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Ge P, Mota YC, Richardson RA, Ross TM. A Computationally Optimized Broadly Reactive Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Vaccine Boosts Antibody-Secreting Cells and Induces a Robust Serological Response, Preventing Lung Damage in a Pre-Immune Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:706. [PMID: 39066344 PMCID: PMC11281495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins are the primary and secondary immune targets for most influenza vaccines. In this study, H2, H5, H7, N1, and N2 antigens designed by the computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology were incorporated into an adjuvant-formulated vaccine to assess the protective efficacy and immune response against A/Hong Kong/125/2017 H7N9 virus challenge in pre-immune mice. The elicited antibodies bound to H2, H5, H7, N1, and N2 wild-type antigens; cH6/1 antigens; and cH7/3 antigens, with hemagglutinin inhibition (HAI) activity against broad panels of the H2Nx, H5Nx, and H7Nx influenza strains. Mice vaccinated with the pentavalent COBRA HA/NA vaccine showed little to no weight loss, no clinical signs of diseases, and were protected from mortality when challenged with the lethal H7N9 virus. Virus titers in the lungs of vaccinated mice were lower and cleared more rapidly than in mock-vaccinated mice. Some vaccinated mice showed no detectable lung injury or inflammation. Antibody-secreting cells were significantly increased in COBRA-vaccinated mice, with higher total Ig and H7-specific ASC. Thus, the combination of H2, H5, H7, N1, and N2 COBRA antigens presents a potential for the formulation of a universal influenza virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (R.A.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Yailin Campos Mota
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Robert A. Richardson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (R.A.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA (R.A.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL 34987, USA;
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Furuya-Kanamori L, Cox M, Milinovich GJ, Magalhaes RJS, Mackay IM, Yakob L. Heterogeneous and Dynamic Prevalence of Asymptomatic Influenza Virus Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1052-6. [PMID: 27191967 PMCID: PMC4880086 DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.151080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme heterogeneity was found within and between influenza types, which should be considered in planning of mitigation campaigns. Influenza infection manifests in a wide spectrum of severity, including symptomless pathogen carriers. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 55 studies to elucidate the proportional representation of these asymptomatic infected persons. We observed extensive heterogeneity among these studies. The prevalence of asymptomatic carriage (total absence of symptoms) ranged from 5.2% to 35.5% and subclinical cases (illness that did not meet the criteria for acute respiratory or influenza-like illness) from 25.4% to 61.8%. Statistical analysis showed that the heterogeneity could not be explained by the type of influenza, the laboratory tests used to detect the virus, the year of the study, or the location of the study. Projections of infection spread and strategies for disease control require that we identify the proportional representation of these insidious spreaders early on in the emergence of new influenza subtypes or strains and track how this rate evolves over time and space.
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Agunos A, Pierson FW, Lungu B, Dunn PA, Tablante N. Review of Nonfoodborne Zoonotic and Potentially Zoonotic Poultry Diseases. Avian Dis 2017; 60:553-75. [PMID: 27610715 DOI: 10.1637/11413-032416-review.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging diseases are continuously diagnosed in poultry species. A few of these diseases are known to cross the species barrier, thus posing a public health risk and an economic burden. We identified and synthesized global evidence for poultry nonfoodborne zoonoses to better understand these diseases in people who were exposed to different poultry-related characteristics (e.g., occupational or nonoccupational, operational types, poultry species, outbreak conditions, health status of flocks). This review builds on current knowledge on poultry zoonoses/potentially zoonotic agents transmitted via the nonfoodborne route. It also identifies research gaps and potential intervention points within the poultry industry to reduce zoonotic transmission by using various knowledge synthesis tools such as systematic review (SR) and qualitative (descriptive) and quantitative synthesis methods (i.e., meta-analysis). Overall, 1663 abstracts were screened and 156 relevant articles were selected for further review. Full articles (in English) were retrieved and critically appraised using routine SR methods. In total, eight known zoonotic diseases were reviewed: avian influenza (AI) virus (n = 85 articles), Newcastle disease virus (n = 8), West Nile virus (WNV, n = 2), avian Chlamydia (n = 24), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (n = 3), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, n = 15), Ornithonyssus sylvarium (n = 4), and Microsporum gallinae (n = 3). In addition, articles on other viral poultry pathogens (n = 5) and poultry respiratory allergens derived from mites and fungi (n = 7) were