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Davidson M, Menon S, Chaimani A, Evrenoglou T, Ghosn L, Graña C, Henschke N, Cogo E, Villanueva G, Ferrand G, Riveros C, Bonnet H, Kapp P, Moran C, Devane D, Meerpohl JJ, Rada G, Hróbjartsson A, Grasselli G, Tovey D, Ravaud P, Boutron I. Interleukin-1 blocking agents for treating COVID-19. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 1:CD015308. [PMID: 35080773 PMCID: PMC8791232 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd015308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-1 (IL-1) blocking agents have been used for treating severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), on the premise that their immunomodulatory effect might be beneficial in people with COVID-19. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of IL-1 blocking agents compared with standard care alone or with placebo on effectiveness and safety outcomes in people with COVID-19. We will update this assessment regularly. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane COVID-19 Study Register and the COVID-19 L-OVE Platform (search date 5 November 2021). These sources are maintained through regular searches of MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, trial registers and other sources. We also checked the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, regulatory agency websites, Retraction Watch (search date 3 November 2021). SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating IL-1 blocking agents compared with standard care alone or with placebo for people with COVID-19, regardless of disease severity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed Cochrane methodology. The protocol was amended to reduce the number of outcomes considered. Two researchers independently screened and extracted data and assessed the risk of bias with the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool. We rated the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach for the critical outcomes of clinical improvement (Day 28; ≥ D60); WHO Clinical Progression Score of level 7 or above (i.e. the proportion of participants with mechanical ventilation +/- additional organ support OR death) (D28; ≥ D60); all-cause mortality (D28; ≥ D60); incidence of any adverse events; and incidence of serious adverse events. MAIN RESULTS We identified four RCTs of anakinra (three published in peer-reviewed journals, one reported as a preprint) and two RCTs of canakinumab (published in peer-reviewed journals). All trials were multicentre (2 to 133 centres). Two trials stopped early (one due to futility and one as the trigger for inferiority was met). The median/mean age range varied from 58 to 68 years; the proportion of men varied from 58% to 77%. All participants were hospitalised; 67% to 100% were on oxygen at baseline but not intubated; between 0% and 33% were intubated at baseline. We identified a further 16 registered trials with no results available, of which 15 assessed anakinra (four completed, four terminated, five ongoing, three not recruiting) and one (completed) trial assessed canakinumab. Effectiveness of anakinra for people with COVID-19 Anakinra probably results in little or no increase in clinical improvement at D28 (risk ratio (RR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97 to 1.20; 3 RCTs, 837 participants; absolute effect: 59 more per 1000 (from 22 fewer to 147 more); moderate-certainty evidence. The evidence is uncertain about an effect of anakinra on 1) the proportion of participants with a WHO Clinical Progression Score of level 7 or above at D28 (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.22; 2 RCTs, 722 participants; absolute effect: 55 fewer per 1000 (from 107 fewer to 37 more); low-certainty evidence) and ≥ D60 (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30 to 0.96; 1 RCT, 606 participants; absolute effect: 47 fewer per 1000 (from 72 fewer to 4 fewer) low-certainty evidence); and 2) all-cause mortality at D28 (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.39; 2 RCTs, 722 participants; absolute effect: 32 fewer per 1000 (from 68 fewer to 40 more); low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about an effect of anakinra on 1) the proportion of participants with clinical improvement at ≥ D60 (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.12; 1 RCT, 115 participants; absolute effect: 59 fewer per 1000 (from 186 fewer to 102 more); very low-certainty evidence); and 2) all-cause mortality at ≥ D60 (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.56; 4 RCTs, 1633 participants; absolute effect: 8 more per 1000 (from 84 fewer to 147 more); very low-certainty evidence). Safety of anakinra for people with COVID-19 Anakinra probably results in little or no increase in adverse events (RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.11; 2 RCTs, 722 participants; absolute effect: 14 more per 1000 (from 43 fewer to 78 more); moderate-certainty evidence). The evidence is uncertain regarding an effect of anakinra on serious adverse events (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.56; 2 RCTs, 722 participants; absolute effect: 12 fewer per 1000 (from 104 fewer to 138 more); low-certainty evidence). Effectiveness of canakinumab for people with COVID-19 Canakinumab probably results in little or no increase in clinical improvement at D28 (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.14; 2 RCTs, 499 participants; absolute effect: 42 more per 1000 (from 33 fewer to 116 more); moderate-certainty evidence). The evidence of an effect of canakinumab is uncertain on 1) the proportion of participants with a WHO Clinical Progression Score of level 7 or above at D28 (RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.20; 2 RCTs, 499 participants; absolute effect: 35 fewer per 1000 (from 69 fewer to 25 more); low-certainty evidence); and 2) all-cause mortality at D28 (RR:0.75; 95% CI 0.39 to 1.42); 2 RCTs, 499 participants; absolute effect: 20 fewer per 1000 (from 48 fewer to 33 more); low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about an effect of canakinumab on all-cause mortality at ≥ D60 (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.91; 1 RCT, 45 participants; absolute effect: 112 fewer per 1000 (from 210 fewer to 227 more); very low-certainty evidence). Safety of canakinumab for people with COVID-19 Canakinumab probably results in little or no increase in adverse events (RR 1.02; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.21; 1 RCT, 454 participants; absolute effect: 11 more per 1000 (from 74 fewer to 111 more); moderate-certainty evidence). The evidence of an effect of canakinumab on serious adverse events is uncertain (RR 0.80, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.13; 2 RCTs, 499 participants; absolute effect: 44 fewer per 1000 (from 94 fewer to 28 more); low-certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Overall, we did not find evidence for an important beneficial effect of IL-1 blocking agents. The evidence is uncertain or very uncertain for several outcomes. Sixteen trials of anakinra and canakinumab with no results are currently registered, of which four are completed, and four terminated. The findings of this review are updated on the COVID-NMA platform (covid-nma.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricia Davidson
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna Chaimani
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
| | - Theodoros Evrenoglou
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
| | - Lina Ghosn
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Carolina Graña
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | | | - Elise Cogo
- Cochrane Response, Cochrane, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Gabriel Ferrand
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Carolina Riveros
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Hillary Bonnet
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Philipp Kapp
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Conor Moran
- Infectious Diseases and General Medicine, Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Devane
- Evidence Synthesis Ireland, Cochrane Ireland and HRB-Trials Methodology Research Network, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joerg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center & Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Cochrane Germany, Cochrane Germany Foundation, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Rada
- Epistemonikos Foundation, Santiago, Chile
- UC Evidence Center, Cochrane Chile Associated Center, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Asbjørn Hróbjartsson
- Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO) and Cochrane Denmark, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Open Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Giacomo Grasselli
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - David Tovey
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Ravaud
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Boutron
- Cochrane France, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, INSERM, INRAE, CNAM, CRESS, Paris, France
- Centre d'Epidémiologie Clinique, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
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6
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Axfors C, Janiaud P, Schmitt AM, Van't Hooft J, Smith ER, Haber NA, Abayomi A, Abduljalil M, Abdulrahman A, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Aguilar-Guisado M, Al-Beidh F, Alejandria MM, Alfonso RN, Ali M, AlQahtani M, AlZamrooni A, Anaya JM, Ang MAC, Aomar IF, Argumanis LE, Averyanov A, Baklaushev VP, Balionis O, Benfield T, Berry S, Birocco N, Bonifacio LB, Bowen AC, Bown A, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Camacho B, Camacho-Ortiz A, Campbell-Lee S, Cao DH, Cardesa A, Carnate JM, Castillo GJJ, Cavallo R, Chowdhury FR, Chowdhury FUH, Ciccone G, Cingolani A, Climacosa FMM, Compernolle V, Cortez CFN, Costa Neto A, D'Antico S, Daly J, Danielle F, Davis JS, De Rosa FG, Denholm JT, Denkinger CM, Desmecht D, Díaz-Coronado JC, Díaz Ponce-Medrano JA, Donneau AF, Dumagay TE, Dunachie S, Dungog CC, Erinoso O, Escasa IMS, Estcourt LJ, Evans A, Evasan ALM, Fareli CJ, Fernandez-Sanchez V, Galassi C, Gallo JE, Garcia PJ, Garcia PL, Garcia JA, Garigliany M, Garza-Gonzalez E, Gauiran DTV, Gaviria García PA, Giron-Gonzalez JA, Gómez-Almaguer D, Gordon AC, Gothot A, Grass Guaqueta JS, Green C, Grimaldi D, Hammond NE, Harvala H, Heralde FM, Herrick J, Higgins AM, Hills TE, Hines J, Holm K, Hoque A, Hoste E, Ignacio JM, Ivanov AV, Janssen M, Jennings JH, Jha V, King RAN, Kjeldsen-Kragh J, Klenerman P, Kotecha A, Krapp F, Labanca L, Laing E, Landin-Olsson M, Laterre PF, Lim LL, Lim J, Ljungquist O, Llaca-Díaz JM, López-Robles C, López-Cárdenas S, Lopez-Plaza I, Lucero JAC, Lundgren M, Macías J, Maganito SC, Malundo AFG, Manrique RD, Manzini PM, Marcos M, Marquez I, Martínez-Marcos FJ, Mata AM, McArthur CJ, McQuilten ZK, McVerry BJ, Menon DK, Meyfroidt G, Mirasol MAL, Misset B, Molton JS, Mondragon AV, Monsalve DM, Moradi Choghakabodi P, Morpeth SC, Mouncey PR, Moutschen M, Müller-Tidow C, Murphy E, Najdovski T, Nichol AD, Nielsen H, Novak RM, O'Sullivan MVN, Olalla J, Osibogun A, Osikomaiya B, Oyonarte S, Pardo-Oviedo JM, Patel MC, Paterson