption. Alcohol 2021; 94:25-41. [PMID: 33864851 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use and HIV-1 infection have a pervasive impact on brain function, which extends to the requirement, distribution, and utilization of energy within the central nervous system. This effect on neuroenergetics may explain, in part, the exacerbation of HIV-1 disease under the influence of alcohol, particularly the persistence of HIV-associated neurological complications. The objective of this review article is to highlight the possible mechanisms of HIV/AIDS progression in alcohol users from the perspective of oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and interruption of energy metabolism. These include the hallmark of sustained immune cell activation and high metabolic energy demand by HIV-1-infected cells in the central nervous system, with at-risk alcohol use. Here, we discussed the point that the increase in energy supply requirement by HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells as well as the deterrence of nutrient uptake across the blood-brain barrier significantly depletes the energy source and neuro-environment homeostasis in the CNS. We also described the mechanistic idea that comorbidity of HIV-1 infection and alcohol use can cause a metabolic shift and redistribution of energy usage toward HIV-1-infected neuroimmune cells, as shown in neuropathological evidence. Under such an imbalanced neuro-environment, meaningless energy waste is expected in infected cells, along with unnecessary malnutrition in non-infected neuronal cells, which is likely to accelerate HIV neuro-infection progression in alcohol use. Thus, it will be important to consider the factor of nutrients/energy imbalance in formulating treatment strategies to help impede the progression of HIV-1 disease and associated neurological disorders in alcohol use.
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Caligaris G, Trunfio M, Ghisetti V, Cusato J, Nigra M, Atzori C, Imperiale D, Bonora S, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Blood-Brain Barrier Impairment in Patients Living with HIV: Predictors and Associated Biomarkers. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:867. [PMID: 34065785 PMCID: PMC8151579 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the substantial changes resulting from the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remains substantial. Blood-brain barrier impairment (BBBi) is a frequent feature in people living with HIV (PLWH) and it may persist despite effective antiretroviral treatment. A cross-sectional study was performed in PLWH who underwent lumbar puncture for clinical reasons or research protocols and several cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers were studied. BBBi was defined as cerebrospinal fluid-to-serum albumin ratio (CSAR) >6.5 (<40 years) or >8 (>40 years). We included 464 participants: 147 cART-naïve and 317 on cART. Male sex was prevalent in both groups (72.1% and 72.2% respectively); median age was 44 (38-52) years in naïve and 49 (43-57) years in treated subjects. BBBi was observed in 35.4% naïve and in 22.7% treated participants; the use of integrase inhibitors was associated with a lower prevalence (18.3 vs. 30.9%, p = 0.050). At multivariate binary logistic regression (including age and sex) nadir CD4 cell count (p = 0.034), presence of central nervous system (CNS) opportunistic infections (p = 0.024) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA (p = 0.002) in naïve participants and male sex (p = 0.021), a history of CNS opportunistic infections (p = 0.001) and CSF HIV RNA (p = 0.034) in treated patients were independently associated with BBBi. CSF cells and neopterin were significantly higher in participants with BBBi. BBBi was prevalent in naïve and treated PLWH and it was associated with CSF HIV RNA and neopterin. Systemic control of viral replication seems to be essential for BBB integrity while sex and treatment influence need further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Caligaris
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mattia Trunfio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Valeria Ghisetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, 10149 Torino, Italy;
| | - Jessica Cusato
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marco Nigra
- Diagnostic Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, 10154 Torino, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Unit of Neurology, Maria Vittoria Hospital, ASL Città di Torino, 10144 Torino, Italy;
| | - Daniele Imperiale
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Stefano Bonora
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (M.T.); (J.C.); (D.I.); (S.B.); (G.D.P.); (A.C.)
