An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and ZnO Nanorods-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Uric Acid Detection

Reduced graphene oxide/zinc oxide composite as an electrochemical sensor for acetylcholine detection

Acetylcholine (ACh) plays a pivotal role as a neurotransmitter, influencing nerve cell communication and overall nervous system health. Imbalances in ACh levels are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This study focused on developing electrochemical sensors for ACh detection, utilizing graphene oxide (GO) and a composite of reduced graphene oxide and zinc oxide (rGO/ZnO). The synthesis involved modified Hummers' and hydrothermal methods, unveiling the formation of rGO through deoxygenation and the integration of nano-sized ZnO particles onto rGO, as demonstrated by XPS and TEM. EIS analysis also revealed the enhancement of electron transfer efficiency in rGO/ZnO. Cyclic voltammograms of the electrode, comprising the rGO/ZnO composite in ACh solutions, demonstrated prominent oxidation and reduction reactions. Notably, the composite exhibited promise for ACh detection due to its sensitivity, low detection threshold, reusability, and selectivity against interfering compounds, specifically glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The unique properties of rGO, such as high specific surface area and electron mobility, coupled with ZnO's stability and catalytic efficiency, contributed to the composite's potential in electrochemical sensor applications. This research, emphasizing the synthesis, fabrication, and characterization of the rGO/ZnO composite, established itself as a reliable platform for detecting the acetylcholine neurotransmitter.

GO/ZnO nanocomposite - as transducer platform for electrochemical sensing towards environmental applications

Graphene Oxide-Zinc Oxide (GO-ZnO) - a new nanomaterial that has queued the interest of researchers. Their intriguing promising physical and electrochemical features of electrode material have led to its widespread use in electrochemical sensor applications. GO-ZnO based nanomaterial were extensively exploited in the construction of electrochemical sensors due to their adaptability and distinct qualities. On understanding the structural role of these materials, their modification processes are critical for realizing their full potential. The advancement of technology on new concepts and strategies has revolutionized the field of sensor devices with high sensitivities and selectivity. These tools can test a range of contaminants quickly, accurately, and affordably while performing automated chemical analysis in complicated matrices. This paper highlights the electrochemical transducer surface for sensing various analytes and current research activity on GO-ZnO nanocomposite. Additionally, we talked about current developments in GO-ZnO nanostructured composites to identify relevant analytes (i.e., Nitrophenols, Antibiotic Drugs, Biomolecules). While being used in the laboratory, the majority of produced systems have proven to bring about excellent gains. Their monitoring application still has a long way to go before it is fixed due to problems like technological advancements and multifunctional strategies to get around the challenges for improving the sensing systems.

Recent advances in ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors

Nanostructured metal oxides, such as zinc oxide (ZnO), are considered as excellent materials for the fabrication of highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors and biosensors due to their good properties, including a high specific surface area, high catalytic efficiency, strong adsorption ability, high isoelectric point (IEP, 9.5), wide band gap (3.2 eV), biocompatibility and high electron communication features. Thus, ZnO nanostructures are widely used to fabricate efficient electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of various analytes. In this review, we have discussed the synthesis of ZnO nanostructures and the advances in various ZnO nanostructure-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for medical diagnosis, pharmaceutical analysis, food safety, and environmental pollution monitoring.

Comparative Studies of CPEs Modified with Distinctive Metal Nanoparticle-Decorated Electroactive Polyimide for the Detection of UA

In this present work, an electrochemical sensor was developed for the sensing of uric acid (UA). The sensor was based on a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with electroactive polyimide (EPI) synthesized using aniline tetramer (ACAT) decorated with reduced nanoparticles (NPs) of Au, Pt, and Ag. The initial step involved the preparation and characterization of ACAT. Subsequently, the ACAT-based EPI synthesis was performed by chemical imidization of its precursors 4,4′-(4.4′-isopropylidene-diphenoxy) bis (phthalic anhydride) BPADA and ACAT. Then, EPI was doped with distinctive particles of Ag, Pt and Au, and the doped EPIs were abbreviated as EPIS, EPIP and EPIG, respectively. Their structures were characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM, and the electrochemical properties were determined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Among these evaluated sensors, EPI with Au NPs turned out the best with a sensitivity of 1.53 uA uM⁻¹ UA, a low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.78 uM, and a linear detection range (LDR) of 5–50 uM UA at a low potential value of 310 mV. Additionally, differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) analysis showed that the EPIG sensor showed the best selectivity for a tertiary mixture of UA, dopamine (DA), and ascorbic acid (AA) as compared to EPIP and EPIS.

A highly sensitive uric acid biosensor based on vertically arranged ZnO nanorods on a ZnO nanoparticle-seeded electrode

Vertically-arranged ZnO nanorods grown on a ZnO nanoparticle-seeded FTO electrode using a hydrothermal method for highly sensitive uric acid biosensor fabrication.