DL, Peña-Perez CA, Perez-Calatayud AA, Pérez-Alba E, Perkina A, Perry N, Pouladzadeh M, Poyato I, Price DJ, Quero AKH, Rahman MM, Rahman MS, Ramesh M, Ramírez-Santana C, Rasmussen M, Rees MA, Rego E, Roberts JA, Roberts DJ, Rodríguez Y, Rodríguez-Baño J, Rogers BA, Rojas M, Romero A, Rowan KM, Saccona F, Safdarian M, Santos MCM, Sasadeusz J, Scozzari G, Shankar-Hari M, Sharma G, Snelling T, Soto A, Tagayuna PY, Tang A, Tatem G, Teofili L, Tong SYC, Turgeon AF, Veloso JD, Venkatesh B, Ventura-Enriquez Y, Webb SA, Wiese L, Wikén C, Wood EM, Yusubalieva GM, Zacharowski K, Zarychanski R, Khanna N, Moher D, Goodman SN, Ioannidis JPA, Hemkens LG. Association between convalescent plasma treatment and mortality in COVID-19: a collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1170. [PMID: 34800996 PMCID: PMC8605464 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06829-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Convalescent plasma has been widely used to treat COVID-19 and is under investigation in numerous randomized clinical trials, but results are publicly available only for a small number of trials. The objective of this study was to assess the benefits of convalescent plasma treatment compared to placebo or no treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19, using data from all available randomized clinical trials, including unpublished and ongoing trials (Open Science Framework, https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/GEHFX ). METHODS In this collaborative systematic review and meta-analysis, clinical trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform), the Cochrane COVID-19 register, the LOVE database, and PubMed were searched until April 8, 2021. Investigators of trials registered by March 1, 2021, without published results were contacted via email. Eligible were ongoing, discontinued and completed randomized clinical trials that compared convalescent plasma with placebo or no treatment in COVID-19 patients, regardless of setting or treatment schedule. Aggregated mortality data were extracted from publications or provided by investigators of unpublished trials and combined using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman random effects model. We investigated the contribution of unpublished trials to the overall evidence. RESULTS A total of 16,477 patients were included in 33 trials (20 unpublished with 3190 patients, 13 published with 13,287 patients). 32 trials enrolled only hospitalized patients (including 3 with only intensive care unit patients). Risk of bias was low for 29/33 trials. Of 8495 patients who received convalescent plasma, 1997 died (23%), and of 7982 control patients, 1952 died (24%). The combined risk ratio for all-cause mortality was 0.97 (95% confidence interval: 0.92; 1.02) with between-study heterogeneity not beyond chance (I2 = 0%). The RECOVERY trial had 69.8% and the unpublished evidence 25.3% of the weight in the meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Convalescent plasma treatment of patients with COVID-19 did not reduce all-cause mortality. These results provide strong evidence that convalescent plasma treatment for patients with COVID-19 should not be used outside of randomized trials. Evidence synthesis from collaborations among trial investigators can inform both evidence generation and evidence application in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Axfors
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department for Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Perrine Janiaud
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas M Schmitt
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Janneke Van't Hooft
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emily R Smith
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, USA
| | - Noah A Haber
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Manal Abduljalil
- Internal Medicine, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Abdulkarim Abdulrahman
- Medical Team, National Task Force for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID19), Riffa, Bahrain
- Mohammed Bin Khalifa Cardiac Centre, Awali, Bahrain
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuela Aguilar-Guisado
- Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain
| | - Farah Al-Beidh
- Surgery and Cancer, Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Marissa M Alejandria
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rachelle N Alfonso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Manaf AlQahtani
- Medical Team, National Task Force for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID19), Riffa, Bahrain
- Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, Bahrain Defence Force Hospital, Riffa, Bahrain
- Microbiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University in Bahrain, Riffa, Bahrain
| | - Alaa AlZamrooni
- Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mark Angelo C Ang
- Department of Laboratories, Division of Blood Bank, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ismael F Aomar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis E Argumanis
- Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Alexander Averyanov
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Fundamental Medicine Department, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Baklaushev
- Fundamental Medicine Department, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Biomedical Research, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Balionis
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Center for Research and Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital-Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | | | - Nadia Birocco