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Moulignier A, Lamirel C, Picard H, Lebrette MG, Amiel C, Hamidi M, Polivka M, Mikol J, Cochereau I, Pialoux G. Long-term AIDS-related PCNSL outcomes with HD-MTX and combined antiretroviral therapy. Neurology 2017; 89:796-804. [PMID: 28747447 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the characteristics and outcomes of patients with AIDS-related primary CNS lymphoma (AR-PCNSL) in the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era systematically treated with high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed (intention-to-treat analysis) 51 consecutive patients with AR-PCNSL (median age 39 years) who were diagnosed from 1996 to 2014 and treated with a median of 6 (range 1-15) infusions of HD-MTX (3 g/m2) combined with cART. RESULTS Median all-patients' and survivors' follow-up lasted 23 (range 0-186) and 76 (range 23-186) months, respectively. At PCNSL diagnosis, 83% of the patients were on cART, median plasma HIV load was 175,600 copies/mL, and median CD4+ T-cell count was 24/μL. Median Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 2 (range 1-4). Median overall survival (OS) was 5.7 years, with 5- and 10-year rates of 48% and 41%. Median time to progression was not reached (69% at 10 months). PCNSL was the direct cause of 14 deaths, all observed within the 10 months after its diagnosis: 6 patients died before HD-MTX could be administered, 4 had refractory disease, and 4 relapsed. Multivariate analyses retained time interval between AIDS diagnosis and PCNSL diagnosis, age at AR-PCNSL diagnosis, and deep brain structure involvement as independent OS-predictive factors. To restore effective immune function, cART tailored to HIV genotypes was started and combined with HD-MTX; no interactions and no immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome occurred. No patient died of acute treatment-related toxicity, and 21 of 51 (41%) patients experienced grade 3/4 toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Combined short-term HD-MTX monochemotherapy and optimal cART simply and effectively treat AR-PCNSL, achieving long-term survival with few relapses. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that short-term HD-MTX monochemotherapy improves long-term survival of patients with AIDS with primary CNS lymphoma receiving cARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Moulignier
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France.
| | - Cédric Lamirel
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Hervé Picard
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Marie-Gisèle Lebrette
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Corinne Amiel
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Mohammed Hamidi
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Marc Polivka
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Jacqueline Mikol
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Isabelle Cochereau
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
| | - Gilles Pialoux
- From the Department of Neurology (A.M.), Department of Ophthalmology (C.L., I.C.), and Clinical Research Unit (H.P.), Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild, Paris; Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases (A.M., M.-G.L., M.H., G.P.) and Department of Virology (C.A.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon-Université Paris 6; and Department of Pathology (M.P., J.M.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière-Université Paris 7, France
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8
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Ubaida-Mohien C, Lamberty B, Dickens AM, Mielke MM, Marcotte T, Sacktor N, Grant I, Letendre S, Franklin D, Cibrowski P, Tharakan R, McArthur JC, Fox H, Haughey NJ. Modifications in acute phase and complement systems predict shifts in cognitive status of HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2017; 31:1365-1378. [PMID: 28574961 PMCID: PMC5501712 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has not changed considerably in the last two decades. Potent antiretroviral therapy has shifted the severity of HAND to milder phenotypes, but excess morbidity and mortality continue to be associated with HAND. Changes in numerous markers of immune function, inflammation, and cellular stress have been repeatedly associated with HAND, but the underlying systems that drive these changes have not been identified. METHOD In this study, we used systems informatics to interrogate the cerebrospinal fluid proteomic content of longitudinal samples obtained from HIV-infected adults with stably unimpaired, stably impaired, worsening, or improving neurocognitive performance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The patterns of change in cerebrospinal fluid protein content implicated the induction of acute phase and complement systems as important regulators of neurocognitive status. Worsening neurocognitive performance was preceded by induction of acute phase and complement systems, whereas improving neurocognitive performance was preceded by a downregulation of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceereena Ubaida-Mohien
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore,
Maryland
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Benjamin Lamberty
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of
Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE
| | - Alex M. Dickens
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michelle M Mielke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research and
Department of Neurology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Thomas Marcotte
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Department of Psychiatry,
School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Igor Grant
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Department of Psychiatry,
School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Scott Letendre
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Department of Psychiatry,
School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - D Franklin
- HIV Neurobehavioral Research Program and Department of Psychiatry,
School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pawel Cibrowski
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of
Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE
| | - Ravi Tharakan
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD
| | - Justin C. McArthur
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Howard Fox
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of
Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE
| | - Norman J. Haughey
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Baltimore, MD
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of
Psychiatry, Baltimore, MD
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9
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Abstract
Combination antiretroviral treatment is associated with clear benefits in HIV-positive subjects, and is also effective in the central nervous system (CNS), meaning HIV-associated dementia is now an uncommon event. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients show symptoms of neurocognitive impairment which may negatively affect their quality of life. Although several risk factors for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders have been identified, there is no clear recommendation for their prevention and management. In this review, the penetration of drugs into the cerebrospinal fluid/CNS is discussed as well as the viral and clinical consequences associated with higher/lower compartmental exposure. We also review the potential interventions according to the currently identified underlying mechanisms, including persistent CNS immune activation, legacy effects, low-level viral replication and escape, co-morbidities, and antiretroviral-associated direct and indirect 'neurotoxicity'. Adjunctive therapies and interventions (including neuro-rehabilitation) are then briefly discussed. The treatment of HIV infection in the CNS is a complex area of therapeutics requiring multidisciplinary interventions and further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy.
