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Albalawi SA, Albalawi RA, Albalawi AA, Alanazi RF, Almahlawi RM, Alhwity BS, Alatawi BD, Elsherbiny N, Alqifari SF, Abdel-Maksoud MS. The Possible Mechanisms of Cu and Zn in the Treatment and Prevention of HIV and COVID-19 Viral Infection. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1524-1538. [PMID: 37608131 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03788-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique properties and their potential therapeutic and prophylactic applications, heavy metals have attracted the interest of many researchers, especially during the outbreak of COVID-19. Indeed, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) have been widely used during viral infections. Zn has been reported to prevent excessive inflammatory response and cytokine storm, improve the response of the virus to Type I interferon (IFN-1), and enhance the production of IFN-a to counteract the antagonistic effect of SARS-CoV-2 virus protein on IFN. Additionally, Zn has been found to promote the proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes, thereby improving immune function, inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) in SARS- CoV-2 reducing the viral replication and stabilizing the cell membrane by preventing the proteolytic processing of viral polyprotein and proteases enzymes. Interestingly, Zn deficiency has been correlated with enhanced SARS-CoV-2 viral entry through interaction between the ACE2 receptor and viral spike protein. Along with zinc, Cu possesses strong virucidal capabilities and is known to be effective at neutralizing a variety of infectious viruses, including the poliovirus, influenza virus, HIV type 1, and other enveloped or nonenveloped, single- or double-stranded DNA and RNA viruses. Cu-related antiviral action has been linked to different pathways. First, it may result in permanent damage to the viral membrane, envelopes, and genetic material of viruses. Second, Cu produces reactive oxygen species to take advantage of the redox signaling mechanism to eradicate the virus. The present review focused on Zn and Cu in the treatment and prevention of viral infection. Moreover, the application of metals such as Cu and gold in nanotechnology for the development of antiviral therapies and vaccines has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raneem A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaal A Albalawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad F Alanazi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M Almahlawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basma S Alhwity
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer D Alatawi
- Pharm D program, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehal Elsherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Saleh F Alqifari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Li M, Wang R, Jiang Y, Zhao M, Lu J, Li R, Li X, Shi S. COVID-19 cooling: Nanostrategies targeting cytokine storm for controlling severe and critical symptoms. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:738-811. [PMID: 37990647 DOI: 10.1002/med.21997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
As severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continue to wreak havoc worldwide, the "Cytokine Storm" (CS, also known as the inflammatory storm) or Cytokine Release Syndrome has reemerged in the public consciousness. CS is a significant contributor to the deterioration of infected individuals. Therefore, CS control is of great significance for the treatment of critically ill patients and the reduction of mortality rates. With the occurrence of variants, concerns regarding the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs with a broad spectrum have grown. We should make an effort to modernize treatment strategies to address the challenges posed by mutations. Thus, in addition to the requirement for additional clinical data to monitor the long-term effects of vaccines and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs, we can use CS as an entry point and therapeutic target to alleviate the severity of the disease in patients. To effectively combat the mutation, new technologies for neutralizing or controlling CS must be developed. In recent years, nanotechnology has been widely applied in the biomedical field, opening up a plethora of opportunities for CS. Here, we put forward the view of cytokine storm as a therapeutic target can be used to treat critically ill patients by expounding the relationship between coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and CS and the mechanisms associated with CS. We pay special attention to the representative strategies of nanomaterials in current neutral and CS research, as well as their potential chemical design and principles. We hope that the nanostrategies described in this review provide attractive treatment options for severe and critical COVID-19 caused by CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao Li
- Health Management Centre, Clinical Medical College & Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengnan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sanjun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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3
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Sharifi E, Yousefiasl S, Trovato M, Sartorius R, Esmaeili Y, Goodarzi H, Ghomi M, Bigham A, Moghaddam FD, Heidarifard M, Pourmotabed S, Nazarzadeh Zare E, Paiva-Santos AC, Rabiee N, Wang X, Tay FR. Nanostructures for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of viral respiratory infections: from influenza virus to SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:199. [PMID: 37344894 PMCID: PMC10283343 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a major cause of mortality and socio-economic downfall despite the plethora of biopharmaceuticals designed for their eradication. Conventional antiviral therapies are often ineffective. Live-attenuated vaccines can pose a safety risk due to the possibility of pathogen reversion, whereas inactivated viral vaccines and subunit vaccines do not generate robust and sustained immune responses. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of strategies that combine nanotechnology concepts with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of viral infectious diseases. The present review provides a comprehensive introduction to the different strains of viruses involved in respiratory diseases and presents an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of viral infections based on nanotechnology concepts and applications. Discussions in diagnostic/therapeutic nanotechnology-based approaches will be focused on H1N1 influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human parainfluenza virus type 3 infections, as well as COVID-19 infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus Delta variant and new emerging Omicron variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeel Sharifi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran.