reviewed. The level of investigations (e.g., exposure history, risk factor, clinical disease in epidemiologically linked poultry, molecular studies) to establish zoonotic linkages varied across disease agents and across studies. Based on the multiple outcome measures captured in this review, AI virus seems to be the poultry zoonotic pathogen that may have considerable and significant public health consequences; however, epidemiologic reports have only documented severe human cases clustered in Asia and not in North America. In contrast, avian Chlamydia and MRSA reports clustered mainly in Europe and less so in North America and other regions. Knowledge gaps in other zoonoses or other agents were identified, including potential direct (i.e., nonmosquito-borne) transmission of WNV from flocks to poultry workers, the public health and clinical significance of poultry-derived (livestock-associated) MRSA, the zoonotic significance of other viruses, and the role of poultry allergens in the pathophysiology of respiratory diseases of poultry workers. Across all pathogens reviewed, the use of personal protective equipment was commonly cited as the most important preventive measure to reduce the zoonotic spread of these diseases and the use of biosecurity measures to reduce horizontal transmission in flock populations. The studies also emphasized the need for flock monitoring and an integrated approach to prevention (i.e., veterinary-public health coordination with regard to diagnosis, and knowledge translation and education in the general population) to reduce zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Agunos
- A Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G5B2
| | - F William Pierson
- B Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Bwalya Lungu
- C Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Patricia A Dunn
- D Animal Diagnostic Laboratory (PADLS-PSU), Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Nathaniel Tablante
- E Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740
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Bi Y, Liu J, Xiong H, Zhang Y, Liu D, Liu Y, Gao GF, Wang B. A new reassortment of influenza A (H7N9) virus causing human infection in Beijing, 2014. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26624. [PMID: 27230107 PMCID: PMC4882526 DOI: 10.1038/srep26624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A 73-year-old man was confirmed to have an influenza A (H7N9) virus infection, and the causative agent A/Beijing/02/2014(H7N9) virus was isolated. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses revealed that the virus belonged to a novel genotype, which probably emerged and further reassorted with other H9 or H7 viruses in poultry before transmitting to humans. This virus caused a severe infection with high levels of cytokines and neutralizing antibodies. Eventually, the patient was cured after serially combined treatments. Taken together, our findings indicated that this novel genotype of the human H7N9 virus did not evolve directly from the first Beijing isolate A/Beijing/01/2013(H7N9), suggesting that the H7N9 virus has not obtained the ability for human-to-human transmissibility and the virus only evolves in poultry and then infects human by direct contact. Hence, the major measures to prevent human H7N9 virus infection are still to control and standardize the live poultry trade. Early antiviral treatment with combination therapies, including mechanical ventilation, nutrition support and symptomatic treatment, are effective for H7N9 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Bi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Haofeng Xiong
- Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Network Information Center, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingxia Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - George F Gao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology (CASPMI), Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing 100015, China
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Ke C, Lu J, Wu J, Guan D, Zou L, Song T, Yi L, Zeng X, Liang L, Ni H, Kang M, Zhang X, Zhong H, He J, Lin J, Smith D, Burke D, Fouchier RAM, Koopmans M, Zhang Y. Circulation of reassortant influenza A(H7N9) viruses in poultry and humans, Guangdong Province, China, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 20:2034-40. [PMID: 25418838 PMCID: PMC4257815 DOI: 10.3201/eid2012.140765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H7N9) virus emerged in eastern China in February 2013 and continues to circulate in this region, but its ecology is poorly understood. In April 2013, the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented environmental and human syndromic surveillance for the virus. Environmental samples from poultry markets in 21 city CDCs (n=8,942) and respiratory samples from persons with influenza-like illness or pneumonia (n=32,342) were tested; viruses isolated from 6 environmental samples and 16 patients were sequenced. Sequence analysis showed co-circulation of 4 influenza A(H7N9) virus strains that evolved by reassortment with avian influenza A(H9N2) viruses circulating in this region. In addition, an increase in human cases starting in late 2013 coincided with an increase in influenza A H7 virus isolates detected by environmental surveillance. Co-circulation of multiple avian influenza viruses that can infect humans highlights the need for increased surveillance of poultry and potential environmental sources.