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy
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10
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Anesten B, Yilmaz A, Hagberg L, Zetterberg H, Nilsson S, Brew BJ, Fuchs D, Price RW, Gisslén M. Blood-brain barrier integrity, intrathecal immunoactivation, and neuronal injury in HIV. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e300. [PMID: 27868081 PMCID: PMC5104266 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Although blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment has been reported in HIV-infected individuals, characterization of this impairment has not been clearly defined. Methods: BBB integrity was measured by CSF/plasma albumin ratio in this cross-sectional study of 631 HIV-infected individuals and 71 controls. We also analyzed CSF and blood HIV RNA and neopterin, CSF leukocyte count, and neurofilament light chain protein (NFL) concentrations. The HIV-infected participants included untreated neuroasymptomatic patients, patients with untreated HIV-associated dementia (HAD), and participants on suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART). Results: The albumin ratio was significantly increased in patients with HAD compared to all other groups. There were no significant differences between untreated neuroasymptomatic participants, treated participants, and controls. BBB integrity, however, correlated significantly with CSF leukocyte count, CSF HIV RNA, serum and CSF neopterin, and age in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. In a multiple linear regression analysis, age, CSF neopterin, and CSF leukocyte count stood out as independent predictors of albumin ratio. A significant correlation was found between albumin ratio and CSF NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic patients and in participants on ART. Albumin ratio, age, and CD4 cell count were confirmed as independent predictors of CSF NFL in multivariable analysis. Conclusions: BBB disruption was mainly found in patients with HAD, where BBB damage correlated with CNS immunoactivation. Albumin ratios also correlated with CSF inflammatory markers and NFL in untreated neuroasymptomatic participants. These findings give support to the association among BBB deterioration, intrathecal immunoactivation, and neuronal injury in untreated neuroasymptomatic HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgitta Anesten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Aylin Yilmaz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Lars Hagberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Richard W Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Magnus Gisslén
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine (B.A., A.Y., L.H., M.G.), and Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology (H.Z.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience (H.Z.), UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; Mathematical Sciences (S.N.), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden; Departments of Neurology and HIV Medicine (B.J.B.), St Vincent's Hospital and Peter Duncan Neurosciences Unit, St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Division of Biological Chemistry (D.F.), Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria; and Department of Neurology (R.W.P.), University of California San Francisco
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11
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Calcagno A, Romito A, Atzori C, Ghisetti V, Cardellino C, Audagnotto S, Scarvaglieri E, Lipani F, Imperiale D, Di Perri G, Bonora S. Blood Brain Barrier Impairment in HIV-Positive Naïve and Effectively Treated Patients: Immune Activation Versus Astrocytosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 12:187-193. [PMID: 27826896 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) damage is a common feature in central nervous system infections by HIV and it may persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy. Astrocyte involvement has not been studied in this setting. Patients were enrolled in an ongoing prospective study and subjects with central nervous system-affecting disorders were excluded. Patients were divided into two groups: treated subjects with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) HIV RNA <50 copies/mL (CSF-controllers) and in late-presenters CD4+ T lymphocytes <100/uL. CSF biomarkers of neuronal or astrocyte damage were measured and compared to CSF serum-to-albumin ratio. 134 patients were included; 67 subjects in each group (50 %) with similar demographic characteristics (with the exception of older age in CSF controllers). CD4 (cells/uL), plasma and CSF HIV RNA (Log10 copies/mL) were 43 (20-96), 5.6 (5.2-6) and 3.9 (3.2-4.7) in LPs and 439 (245-615), <1.69 (9 patients <2.6) and <1.69 in CSFc. BBB impairment was observed in 17 late-presenters (25.4 %) and in 9 CSF-controllers (13.4 %). CSF biomarkers were similar but for higher CSF neopterin values in late-presenters (2.3 vs. 0.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001). CSARs were associated with CSF neopterin (rho = 0.31, p = 0.03) and HIV RNA (rho = 0.24, p = 0.05) in late-presenters and with CSF tau (rho = 0.51, p < 0.001), p-tau (rho = 0.47, p < 0.001) and S100beta (rho = 0.33, p = 0.009) in CSF-controllers. In HAART-treated subjects with suppressed CSF HIV RNA, BBB altered permeability was associated with markers of neuronal damage and astrocytosis. Additional treatment targeting astrocytosis and/or viral protein production might be needed in order to reduce HIV effects in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy.