| | - Satar Yousefiasl
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Trovato
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Sartorius
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC), National Research Council (CNR), 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Yasaman Esmaeili
- School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 8174673461, Iran
| | - Hamid Goodarzi
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Départment d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Matineh Ghomi
- School of Chemistry, Damghan University, Damghan, 36716-45667, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | - Farnaz Dabbagh Moghaddam
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 100, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Maryam Heidarifard
- Centre de recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Départment d'Ophtalmologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Samiramis Pourmotabed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran
| | | | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
- Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Navid Rabiee
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Reddy KR, Sahni C, Sharma S. Antiviral Activity of Svarnvir-IV Tablet Assayed for Activity Against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro. Cureus 2023; 15:e39421. [PMID: 37362483 PMCID: PMC10288389 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic in a very short time span. While several vaccines have been developed in the last year, specific treatments for CoV infection are still being explored. Thus, the situation highlights the need to develop safe and efficacious antiviral therapeutics. Ayurvedic Rasayana therapy has been traditionally used in India for its holistic healing systems and proven history of empirical use. There is emerging evidence that Ayurvedic treatment methodologies and herbal medicines may be effective strategies in combating COVID-19. The present study is aimed at evaluating the antiviral and therapeutic activity of an Ayurvedic herbomineral formulation (Svarnvir-IV tablet, 450 mg) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in vitro. A cell-based assay was conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the Svarnvir-IV tablets (Aimil Pharmaceuticals, Delhi, India) for the determination of virucidal activity assessment (at 2 hours) and therapeutic activity assessment (at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 4 hours). When incubated with SARS-CoV-2 virus at 0.1 multiplicity of infection (MoI) for two hours, Svarnvir-IV tablet exhibited virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 with an EC50 value of 0.0058 mg/ml. It also exhibited therapeutic activity when treated with cells infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus (0.1 MoI) for 1 hour, 2 hours and 4 hours post-infection, with an EC50 value of 0.094 mg/ml, 0.023 mg/ml, and 0.05 mg/ml, respectively. The original supporting data obtained from this study, along with existing Ayurvedic traditional information, has shown encouraging results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ramachandra Reddy
- Department of Rasa Shastra, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IND
| | - Chetan Sahni
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IND
| | - Sanchit Sharma
- Research and Development, Aimil Pharmaceuticals, Delhi, IND
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Mbatha LS, Akinyelu J, Chukwuma CI, Mokoena MP, Kudanga T. Current Trends and Prospects for Application of Green Synthesized Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer and COVID-19 Therapies. Viruses 2023; 15:741. [PMID: 36992450 PMCID: PMC10054370 DOI: 10.3390/v15030741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer and COVID-19 have been deemed as world health concerns due to the millions of lives that they have claimed over the years. Extensive efforts have been made to develop sophisticated, site-specific, and safe strategies that can effectively diagnose, prevent, manage, and treat these diseases. These strategies involve the implementation of metal nanoparticles and metal oxides such as gold, silver, iron oxide, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and copper oxide, formulated through nanotechnology as alternative anticancer or antiviral therapeutics or drug delivery systems. This review provides a perspective on metal nanoparticles and their potential application in cancer and COVID-19 treatments. The data of published studies were critically analysed to expose the potential therapeutic relevance of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in cancer and COVID-19. Although various research reports highlight the great potential of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as alternative nanotherapeutics, issues of nanotoxicity, complex methods of preparation, biodegradability, and clearance are lingering challenges for the successful clinical application of the NPs. Thus, future innovations include fabricating metal nanoparticles with eco-friendly materials, tailor making them with optimal therapeutics for specific disease targeting, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of safety, therapeutic efficiency, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Londiwe Simphiwe Mbatha
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jude Akinyelu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Private Mail Bag 373, Ekiti State 370111, Nigeria
| | - Chika Ifeanyi Chukwuma
- Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Central University of Technology, Private Bag X20539, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi Paul Mokoena
- Department of Pathology, Pre-Clinical Sciences Division, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - Tukayi Kudanga
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
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6
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Iqbal R, Khan S, Ali HM, Khan M, Wahab S, Khan T. Application of nanomaterials against SARS-CoV-2: An emphasis on their usefulness against emerging variants of concern. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers are now looking to nanomaterials to fight serious infectious diseases that cause outbreaks and even pandemics. SARS-CoV-2 brought chaos to almost every walk of life in the past 2 years and has challenged every available treatment method. Although vaccines were developed in no time against it, the most pressing issue was the emergence of variants of concern arising because of the rapidly evolving viral strains. The higher pathogenicity and, in turn, the higher mortality rate of infections caused by these variants renders the existing vaccines less effective and the effort to produce further vaccines a costly endeavor. While several techniques, such as immunotherapy and repurposed pharmaceutical research, are being studied to minimize viral infection, the fundamentals of nanotechnology must also be considered to enhance the anti-SARS-CoV-2 efforts. For instance, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been applied against SARS-CoV-2 effectively. Similarly, nanomaterials have been tested in masks, gloves, and disinfectants to aid in controlling SARS-CoV-2. Nanotechnology has also contributed to diagnoses such as rapid and accurate detection and treatment such as the delivery of mRNA vaccines and other antiviral agents into the body. The development of polymeric nanoparticles has been dubbed a strategy of choice over traditional drugs because of their tunable release kinetics, specificity, and multimodal drug composition. Our article explores the potential of nanomaterials in managing the variants of concern. This will be achieved by highlighting the inherent ability of nanomaterials to act against the virus on fronts such as inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry, inhibition of RNA replication in SARS-CoV-2, and finally, inhibition of their release. In this review, a detailed discussion on the potential of nanomaterials in these areas will be tallied with their potential against the current and emerging future variants of concern.