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Dash P, Thomas PG. Host detection and the stealthy phenotype in influenza virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 386:121-47. [PMID: 25038940 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate host response to influenza virus infection plays a critical role in determining the subsequent course of infection and the clinical outcome of disease. The host has a diverse array of detection and effector mechanisms that are able to recognize and initiate effective antiviral responses. In opposition, the virus utilizes a number of distinct mechanisms to evade host detection and effector activity in order to remain "stealthy" throughout its replication cycle. In this review, we describe these host and viral mechanisms, including the major pattern recognition receptor families (the TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs) in the host and the specific viral proteins such as NS1 that are key players in this interaction. Additionally, we explore nonreductive mechanisms of viral immune evasion and propose areas important for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Ding H, Chen Y, Yu Z, Horby PW, Wang F, Hu J, Yang X, Mao H, Qin S, Chai C, Liu S, Chen E, Yu H. A family cluster of three confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in Zhejiang Province of China. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:698. [PMID: 25551435 PMCID: PMC4304124 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-014-0698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A total of 453 laboratory-confirmed cases infected with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus (including 175 deaths) have been reported till October 2,2014, of which 30.68% (139/453) of the cases were identified from Zhejiang Province. We describe the largest reported cluster of virologically confirmed H7N9 cases, comprised by a fatal Index case and two mild secondary cases. Methods A retrospective investigation was conducted in January of 2014. Three confirmed cases, their close contacts, and relevant environments samples were tested by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), viral culture, and sequencing. Serum samples were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Results The Index case, a 49-year-old farmer with type II diabetes, who lived with his daughter (Case 2, aged 24) and wife (Case 3, aged 43) and his son-in-law (H7N9 negative). The Index case and Case 3 worked daily in a live bird market. Onset of illness in Index case occurred in January 13, 2014 and subsequently, he died of multi-organ failure on January 20. Case 2 presented with mild symptoms on January 20 following frequent unprotected bed-side care of the Index case between January 14 to 19, and exposed to live bird market on January 17. Case 3 became unwell on January 23 after providing bedside care to the Index case on January 17 to 18, and following the contact with Case 2 during January 21 to 22 at the funeral of the Index case. The two secondary cases were discharged on February 2 and 5 separately after early treatment with antiviral medication. Four virus strains were isolated and genome analyses showed 99.6 ~100% genetic homology, with two amino mutations (V192I in NS and V280A in NP). 42% (11/26) of environmental samples collected in January were H7N9 positive. Twenty-five close contacts remained well and were negative for H7N9 infection by RT-PCR and HI assay. Conclusions In the present study, the Index case was infected from a live bird market while the two secondary cases were infected by the Index case during unprotected exposure. This family cluster is, therefore, compatible with non-sustained person-to-person transmission of avian influenza A/H7N9. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0698-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ding
- Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Yin Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Zhao Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Peter W Horby
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hu Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom. .,Singapore Infectious Disease Initiative, Singapore City, Singapore.
| | - Fenjuan Wang
- XiaoShan District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Jingfeng Hu
- ShangCheng District Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xuhui Yang
- Hangzhou Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shuwen Qin
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Chengliang Chai
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Shelan Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 3399 Binsheng Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310051, China.
| | - Hongjie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early-warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
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Continuing reassortment leads to the genetic diversity of influenza virus H7N9 in Guangdong, China. J Virol 2014; 88:8297-306. [PMID: 24829356 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00630-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED On 30 March 2013, a novel avian influenza A H7N9 virus causing severe human respiratory infections was identified in China. Preliminary sequence analyses have shown that the virus is a reassortant of H7N9 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses. In this study, we conducted enhanced surveillance for H7N9 virus in Guangdong, China, from April to August 2013. We isolated two H7N9 viral strains from environmental samples associated with poultry markets and one from a clinical patient. Sequence analyses showed that the Guangdong H7N9 virus isolated from April to May shared high sequence similarity with other strains from eastern China. The A/Guangdong/1/2013 (H7N9) virus isolated from the Guangdong patient on 10 August 2013 was divergent from previously sequenced H7N9 viruses and more closely related to local circulating H9N2 viruses in the NS and NP genes. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that four internal genes of the A/Guangdong/1/2013 (H7N9) virus-the NS, NP, PB1, and PB2 genes-were in clusters different from those for H7N9 viruses identified previously in other provinces of China. The discovery presented here suggests that continuing reassortment led to the emergence of the A/Guangdong/1/2013 (H7N9) virus as a novel H7N9 virus in Guangdong, China, and that viral adaptation to avian and human hosts must be assessed. IMPORTANCE In this study, we isolated and characterized the avian influenza A H7N9 virus in Guangdong, China, from April to August 2013. We show that the viruses isolated from Guangdong environmental samples and chickens from April to May 2013 were highly similar to other H7N9 strains found in eastern China. The H7N9 virus isolated from the clinical patient in Guangdong in August 2013 was divergent from previously identified H7N9 viruses, with the NS and NP genes originating from recent H9N2 viruses circulating in the province. This study provides direct evidence that continuing reassortment occurred and led to the emergence of a novel H7N9 influenza virus in Guangdong, China. These results also shed light on how the H7N9 virus evolved, which is critically important for future monitoring and tracing of viral transmission.
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Effective strategy for managing H7N9 virus infection. Infection 2013; 42:231. [PMID: 24323784 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0556-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Wiwanitkit S, Wiwanitkit V. Effective strategy for managing H7N9 virus infection. Infection 2013; 42:229. [PMID: 24234400 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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