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Cheng ML, Wu CH, Chien KY, Lai CH, Li GJ, Liu YY, Lin G, Ho HY. Enteroviral 2B Interacts with VDAC3 to Regulate Reactive Oxygen Species Generation That Is Essential to Viral Replication. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081717. [PMID: 36016340 PMCID: PMC9416218 DOI: 10.3390/v14081717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus (EV) 71 caused episodes of outbreaks in China and Southeast Asia during the last few decades. We have previously reported that EV71 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Co-immunoprecipitation-proteomic analysis revealed that enteroviral 2B protein interacted with mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 3 (VDAC3). Knockdown (KD) of VDAC3 expression specifically inhibited enteroviral replication. Single-round viral replication was also inhibited in KD cells, suggesting that VDAC3 plays an essential role in replication. Consistent with this, VDAC3 gene KD significantly reduced the EV71-induced mitochondrial ROS generation. Exogenous 2B expression could induce the mitochondrial ROS generation that was significantly reduced in VDAC3-KD cells or in the Mito-TEMPO-treated cells. Moreover, VDAC3 appears to be necessary for regulation of antioxidant metabolism. VDAC3 gene KD led to the enhancement of such pathways as hypotaurine/taurine synthesis in the infected cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that 2B and VDAC3 interact to enhance mitochondrial ROS generation, which promotes viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yi Chien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsueh Lai
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jie Li
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yu Liu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Gigin Lin
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Imaging Core Laboratory, Institute for Radiological Research, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yao Ho
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-211-8800 (ext. 3318)
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Host neuronal PRSS3 interacts with enterovirus A71 3A protein and its role in viral replication. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12846. [PMID: 35896602 PMCID: PMC9328647 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with neurological complications in young children. Currently, there is no specific treatment for EV-A71 infection due to the inadequate information on viral biology and neuropathogenesis. Among enteroviruses, nonstructural 3A protein mediates the formation of replication organelles which plays a major role in viral RNA synthesis and assembly. Although enteroviral 3A proteins have been intensively studied, the data on EV-A71 3A, especially in neuronal cells, are still limited. In this study, PRSS3 (mesotrypsinogen, also known as brain trypsinogen) was identified as EV-A71 3A-interacting counterpart from the transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by pull-down assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It was confirmed that PRSS3 variant 3 derived from human SH-SY5Y cells had the physical interaction with EV-A71 3A. Importantly, the role of PRSS3 in EV-A71 replication was verified by overexpression and siRNA-mediated gene silencing approaches. The detailed mechanism of the PRSS3 involved in EV-A71 replication and neuropathogenesis warrants further experimental elucidation. In conclusion, this study has discovered a novel EV-A71 3A interacting protein that offers the opportunity to study the neuropathogenesis of the infection which paves the way for developing a specific and effective treatment for the disease.
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Kinobe R, Wiyatno A, Artika IM, Safari D. Insight into the Enterovirus A71: A review. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2361. [PMID: 35510476 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot and mouth disease. It has become a global public health threat, and is especially important for infants and young children in the Asian-Pacific countries. The enterovirus A71 is a non-enveloped virus of the Picornaviridae family having a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome of about 7.4 kb which encodes the structural and nonstructural proteins. Currently there are no US FDA-approved vaccines or antiviral therapy available against enterovirus A71 infection. Although enterovirus A71 vaccines have been licenced in China, clinically approved vaccines for widespread vaccination programs are lacking. Substantial progress has recently been achieved on understanding the structure and function of enterovirus A71 proteins together with information on the viral genetic diversity and geographic distribution. The present review is intended to provide an overview on our current understanding of the molecular biology and epidemiology of enterovirus A71 which will aid the development of vaccines, therapeutics and other control strategies so as to bolster the preparedness for future enterovirus A71 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kinobe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Ageng Wiyatno
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - I Made Artika
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia.,Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dodi Safari
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Transcriptome of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in response to 2B protein of enterovirus-A71. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1765. [PMID: 35110649 PMCID: PMC8810792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05904-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) can cause hand-foot-mouth disease associated with fatal neurological complications. The host response to EV-A71 has not yet been fully elucidated, thus, hampering the development of a precise therapeutic approach. A nonstructural 2B protein of EV-A71 has been reported to involve with calcium dysregulation and apoptosis induction in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. However, the molecular mechanism has not been delineated. To address this, comprehensive study of the gene expression from SH-SY5Y cells transfected with EV-A71 2B was carried out by RNA sequencing and transcriptomic analysis. It was found that the signature of the upregulated genes of SH-SY5Y cells expressing EV-A71 2B involved the Ca2+-related signaling pathways participating gene expression, inflammatory response, apoptosis, and long-term potentiation of the neuron. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that the products encoded by CCL2, RELB, BIRC3, and TNFRSF9 were the most significant hub proteins in the network. It indicated that EV-A71 2B protein might play a role in immunopathogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS) which probably associated with the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. The data suggest that transcriptomic profiling can provide novel information source for studying the neuropathogenesis of EV-A71 infection leading to development of an effective therapeutic measure for CNS complications.
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Domanska A, Guryanov S, Butcher SJ. A comparative analysis of parechovirus protein structures with other picornaviruses. Open Biol 2021; 11:210008. [PMID: 34315275 PMCID: PMC8316810 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechoviruses belong to the genus Parechovirus within the family Picornaviridae and are non-enveloped icosahedral viruses with a single-stranded RNA genome. Parechoviruses include human and animal pathogens classified into six species. Those that infect humans belong to the Parechovirus A species and can cause infections ranging from mild gastrointestinal or respiratory illness to severe neonatal sepsis. There are no approved antivirals available to treat parechovirus (nor any other picornavirus) infections. In this parechovirus review, we focus on the cleaved protein products resulting from the polyprotein processing after translation comparing and contrasting their known or predicted structures and functions to those of other picornaviruses. The review also includes our original analysis from sequence and structure prediction. This review highlights significant structural differences between parechoviral and other picornaviral proteins, suggesting that parechovirus drug development should specifically be directed to parechoviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Domanska
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences–Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Guryanov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences–Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sarah J. Butcher
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Molecular and Integrative Bioscience Research Programme, and Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences–Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Su YS, Hwang LH, Chen CJ. Heat Shock Protein A6, a Novel HSP70, Is Induced During Enterovirus A71 Infection to Facilitate Internal Ribosomal Entry Site-Mediated Translation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:664955. [PMID: 34025620 PMCID: PMC8137988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.664955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a human pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. Its infection can lead to severe neurological diseases or even death in some cases. While being produced in a large quantity during infection, viral proteins often require the assistance from cellular chaperones for proper folding. In this study, we found that heat shock protein A6 (HSPA6), whose function in viral life cycle is scarcely studied, was induced and functioned as a positive regulator for EV-A71 infection. Depletion of HSPA6 led to the reductions of EV-A71 viral proteins, viral RNA and virions as a result of the downregulation of internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-mediated translation. Unlike other HSP70 isoforms such as HSPA1, HSPA8, and HSPA9, which regulate all phases of the EV-A71 life, HSPA6 was required for the IRES-mediated translation only. Unexpectedly, the importance of HSPA6 in the IRES activity could be observed in the absence of viral proteins, suggesting that HSPA6 facilitated IRES activity through cellular factor(s) instead of viral proteins. Intriguingly, the knockdown of HSPA6 also caused the reduction of luciferase activity driven by the IRES from coxsackievirus A16, echovirus 9, encephalomyocarditis virus, or hepatitis C virus, supporting that HSPA6 may assist the function of a cellular protein generally required for viral IRES activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Siang Su
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Hwa Hwang
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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