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7
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Yasamineh S, Kalajahi HG, Yasamineh P, Yazdani Y, Gholizadeh O, Tabatabaie R, Afkhami H, Davodabadi F, Farkhad AK, Pahlevan D, Firouzi-Amandi A, Nejati-Koshki K, Dadashpour M. An overview on nanoparticle-based strategies to fight viral infections with a focus on COVID-19. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:440. [PMID: 36209089 PMCID: PMC9547679 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to COVID-19 and has become a pandemic worldwide with mortality of millions. Nanotechnology can be used to deliver antiviral medicines or other types of viral reproduction-inhibiting medications. At various steps of viral infection, nanotechnology could suggest practical solutions for usage in the fight against viral infection. Nanotechnology-based approaches can help in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nanoparticles can play an essential role in progressing SARS-CoV-2 treatment and vaccine production in efficacy and safety. Nanocarriers have increased the speed of vaccine development and the efficiency of vaccines. As a result, the increased investigation into nanoparticles as nano-delivery systems and nanotherapeutics in viral infection, and the development of new and effective methods are essential for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this article, we compare the attributes of several nanoparticles and evaluate their capability to create novel vaccines and treatment methods against different types of viral diseases, especially the SARS-CoV-2 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Higher Education Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Pooneh Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yalda Yazdani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Tabatabaie
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Hamadan University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamed Afkhami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Davodabadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Daryoush Pahlevan
- Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Akram Firouzi-Amandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Kazem Nejati-Koshki
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Marquez R, Zwilling J, Zambrano F, Tolosa L, Marquez ME, Venditti R, Jameel H, Gonzalez R. Nanoparticles and essential oils with antiviral activity on packaging and surfaces: An overview of their selection and application. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Marquez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Jacob Zwilling
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Franklin Zambrano
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Laura Tolosa
- School of Chemical Engineering Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Maria E. Marquez
- Laboratory of Parasite Enzymology, Department of Biology Universidad de Los Andes Mérida Venezuela
| | - Richard Venditti
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Ronalds Gonzalez
- Tissue Pack Innovation Lab, Department of Forest Biomaterials North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA
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Mushtaq A, Iqbal MZ, Kong X. Antiviral effects of coinage metal-based nanomaterials to combat COVID-19 and its variants. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5323-5343. [PMID: 35775993 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The world has been suffering from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, and millions of people have been infected through human-to-human transmission and lost their lives within months. Although multidisciplinary scientific approaches have been employed to fight against this deadly pandemic, various mutations and diverse environments keep producing constraints in treating SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, the efficacy of the developed vaccines has been limited, and inoculation with the vaccines does not guarantee complete protection even though multiple doses are required, which is a frustrating process. Historically, coinage metals (Cu, Ag, and Au) have been well-known for their effectiveness in antiviral action as well as good biocompatibility, binding receptor inhibition, reactive oxygen species, and