Nanocomposite based on Poly (para-phenylene)/Chemical Reduced Graphene Oxide as a Platform for Simultaneous Detection of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine and Uric Acid

In this study, an efficient and simple designed nanohybrid created for individual and simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). This nanohybrid is a combination of reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) and redox poly(para-phenylene) (Fc-ac-PP) modified in a lateral position with ferrrocenyl group CRGO/Fc-ac-PPP. The CRGO/Fc-ac-PPP nanohybrid demonstrated a synergistic effect resulting in a large conductivity, surface area and catalytic properties provided by the redox attached ferrocene. Moreover, this nanocomposite is able to detect individually as well as simultaneously AA, DA and UA in a co-existence system with defined and separated redox peaks oxidation. The linear response ranges for AA, DA and UA, when detected simultaneously, are 0.1-10000 μM, 0.0001-1000 μM and 0.1-10000 μM, respectively, and the detection limits (S/N = 3) are 0.046 μM, 0.2 nM and 0.013 μM, respectively. The proposed sensor shown satisfactory results when applied to real spiked urine samples for measuring the abnormal high or lowconcentration of AA, DA and UA in vivo.

Electrochemical-Based Biosensors on Different Zinc Oxide Nanostructures: A Review

Electrochemical biosensors have shown great potential in the medical diagnosis field. The performance of electrochemical biosensors depends on the sensing materials used. ZnO nanostructures play important roles as the active sites where biological events occur, subsequently defining the sensitivity and stability of the device. ZnO nanostructures have been synthesized into four different dimensional formations, which are zero dimensional (nanoparticles and quantum dots), one dimensional (nanorods, nanotubes, nanofibers, and nanowires), two dimensional (nanosheets, nanoflakes, nanodiscs, and nanowalls) and three dimensional (hollow spheres and nanoflowers). The zero-dimensional nanostructures could be utilized for creating more active sites with a larger surface area. Meanwhile, one-dimensional nanostructures provide a direct and stable pathway for rapid electron transport. Two-dimensional nanostructures possess a unique polar surface for enhancing the immobilization process. Finally, three-dimensional nanostructures create extra surface area because of their geometric volume. The sensing performance of each of these morphologies toward the bio-analyte level makes ZnO nanostructures a suitable candidate to be applied as active sites in electrochemical biosensors for medical diagnostic purposes. This review highlights recent advances in various dimensions of ZnO nanostructures towards electrochemical biosensor applications.

Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors

This review discusses recent graphene (GR) electrochemical biosensor for accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, metals and immunosensor through effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and haemoglobin. GR-based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities. Future challenges for the field include miniaturising biosensors and simplifying mass production are discussed.

Preparation of Cu₂O-Reduced Graphene Nanocomposite Modified Electrodes towards Ultrasensitive Dopamine Detection

Cu₂O-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (Cu₂O-RGO) was used to modify glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), and applied for the determination of dopamine (DA). The microstructure of Cu₂O-RGO nanocomposite material was characterized by scanning electron microscope. Then the electrochemical reduction condition for preparing Cu₂O-RGO/GCE and experimental conditions for determining DA were further optimized. The electrochemical behaviors of DA on the bare electrode, RGO- and Cu₂O-RGO-modified electrodes were also investigated using cyclic voltammetry in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS, pH 3.5). The results show that the oxidation peaks of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), and uric acid (UA) could be well separated and the peak-to-peak separations are 204 mV (AA-DA) and 144 mV (DA-UA), respectively. Moreover, the linear response ranges for the determination of 1 × 10⁻⁸ mol/L~1 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L and 1 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L~8 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L with the detection limit 6.0 × 10⁻⁹ mol/L (S/N = 3). The proposed Cu₂O-RGO/GCE was further applied to the determination of DA in dopamine hydrochloride injections with satisfactory results.

Study of ZnS Nanostructures Based Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Biosensors for Uric Acid Detection

Uric acid (UA) is a kind of purine metabolism product and important in clinical diagnosis. In this work, we present a study of ZnS nanostructures-based electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors for UA detection. Through a simple hydrothermal method and varying the ratio of reaction solvents, we obtained ZnS nanomaterials of one-dimensional to three-dimensional morphologies and they were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). To fabricate the UA biosensor and study the effect of material morphology on its performance, ZnS nanomaterials were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) conducting glass and then coated with uricase by physical absorption. Three kinds of working electrodes were characterized by cyclic voltammetry method. The effect of material morphology on performance of UA detection was investigated via amperometric response based electrochemical method based on enzymatic reaction. The ZnS urchin-like nanostructures electrode shows better sensitivity compared with those made of nanoparticles and nanoflakes because of its high surface-area-to-volume ratio. The photoelectrochemical method for detection of UA was also studied. The sensitivity was increased 5 times after irradiation of 300 nm UV light. These results indicate that ZnS nanostructures are good candidate materials for developing enzyme-based UA biosensors.

Highly sensitive biosensor based on the synergistic effect of Fe3O4–Co3O4 bimetallic oxides and graphene

Synergistic effect of Fe₃O₄–Co₃O₄ nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide allows the sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine and uric acid.