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Before the "cytokine storm": Boosting efferocytosis as an effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated complications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 63:108-118. [PMID: 35039221 PMCID: PMC8741331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and causes many health complications, including major lung diseases. Besides investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the immunological routes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is important for developing effective therapeutic interventions. The clearance of SARS-CoV-2-infected apoptotic cells by professional efferocytes, through a process termed as 'efferocytosis', is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, and reducing the chances of health complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we focus on the cellular events leading to engagement of the SARS-CoV-2 with type 2 alveolar cells, and how SARS-COV-2 infection impairs the macrophage anti-inflammatory programming. We also discuss accounts of impaired efferocytosis, and the “cytokine storm” which occur concomitantly with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we propose how targeting impaired efferocytosis, due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy to combat COVID-19, and its complications.
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Pan Y, Gao F, Zhao S, Han J, Chen F. Role of the SphK-S1P-S1PRs pathway in invasion of the nervous system by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:637-650. [PMID: 33565127 PMCID: PMC8014301 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Global spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is still ongoing. Before an effective vaccine is available, the development of potential treatments for resultant coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is crucial. One of the disease hallmarks is hyper‐inflammatory responses, which usually leads to a severe lung disease. Patients with COVID‐19 also frequently suffer from neurological symptoms such as acute diffuse encephalomyelitis, brain injury and psychiatric complications. The metabolic pathway of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) is a dynamic regulator of various cell types and disease processes, including the nervous system. It has been demonstrated that S1P and its metabolic enzymes, regulating neuroinflammation and neurogenesis, exhibit important functions during viral infection. S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) analogues including AAL‐R and RP‐002 inhibit pathophysiological responses at the early stage of H1N1 virus infection and then play a protective role. Fingolimod (FTY720) is an S1P receptor modulator and is being tested for treating COVID‐19. Our review provides an overview of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and critical role of the SphK‐S1P‐SIPR pathway in invasion of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, particularly in the central nervous system (CNS). This may help design therapeutic strategies based on the S1P‐mediated signal transduction, and the adjuvant therapeutic effects of S1P analogues to limit or prevent the interaction between the host and SARS‐CoV‐2, block the spread of the SARS‐CoV‐2, and consequently treat related complications in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehai Pan
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shangdong, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shangdong, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jinming Han
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shangdong, China
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Gil A, Martín-Montañez E, Valverde N, Lara E, Boraldi F, Claros S, Romero-Zerbo SY, Fernández O, Pavia J, Garcia-Fernandez M. Neuronal Metabolism and Neuroprotection: Neuroprotective Effect of Fingolimod on Menadione-Induced Mitochondrial Damage. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010034. [PMID: 33383658 PMCID: PMC7824129 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in the oxidative status in neurons, along with mitochondrial damage, are common characteristics in some neurodegenerative diseases. The maintenance in energy production is crucial to face and recover from oxidative damage, and the preservation of different sources of energy production is essential to preserve neuronal function. Fingolimod phosphate is a drug with neuroprotective and antioxidant actions, used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis. This work was performed in a model of oxidative damage on neuronal cell cultures exposed to menadione in the presence or absence of fingolimod phosphate. We studied the mitochondrial function, antioxidant enzymes, protein nitrosylation, and several pathways related with glucose metabolism and glycolytic and pentose phosphate in neuronal cells cultures. Our results showed that menadione produces a decrease in mitochondrial function, an imbalance in antioxidant enzymes, and an increase in nitrosylated proteins with a decrease in glycolysis and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. All these effects were counteracted when fingolimod phosphate was present in the incubation media. These effects were mediated, at least in part, by the interaction of this drug with its specific S1P receptors. These actions would make this drug a potential tool in the treatment of neurodegenerative processes, either to slow progression or alleviate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.G.); (E.M.-M.); (O.F.)
| | - Elisa Martín-Montañez
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.G.); (E.M.-M.); (O.F.)