phototherapy properties. Thus, this review highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 using the antivirus ability and mode of action of coinage metals such as viral entry mechanisms into host cells and the NP-inhibition process, which are explained in detail. This article also draws attention to coinage metal nanomaterial-based approaches to treat other contagious viruses. In addition, coinage metal-based biosensors and an overview of some other biocompatible metal-based nanomaterials to fight against SARS-CoV-2 variants are discussed. Finally, the advantages, perspectives and challenges of coinage metal nanoparticles are given to fight against viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Mushtaq
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiangdong Kong
- Institute of Smart Biomedical Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China. .,Zhejiang-Mauritius Joint Research Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Hangzhou 310018, China
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10
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Bahrami A, Arabestani MR, Taheri M, Farmany A, Norozzadeh F, Hosseini SM, Nozari H, Nouri F. Exploring the Role of Heavy Metals and Their Derivatives on the Pathophysiology of COVID-19. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2639-2650. [PMID: 34448983 PMCID: PMC8391869 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02893-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19, have been studied to determine its properties, transmission mechanisms, and pathology. These efforts are aimed at identifying potential approaches to control or treat the disease. Early treatment of novel SARS-CoV-2 infection to minimize symptom progression has minimal evidence; however, many researchers and firms are working on vaccines, and only a few vaccines exist. COVID-19 is affected by several heavy metals and their nanoparticles. We investigated the effects of heavy metals and heavy metal nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 and their roles in COVID-19 pathogenesis. AgNPs, AuNPs, gold-silver hybrid NPs, copper nanoparticles, zinc oxide, vanadium, gallium, bismuth, titanium, palladium, silver grafted graphene oxide, and some quantum dots were tested to see if they could minimize the severity or duration of symptoms in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection when compared to standard therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bahrami
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Arabestani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Farmany
- Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Norozzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Hosseini
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hesam Nozari
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Adluri USP, Bhattacharya B. Focus on Ayurvedic Diet Resolves Persistent Severe Covid-19 Symptoms: Case Report. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2022; 21:36-44. [PMID: 35431690 PMCID: PMC9005146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction We report the successful management of a patient with persistent severe SARS-CoV-2 (covid-19) with poor prognosis, by using ayurvedic dietary guidelines and supporting herbal and herbomineral formulations. Case presentation After two ICU admissions and at the end of conventional care options for Covid-19 infection, this 71-year-old patient presented online with persistent severe shortness of breath (spO2 85% on room air and spO2 75% with minimal exertion), methylprednisolone dependence of 32 mg/day, and CT Severity Score of 23/25. Upon initiating specific ayurvedic dietary guidelines (āhāra) and supportive formulations to increase digestive metabolism and induce respiratory repair, the patient improved clinically (PCFS grade 4 to 2) within 3 weeks, and radiologically (CT severity 23/25 to 12/25) within 6 weeks. Conclusion Ayurveda provides valuable clinical algorithmic insights into the mechanism of hyperinflammatory surges and dysregulated host response that characterize not only Covid-19 but also most infectious diseases. Ayurveda posits that diet incompatible with the individual's current metabolic state is the key element in inflammatory host response, providing detailed dietary guidelines, and tools that syncretize using a whole systems approach.
