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Zhang P, Li N, Li L, Yu Y, Tuerhong R, Su X, Zhang B, Han L, Han Y. g-C 3N 4-Based Photocatalytic Materials for Converting CO 2 Into Energy: A Review. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400075. [PMID: 38822681 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Environmental pollution management and renewable energy development are humanity's biggest issues in the 21st century. The rise in atmospheric CO2, which has surpassed 400 parts per million, has stimulated research on CO2 reduction and conversion methods. Presently, photocatalytic conversion of CO2 to valuable hydrocarbons enables the transformation of solar energy into chemical energy and offers a novel avenue for energy conversion while regulating the greenhouse effect. This is an ideal strategy for simultaneously addressing environmental issues and the energy crisis. Photocatalysts are essential to photocatalytic processes. Photocatalyst is the core of photocatalytic technology, and graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has attracted much attention because of its nonmetallic characteristics, and it has the characteristics of low cost, tunable electronic structure, easy manufacture and strong reducibility. However, its activity is not only affected by external reaction conditions, but also by the band gap structure, physical and chemical stability, surface morphology and specific surface area of the photocatalyst it. In this paper, the application progress of g-C3N4-based photocatalytic materials in CO2 reduction is reviewed, and the modification strategies of g-C3N4-based catalysts to obtain better catalytic efficiency and selectivity in CO2 photocatalytic reduction are summarized, and the future development of this material is prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Longjian Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Yongchong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Reyila Tuerhong
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Gansu Provincial Biomass Function Composites Engineering Research Center, Key Laboratory for Utility of Environment-Friendly Composite Materials and Biomass in University of Gansu Province, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, P.R.China
| | - Lijuan Han
- Gansu Natural Energy Institute, Gansu Academy of Science, Lanzhou, 730046, P.R.China
| | - Yuqi Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, He Xi University, No.846 North Circle Road, Zhangye, 734000, P.R.China
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Effect of alkylaluminum structure and aggregation state on the micro-kinetics of ethylene polymerization catalyzed by α-diimine nickel complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang X, Feng Z, Guo W, Zhong W, Liu X, Wang C, Fu Z, Fan Z. Improvement of Catalytic Activity for
α
‐Diimine Nickel Complex with Active Sites Stabilized by Bulky Boron Counterions at Elevated Temperature. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Zhongwei Feng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Wenqi Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Wentao Zhong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization Hangzhou China
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Ali A, Uddin A, Jamil MI, Shen X, Abbas M, Aziz T, Hussain M, Hussain S, Fang R, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetics and mechanistic investigations of ethylene-propylene copolymerizations catalyzed with symmetrical metallocene and activated by TIBA/borate. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kinetic and thermal study of ethylene-propylene copolymerization catalyzed by ansa-zirconocene activated with Alkylaluminium/borate: Effects of linear and branched alkylaluminium compounds as cocatalyst. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02525-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ali A, Muhammad N, Hussain S, Jamil MI, Uddin A, Aziz T, Tufail MK, Guo Y, Wei T, Rasool G, Fan Z, Guo L. Kinetic and Thermal Study of Ethylene and Propylene Homo Polymerization Catalyzed by ansa-Zirconocene Activated with Alkylaluminum/Borate: Effects of Alkylaluminum on Polymerization Kinetics and Polymer Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:268. [PMID: 33467427 PMCID: PMC7830494 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of ethylene and propylene polymerization catalyzed by homogeneous metallocene were investigated using 2-thiophenecarbonyl chloride followed by quenched-flow methods. The studied metallocene catalysts are: rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-I), rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (Mt-II) activated with ([Me2NPh][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-I), [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] (Borate-II), and were co-catalyzed with different molar ratios of alkylaluminum such as triethylaluminium (TEA) and triisobutylaluminium (TIBA). The change in molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, microstructure and thermal properties of the synthesized polymer are discussed in detail. Interestingly, both Mt-I and Mt-II showed high activity in polyethylene with productivities between 3.17 × 106 g/molMt·h to 5.06 × 106 g/molMt·h, activities were very close to each other with 100% TIBA, but Mt-II/borate-II became more active when TEA was more than 50% in cocatalyst. Similarly, Polypropylene showed the highest activity of 11.07 106 g /molMt·h with Mt-I/Borate-I/TIBA. The effects of alkylaluminum on PE molecular weight were much more complicated; MWD curve changed from mono-modal in Mt-I/borate-I/TIBA to bimodal type when TIBA was replaced by different amounts of TEA. In PE, the active center fractions [C*]/[Zr] of Mt-I/borate were higher than that of Mt-II/borate and average chain propagation rate constant (k p) value slightly decreased with the increase of TEA/TIBA ratio, but the Mt-II/borate systems showed higher k p 1007 k p (L/mol·s). In PP, the Mt-I/borate presented much higher [C*]/[Zr] and k p value than the Mt-II. This work also extend to investigate the mechanistic features of zirconocenes catalyzed olefin polymerizations that addressed the largely unknown issues in zirconocenes in the distribution of the catalyst, between species involved in polymer chain growth and dormant state. In both metallocene systems, chain transfer with alkylaluminum is the dominant way of chain termination. To understand the mechanism of cocatalyst effects on PE Mw and (MWD), the unsaturated chain ends formed via β-H transfer have been investigated by 1H NMR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Nadeem Muhammad
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Muhammad Imran Jamil
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Azim Uddin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tariq Aziz
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Yintian Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Tiantian Wei
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Enviromental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430223, China; (N.M.); (M.K.T.); (G.R.)