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Lynn B Bonifacio
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Asha C Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Abbie Bown
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Department Research in Virology and Mycology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Camacho
- Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Investigación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adrian Camacho-Ortiz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Damon H Cao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Ana Cardesa
- Clinical Department, Red Andaluza de Diseño y Traslacion de Terapias Avanzadas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M Carnate
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - German Jr J Castillo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rossana Cavallo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Fazle R Chowdhury
- Internal Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Giovannino Ciccone
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Cingolani
- Infectious Disease, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Veerle Compernolle
- Blood Services, Belgian Red Cross-Flanders, Mechelen, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carlo Francisco N Cortez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Abel Costa Neto
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio D'Antico
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - James Daly
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Franca Danielle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Bank, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infective Diseases, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Justin T Denholm
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Claudia M Denkinger
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Division of Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresita E Dumagay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecile C Dungog
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Ivy Mae S Escasa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Clinical, Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Evans
- Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Agnes L M Evasan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christian J Fareli
- CENETEC (National Center for Health Technology Excellence), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Claudia Galassi
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Patricia J Garcia
- Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricia L Garcia
- Servicio de Hemoterapia y Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Jesus A Garcia
- Department of Haematology, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elvira Garza-Gonzalez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Deonne Thaddeus V Gauiran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Paula A Gaviria García
- Instituto Distrital de Ciencia Biotecnología e Investigación en Salud (IDCBIS), Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Anthony C Gordon
- Surgery and Cancer, Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Intensive Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - André Gothot
- Immunohematology, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Cameron Green
- ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Grimaldi
- Intensive Care Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles-Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi E Hammond
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, Sydney, Australia
| | - Heli Harvala
- Microbiology Services, NHS Blood and Transplant, London, UK
| | - Francisco M Heralde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jesica Herrick
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Alisa M Higgins
- ANZIC-RC, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thomas E Hills
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
- Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Hines
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Karin Holm
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ashraful Hoque
- Blood Transfusion, Sheikh Hasina National Institute of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Eric Hoste
- Intensive Care Medicine, Gand University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jose M Ignacio
- Department of Neumology and Pulmonology, Hospital Quiron de Marbella, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alexander V Ivanov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Maike Janssen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jeffrey H Jennings
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, New Delhi, India
- School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ruby Anne N King
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aditya Kotecha
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Fiorella Krapp
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Luciana Labanca
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Blood Bank, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emma Laing
- Clinical Trials Unit, NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mona Landin-Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jodor Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Oskar Ljungquist
- Clinical Sciences, Clinical Infection Medicine, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Jorge M Llaca-Díaz
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Concepción López-Robles