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Nadia Valverde
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Estrella Lara
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | - Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Silvia Claros
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
| | | | - Oscar Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.G.); (E.M.-M.); (O.F.)
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
| | - Jose Pavia
- Department of Pharmacology and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (A.G.); (E.M.-M.); (O.F.)
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.G.-F.)
| | - Maria Garcia-Fernandez
- Neuroscience Unit, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), Malaga University Hospital, 29010 Malaga, Spain; (N.V.); (E.L.); (S.C.)
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Malaga University, 29010 Malaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.P.); (M.G.-F.)
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4
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Meacci E, Garcia-Gil M, Pierucci F. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Role for S1P/S1P Receptor Signaling in the Nervous System? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6773. [PMID: 32942748 PMCID: PMC7556035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is still spreading worldwide. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, binds to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and replicates within the cells of the nasal cavity, then spreads along the airway tracts, causing mild clinical manifestations, and, in a majority of patients, a persisting loss of smell. In some individuals, SARS-CoV-2 reaches and infects several organs, including the lung, leading to severe pulmonary disease. SARS-CoV-2 induces neurological symptoms, likely contributing to morbidity and mortality through unknown mechanisms. Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid with pleiotropic properties and functions in many tissues, including the nervous system. S1P regulates neurogenesis and inflammation and it is implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS). Notably, Fingolimod (FTY720), a modulator of S1P receptors, has been approved for the treatment of MS and is being tested for COVID-19. Here, we discuss the putative role of S1P on viral infection and in the modulation of inflammation and survival in the stem cell niche of the olfactory epithelium. This could help to design therapeutic strategies based on S1P-mediated signaling to limit or overcome the host-virus interaction, virus propagation and the pathogenesis and complications involving the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Meacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Mercedes Garcia-Gil
- Unit of Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via S. Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Pierucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Firenze, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy;
- Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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Kaddoura M, AlIbrahim M, Hijazi G, Soudani N, Audi A, Alkalamouni H, Haddad S, Eid A, Zaraket H. COVID-19 Therapeutic Options Under Investigation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1196. [PMID: 32848795 PMCID: PMC7424051 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in China in December 2019, COVID-19 has quickly spread around the globe causing a pandemic. Vaccination or the development of herd immunity seems the only way to slow down the spread of the virus; however, both are not achievable in the near future. Therefore, effective treatments to mitigate the burden of this pandemic and reduce mortality rates are urgently needed. Preclinical and clinical studies of potential antiviral and immunomodulatory compounds and molecules to identify safe and efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 are ongoing. Two compounds, remdesivir, and dexamethasone have been so far shown to reduce COVID-19-associated death. Here, we provide a review of the potential therapeutic agents being considered for the treatment and management of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Kaddoura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malak AlIbrahim
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghina Hijazi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadia Soudani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amani Audi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Habib Alkalamouni
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Salame Haddad
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Zaraket
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology & Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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von Wyl V, Benkert P, Moser A, Lorscheider J, Décard B, Hänni P, Lienert C, Kuhle J, Derfuss T, Kappos L, Yaldizli Ö. Disability progression in relapse-free multiple sclerosis patients on fingolimod versus interferon-beta/glatiramer acetate. Mult Scler 2020; 27:439-448. [PMID: 32463336 DOI: 10.1177/1352458520918489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disability progression independent of relapses (PIRA) has been described as a frequent phenomenon in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). OBJECTIVE To compare the occurrence of disability progression in relapse-free RRMS patients on interferon-beta/glatiramer acetate (IFN/GA) versus fingolimod. METHODS This study is based on data from the Swiss association for joint tasks of health insurers. Time to relapse and 12-month confirmed disability progression were compared