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (M.I.J.); (A.U.); (T.A.); (Y.G.)
| | - Li Guo
- Research School of Polymeric Materials, School of Material Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 202113, China; (A.A.); (S.H.); (T.W.)
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Ali A, Liu X, Guo Y, Akram MA, Wu H, Liu W, Khan A, Jiang B, Fu Z, Fan Z. Kinetics and mechanism of ethylene and propylene polymerizations catalyzed with ansa-zirconocene activated by borate/TIBA. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Liu R, Chen Z, Yao Y, Li Y, Cheema WA, Wang D, Zhu S. Recent advancements in g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction: a mini review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:29408-29418. [PMID: 35521120 PMCID: PMC9055987 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05779g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
| | - Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Yao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
| | - Waqas A. Cheema
- Industrial Technology Development Center (ITDC)
- Higher Education Intelligence (HEI) Project
- Pakistan
| | - Dawei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering
- UNSW Australia
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Shenmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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Comparative Study on Kinetics of Ethylene and Propylene Polymerizations with Supported Ziegler⁻Natta Catalyst: Catalyst Fragmentation Promoted by Polymer Crystalline Lamellae. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020358. [PMID: 30960342 PMCID: PMC6419229 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetic behaviors of ethylene and propylene polymerizations with the same MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta (Z–N) catalyst containing an internal electron donor were compared. Changes of polymerization activity and active center concentration ([C*]) with time in the first 10 min were determined. Activity of ethylene polymerization was only 25% of that of propylene, and the polymerization rate (Rp) quickly decayed with time (tp) in the former system, in contrast to stable Rp in the latter. The ethylene system showed a very low [C*]/[Ti] ratio (<0.6%), in contrast to a much higher [C*]/[Ti] ratio (1.5%–4.9%) in propylene polymerization. The two systems showed noticeably different morphologies of the nascent polymer/catalyst particles, with the PP/catalyst particles being more compact and homogeneous than the PE/catalyst particles. The different kinetic behaviors of the two systems were explained by faster and more sufficient catalyst fragmentation in propylene polymerization than the ethylene system. The smaller lamellar thickness (<20 nm) in nascent polypropylene compared with the size of nanopores (15–25 nm) in the catalyst was considered the key factor for efficient catalyst fragmentation in propylene polymerization, as the PP lamellae may grow inside the nanopores and break up the catalyst particles.
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Xu W, Guo Y, Wei Y, Fu Z, Fan Z. Influence of ligand substituents of unbridged metallocene complexes on stability of their active centers in ethylene polymerization. CATAL COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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He F, Wang D, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Fu Z, Zhang Q, Fan Z. Introducing electron-donating substituents on ligand backbone of α-diimine nickel complex and the effects on catalyst thermal stability in ethylene polymerization. Inorganica Chim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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He F, Wang D, Wu A, Jiang B, Zhang Z, Cheng Z, Fu Z, Zhang Q, Fan Z. Highly resilient polyethylene elastomers prepared using α-diimine nickel catalyst with highly conjugated backbone. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Anyang Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Baiyu Jiang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhenmei Cheng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhisheng Fu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiqiang Fan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; 38 Zheda Road Hangzhou 310027 China
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