| | - A Romito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - C Atzori
- Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - V Ghisetti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - C Cardellino
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - S Audagnotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - E Scarvaglieri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - F Lipani
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - D Imperiale
- Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino at Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, ASL TO2, Torino, Italy
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12
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Blood-CSF barrier and compartmentalization of CNS cellular immune response in HIV infection. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 301:41-48. [PMID: 27836178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV infection is persistent in the CNS, to evaluate the compartmentalization of the CNS immune response to HIV, we compared soluble markers of cellular immunity in the blood and CSF among HIV- (n=19) and HIV+ (n=68), as well as among HIV participants with or without CSF pleocytosis. Dysfunction of the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) was common in HIV participants. CSF levels of TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IP-10, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES were significantly higher in participants with CSF pleocytosis (P<0.05); serum levels of these biomarkers were comparable. The CNS immune response is compartmentalized, and remains so despite the BCSFB dysfunction during HIV infection; it is markedly reduced by virology suppression, although BCSFB dysfunction persists on this subgroup.
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13
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Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacogenetic, and Other Factors Influencing CNS Penetration of Antiretrovirals. AIDS Res Treat 2016; 2016:2587094. [PMID: 27777797 PMCID: PMC5061948 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2587094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological complications associated with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a matter of great concern. While antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are the cornerstone of HIV treatment and typically produce neurological benefit, some ARV drugs have limited CNS penetration while others have been associated with neurotoxicity. CNS penetration is a function of several factors including sieving role of blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and activity of innate drug transporters. Other factors are related to pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics of the specific ARV agent or mediated by drug interactions, local inflammation, and blood flow. In this review, we provide an overview of the various factors influencing CNS penetration of ARV drugs with an emphasis on those commonly used in sub-Saharan Africa. We also summarize some key associations between ARV drug penetration, CNS efficacy, and neurotoxicity.
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14
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Calcagno A, Atzori C, Romito A, Vai D, Audagnotto S, Stella ML, Montrucchio C, Imperiale D, Di Perri G, Bonora S. Blood brain barrier impairment is associated with cerebrospinal fluid markers of neuronal damage in HIV-positive patients. J Neurovirol 2015; 22:88-92. [PMID: 26246357 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0371-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier impairment occurs early in the course of infection by HIV and it may persist in a subset of patients despite effective antiretroviral treatment. We tested the hypothesis that HIV-positive patients with dysfunctional blood brain barrier may have altered biomarkers of neuronal damage. In adult HIV-positive highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART)-treated patients (without central nervous system infections and undergoing lumbar punctures for clinical reasons) cerebrospinal fluid albumin to serum ratios (CSAR), total tau, phosphorylated tau, 1-42 beta amyloid, and neopterin were measured. In 101 adult patients, cerebrospinal fluid-to-serum albumin ratios were 4.8 (3.7-6.1) with 12 patients (11.9%) presenting age-defined impaired blood brain barrier. A significant correlation was observed between CSAR and total tau (p = 0.005), phosphorylated tau (p = 0.008), and 1-42 beta amyloid (p = 0.040). Patients with impaired blood brain barrier showed significantly higher total tau (201.6 vs. 87.3 pg/mL, p = 0.010), phosphorylated tau (35.3 vs. 32.1 ng/mL, p = 0.035), and 1-42 beta amyloid (1134 vs. 830 pg/mL, p = 0.045). Despite effective antiretroviral treatment, blood brain barrier impairment persists in some HIV-positive patients: it is associated with markers of neuronal damage and it was not associated with CSF neopterin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy.