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Khatua S, Simal-Gandara J, Acharya K. Understanding immune-modulatory efficacy in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 352:109776. [PMID: 34906553 PMCID: PMC8665649 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Boosting or suppressing our immune system represents an attractive adjunct in the treatment of infections including SARS-CoV-2, cancer, AIDS, malnutrition, age related problems and some inflammatory disorders. Thus, there has been a growing interest in exploring and developing novel drugs, natural or synthetic, that can manipulate our defence mechanism. Many of such studies, reported till date, have been designed to explore effect of the therapeutic on function of macrophages, being a key component in innate immune system. Indeed, RAW264.7, J774A.1, THP-1 and U937 cell lines act as ideal model systems for preliminary investigation and selection of dose for in vivo studies. Several bioassays have been standardized so far where many techniques require high throughput instruments, cost effective reagents and technical assistance that may hinder many scholars to perform a method demanding compilation of available protocols. In this review, we have taken an attempt for the first time to congregate commonly used in vitro immune-modulating techniques explaining their principles. The study detected that among about 40 different assays and more than 150 sets of primers, the methods of cell proliferation by MTT, phagocytosis by neutral red, NO detection by Griess reaction and estimation of expression of TLRs, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β by PCR have been the most widely used to screen the therapeutics under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somanjana Khatua
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India,Department of Botany, Krishnagar Government College, Krishnagar, Nadia, 741101, West Bengal, India
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004, Ourense, Spain,Corresponding author
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, West Bengal, India,Corresponding author
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13
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Govind V, Bharadwaj S, Sai Ganesh MR, Vishnu J, Shankar KV, Shankar B, Rajesh R. Antiviral properties of copper and its alloys to inactivate covid-19 virus: a review. Biometals 2021; 34:1217-1235. [PMID: 34398357 PMCID: PMC8366152 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) and its alloys are prospective materials in fighting covid-19 virus and several microbial pandemics, due to its excellent antiviral as well as antimicrobial properties. Even though many studies have proved that copper and its alloys exhibit antiviral properties, this research arena requires further research attention. Several studies conducted on copper and its alloys have proven that copper-based alloys possess excellent potential in controlling the spread of infectious diseases. Moreover, recent studies indicate that these alloys can effectively inactivate the covid-19 virus. In view of this, the present article reviews the importance of copper and its alloys in reducing the spread and infection of covid-19, which is a global pandemic. The electronic databases such as ScienceDirect, Web of Science and PubMed were searched for identifying relevant studies in the present review article. The review starts with a brief description on the history of copper usage in medicine followed by the effect of copper content in human body and antiviral mechanisms of copper against covid-19. The subsequent sections describe the distinctive copper based material systems such as alloys, nanomaterials and coating technologies in combating the spread of covid-19. Overall, copper based materials can be propitiously used as part of preventive and therapeutic strategies in the fight against covid-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Govind
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India
| | - S Bharadwaj
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India
| | - M R Sai Ganesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India
| | - Jithin Vishnu
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, CBCMT, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Karthik V Shankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India.