between treatment groups using multivariable Cox regression analysis with confounder adjustment. Inverse-probability weighting was applied to correct for the bias that patients on fingolimod have a higher chance to remain relapse-free than patients on IFN/GA. RESULTS We included 1640 patients (64% IFN/GA, 36% fingolimod, median total follow-up time = 4-5 years). Disease-modifying treatment (DMT) groups were well balanced with regard to potential confounders. Disability progression was observed in 155 patients (8.8%) on IFN/GA and 51 (7.6%) on fingolimod, of which 44 and 23 were relapse-free during the initial DMT, respectively. Adjusted standard regression analysis on all patients indicated that those on fingolimod experience less frequently disability progression compared with IFN/GA (hazard ratio = 0.53 (95% confidence interval = 0.37-0.76)). After bias correction, this was also true for patients without relapses (hazard ratio=0.56 (95% confidence interval = 0.32-0.98). CONCLUSION Our analysis indicates that fingolimod is superior to IFN/GA in preventing disability progression in both relapsing and relapse-free, young, newly diagnosed RRMS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor von Wyl
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland/ Swiss Multiple Sclerosis Registry, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Benkert
- Clinical Trial Unit, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Moser
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Lorscheider
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Décard
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hänni
- Swiss Association for Joint Tasks of Health Insurers, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Lienert
- Department of Neurology, Rheinburg-Klinik, Walzenhausen, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Derfuss
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ludwig Kappos
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Özgür Yaldizli
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Druggable Sphingolipid Pathways: Experimental Models and Clinical Opportunities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:101-135. [PMID: 32894509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intensive research in the field of sphingolipids has revealed diverse roles in cell biological responses and human health and disease. This immense molecular family is primarily represented by the bioactive molecules ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). The flux of sphingolipid metabolism at both the subcellular and extracellular levels provides multiple opportunities for pharmacological intervention. The caveat is that perturbation of any single node of this highly regulated flux may have effects that propagate throughout the metabolic network in a dramatic and sometimes unexpected manner. Beginning with S1P, the receptors for which have thus far been the most clinically tractable pharmacological targets, this review will describe recent advances in therapeutic modulators targeting sphingolipids, their chaperones, transporters, and metabolic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Antel
- From the Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal
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Henriques A, Croixmarie V, Bouscary A, Mosbach A, Keime C, Boursier-Neyret C, Walter B, Spedding M, Loeffler JP. Sphingolipid Metabolism Is Dysregulated at Transcriptomic and Metabolic Levels in the Spinal Cord of an Animal Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 10:433. [PMID: 29354030 PMCID: PMC5758557 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is drastically dysregulated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and impacts prognosis of patients. Animal models recapitulate alterations in the energy metabolism, including hypermetabolism and severe loss of adipose tissue. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we have performed RNA-sequencing and lipidomic profiling in spinal cord of symptomatic SOD1G86R mice. Spinal transcriptome of SOD1G86R mice was characterized by differential expression of genes related to immune system, extracellular exosome, and lysosome. Hypothesis-driven identification of metabolites showed that lipids, including sphingomyelin(d18:0/26:1), ceramide(d18:1/22:0), and phosphatidylcholine(o-22:1/20:4) showed profound altered levels. A correlation between disease severity and gene expression or metabolite levels was found for sphingosine, ceramide(d18:1/26:0), Sgpp2, Sphk1, and Ugt8a. Joint-analysis revealed a significant enrichment of glycosphingolipid metabolism in SOD1G86R mice, due to the down-regulation of ceramide, glucosylceramide, and lactosylceramide and the overexpression of genes involved in their recycling in the lysosome. A drug-gene interaction database was interrogated to identify potential drugs able to modulate the dysregulated genes from the signaling pathway. Our results suggest that complex lipids are pivotally changed during the first phase of motor symptoms in an animal model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Henriques
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France.,Spedding Research Solutions SAS, Le Vesinet, France
| | | | - Alexandra Bouscary
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France
| | - Althéa Mosbach
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, INSERM, U964, CNRS, UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Loeffler
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle, Strasbourg, France.,INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Périphériques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France
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