| | - C Atzori
- Unit of neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy
| | - A Romito
- Laboratory of Immunology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy
| | - D Vai
- Unit of neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy
| | - S Audagnotto
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy
| | - M L Stella
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy
| | - C Montrucchio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy
| | - D Imperiale
- Unit of neurology, Ospedale Maria Vittoria, ASLTO2, Torino, Italy
| | - G Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy
| | - S Bonora
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10149, Torino, Italy
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15
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Calcagno A, Di Perri G, Bonora S. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiretrovirals in the central nervous system. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 53:891-906. [PMID: 25200312 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HIV-positive patients may be effectively treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and such a strategy is associated with striking immune recovery and viral load reduction to very low levels. Despite undeniable results, the central nervous system (CNS) is commonly affected during the course of HIV infection, with neurocognitive disorders being as prevalent as 20-50 % of treated subjects. This review discusses the pathophysiology of CNS infection by HIV and the barriers to efficacious control of such a mechanism, including the available data on compartmental drug penetration and on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationships. In the reviewed articles, a high variability in drug transfer to the CNS is highlighted with several mechanisms as well as methodological issues potentially influencing the observed results. Nevirapine and zidovudine showed the highest cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to plasma ratios, although target concentrations are currently unknown for the CNS. The use of the composite CSF concentration effectiveness score has been associated with better virological outcomes (lower HIV RNA) but has been inconsistently associated with neurocognitive outcomes. These findings support the CNS effectiveness of commonly used highly antiretroviral therapies. The use of antiretroviral drugs with increased CSF penetration and/or effectiveness in treating or preventing neurocognitive disorders however needs to be assessed in well-designed prospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, c/o Ospedale Amedeo di Savoia, C.so Svizzera 164, 10159, Torino, Italy,
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16
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION After the introduction of highly active antiretroviral treatment, the course of HIV infection turned into a chronic disease and most of HIV-positive patients will soon be over 50 years old. MATERIAL AND METHODS This paper reviews the multiple aspects that physicians have to face while taking care of HIV-positive ageing patients including the definitions of frailty and the prevalence and risk factors of concomitant diseases. From a therapeutic point of view pharmacokinetic changes and antiretroviral-specific toxicities associated with ageing are discussed; finally therapeutic approaches to frailty are reviewed both in HIV-positive and negative patients. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION We conclude by suggesting that the combined use of drugs with the least toxicity potential and the promotion of healthy behaviours (including appropriate nutrition and exercise) might be the best practice for ageing HIV-positive subjects.
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17
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Abstract
HIV infects the central nervous system (CNS) during primary infection and persists in resident macrophages. CNS infection initiates a strong local immune response that fails to control the virus but is responsible for by-stander lesions involved in neurocognitive disorders. Although highly active anti-retroviral therapy now offers an almost complete control of CNS viral proliferation, low-grade CNS inflammation persists. This review focuses on HIV-induced intrathecal immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. Intrathecal Ig synthesis early occurs in more than three-quarters of patients in response to viral infection of the CNS and persists throughout the course of the disease. Viral antigens are targeted but this specific response accounts for <5% of the whole intrathecal synthesis. Although the nature and mechanisms leading to non-specific synthesis are unknown, this prominent proportion is comparable to that observed in various CNS viral infections. Cerebrospinal fluid-floating antibody-secreting cells account for a minority of the whole synthesis, which mainly takes place in perivascular inflammatory infiltrates of the CNS parenchyma. B-cell traffic and lineage across the blood-brain-barrier have not yet been described. We review common technical pitfalls and update the pending questions in the field. Moreover, since HIV infection is associated with an intrathecal chronic oligoclonal (and mostly non-specific) Ig synthesis and associates with low-grade axonal lesions, this could be an interesting model of the chronic intrathecal synthesis occurring during multiple sclerosis.
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