| | - Balakrishnan Shankar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India
| | - R Rajesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, India
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14
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Ratan ZA, Mashrur FR, Chhoan AP, Shahriar SM, Haidere MF, Runa NJ, Kim S, Kweon DH, Hosseinzadeh H, Cho JY. Silver Nanoparticles as Potential Antiviral Agents. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2034. [PMID: 34959320 PMCID: PMC8705988 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the early 1990s, nanotechnology has led to new horizons in nanomedicine, which encompasses all spheres of science including chemistry, material science, biology, and biotechnology. Emerging viral infections are creating severe hazards to public health worldwide, recently, COVID-19 has caused mass human casualties with significant economic impacts. Interestingly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibited the potential to destroy viruses, bacteria, and fungi using various methods. However, developing safe and effective antiviral drugs is challenging, as viruses use host cells for replication. Designing drugs that do not harm host cells while targeting viruses is complicated. In recent years, the impact of AgNPs on viruses has been evaluated. Here, we discuss the potential role of silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents. In this review, we focus on the properties of AgNPs such as their characterization methods, antiviral activity, mechanisms, applications, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubair Ahmed Ratan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; (Z.A.R.); (F.R.M.); (A.P.C.)
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
| | - Fazla Rabbi Mashrur
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; (Z.A.R.); (F.R.M.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Anisha Parsub Chhoan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering & Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh; (Z.A.R.); (F.R.M.); (A.P.C.)
| | - Sadi Md. Shahriar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, CA 95616, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Sunggyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyuk Kweon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Hassan Hosseinzadeh
- School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (S.K.); (D.-H.K.)
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Suwon 16419, Korea
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15
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Krishnan S, Thirunavukarasu A, Jha NK, Gahtori R, Roy AS, Dholpuria S, Kesari KK, Singh SK, Dua K, Gupta PK. Nanotechnology-based therapeutic formulations in the battle against animal coronaviruses: an update. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 23:229. [PMID: 34690535 PMCID: PMC8520458 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-021-05341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Outbreak of infectious diseases imposes a serious threat to human population and also causes a catastrophic impact on global economy. Animal coronaviruses remain as one of the intriguing problems, known to cause deadly viral diseases on economically important animal population, and also these infections may spread to other animals and humans. Through isolation of the infected animals from others and providing appropriate treatment using antiviral drugs, it is possible to prevent the virus transmission from animals to other species. In recent times, antiviral drug-resistant strains are being emerged as a deadly virus which are known to cause pandemic. To overcome this, nanoparticles-based formulations are developed as antiviral agent which attacks the animal coronaviruses at multiple sites in the virus replication cycle. Nanovaccines are also being formulated to protect the animals from coronaviruses. Nanoformulations contain particles of one or more dimensions in nano-scale (few nanometers to 1000 nm), which could be inorganic or organic in nature. This review presents the comprehensive outline of the nanotechnology-based therapeutics formulated against animal coronaviruses, which includes the nanoparticles-based antiviral formulations and nanoparticles-based adjuvant vaccines. The mechanism of action of these nanoparticles-based antivirals against animal coronavirus is also discussed using relevant examples. In addition, the scope of repurposing the existing nano-enabled antivirals and vaccines to combat the coronavirus infections in animals is elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Plot no. 32 – 34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310 Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rekha Gahtori
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital, 263136 Uttarakhand India
| | - Ayush Singha Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity School of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai-Pune Expressway, Mumbai, Maharashtra 410206 India
| | - Sunny Dholpuria
- Department of Life Sciences, J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 121006 Haryana India
| | | | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research (SBSR), Sharda University, Plot no. 32 – 34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, 201310 Uttar Pradesh India
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Joshi J, Naranappa Salethoor S, Kulangara S, Edamala Narayanan PN, Puthiyedath R. Ayurvedic management of persistent hypoxia in a diabetic and hypertensive COVID-19 patient in the post-hospitalization period - A Case Report. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100509. [PMID: 34393459 PMCID: PMC8346329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 patients may require supplemental oxygen therapy at home after recovery from COVID-19. We report benefits of add on Ayurvedic intervention in a 75-year-old gentleman who was oxygen dependent post hospitalisation. He was earlier treated for COVID-19 related bilateral pneumonitis, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Renal Failure. Patient reported breathing difficulty, generalized weakness, reduced appetite and severe constipation. The Pulse Oximetry readings with oxygen support fluctuated between 80 and 85 %, Blood Pressure was 150/100 mm Hg, LDH raised at 463 IU/L and HbA1c at 8.7%. The patient was administered micro-doses of Rasasindura sublingually every 10 min for one day followed by administration of Indukānta Ghṛita and Suvarṇamālinīvasanta Rasa. The oxygen saturation improved to 95 % in 12 hrs of initiating treatment, oxygen support was weaned off on the third day of starting the Ayurvedic treatment, three weeks earlier than prescribed at the time of discharge. The patient is ambulant and maintaining oxygen saturation between 95 and 98 %. This case report highlights the potential of Ayurvedic intervention to manage patients with persistent hypoxia in post hospitalization phase. Well-designed studies are warranted to confirm the benefits of integrating such interventions with standard of care in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Joshi
- Joshi Panchakarma Clinic, Panvel, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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17
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Evidence-based traditional Siddha formulations for prophylaxis and management of respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 pandemic-a review. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 35:102056. [PMID: 34122672 PMCID: PMC8180453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is attributed to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This viral disease is rapidly spreading across the globe, including India. The mainstay in managing the disease is supportive care, nutrition, and preventing further progression in the absence of proven antiviral drugs. Currently two vaccines Covishield and Covaxin are administered in India. Long-term plans of developing most reliable mRNA-based vaccines are also underway for the future method of prophylaxis. The Siddha system of medicine's holistic approach emphasizes lifestyle modification, prophylactic interventions, and dietary management to boost the host immunity and treatment with herbal medicines and higher-order medicines as the case may be. In this review, a brief outline of the disease COVID-19, Coronavirus, evidence-based traditional Siddha interventions for respiratory ailments and immune boosters highlighting the relevant published research on individual herbs are dealt, which pave way for further research on drug repurposing for COVID-19. Historical evidence on the prevention and treatment of infections especially antivirals in Siddha classics is studied.
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18
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Pilaquinga F, Morey J, Torres M, Seqqat R, Piña MDLN. Silver nanoparticles as a potential treatment against SARS-CoV-2: A review. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1707. [PMID: 33638618 PMCID: PMC7995207 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Several human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are distinguished by the ability to generate epidemics or pandemics, with their corresponding diseases characterized by severe respiratory illness, such as that which occurs in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and, today, in SARS-CoV-2, an outbreak that has struck explosively and uncontrollably beginning in December 2019 and has claimed the lives of more than 1.9 M people worldwide as of January 2021. The development of vaccines has taken one year, which is why it is necessary to investigate whether some already-existing alternatives that have been successfully developed in recent years can mitigate the pandemic's advance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have proved effective in antiviral action. Thus, in this review, several in vitro and in vivo studies of the effect of AgNPs on viruses that cause respiratory diseases are analyzed and discussed to promote an understanding of the possible interaction of AgNPs with SARS-CoV-2. The study focuses on several in vivo toxicological studies of AgNPs and a dose extrapolation to humans to determine the chief avenue of exposure. It can be concluded that the use of AgNPs as a possible treatment for SARS-CoV-2 could be viable, based on comparing the virus' behavior to that of similar viruses in in vivo studies, and that the suggested route of administration in terms of least degree of adverse effects is inhalation. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Pilaquinga
- School of Chemistry Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.,Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jeroni Morey
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marbel Torres
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Rachid Seqqat
- Immunology and Virology Laboratory, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
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