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador López-Cárdenas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Jerez de La Frontera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain
| | - Ileana Lopez-Plaza
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Josephine Anne C Lucero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Lundgren
- Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Juan Macías
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Valme, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sandy C Maganito
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Anna Flor G Malundo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Rubén D Manrique
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Paola M Manzini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Quiron de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ignacio Marquez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana M Mata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos, Spain
| | - Colin J McArthur
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zoe K McQuilten
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David K Menon
- University Division of Anaesthesia, Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Geert Meyfroidt
- Intensive Care Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ma Angelina L Mirasol
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Benoît Misset
- Intensive Care Medicine, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Alric V Mondragon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Parastoo Moradi Choghakabodi
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Paul R Mouncey
- Clinical Trials Unit, Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Michel Moutschen
- Intensive Care Medicine, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, Internal Medicine V, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erin Murphy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Alistair D Nichol
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Intensive Care Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Richard M Novak
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Matthew V N O'Sullivan
- Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, NSW Health Pathology, Westmead, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian Olalla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Costa del Sol, Málaga, Spain
| | - Akin Osibogun
- College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Salvador Oyonarte
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centro Transfusional Tejidos y Celulas de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan M Pardo-Oviedo
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mahesh C Patel
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Immunology, and International Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - David L Paterson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Australia
| | | | | | - Eduardo Pérez-Alba
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Anastasia Perkina
- Pulmonary Division, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Laboratory of Personalized Medicine, Pulmonology Scientific and Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Naomi Perry
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mandana Pouladzadeh
- Emergency Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Inmaculada Poyato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario Torrecardenas, Almería, Spain
| | - David J Price
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anne Kristine H Quero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Md M Rahman
- Internal Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md S Rahman
- Pharmacology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mayur Ramesh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | | | - Magnus Rasmussen
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Megan A Rees
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eduardo Rego
- Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jason A Roberts
- Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Departments of Pharmacy and Intensive Care Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Division of Anaesthesiology Critical Care Emergency and Pain Medicine, Nîmes University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Nîmes, France
| | - David J Roberts
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and BRC Haematology Theme, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical and Research and Development, NHS Blood and Transplant, Oxford, UK
| | - Yhojan Rodríguez
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
- Clinica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Baño
- Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Sevilla-IBiS, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Benjamin A Rogers
- Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Manuel Rojas
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alberto Romero
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Kathryn M Rowan
- Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), London, UK
| | - Fabio Saccona
- Department of Quality and Safety in Health Care, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Mehdi Safdarian
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maria Clariza M Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Joe Sasadeusz
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department, University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gitana Scozzari
- Department of Medical Hospital Direction, Unit of Medical Direction, University Hospital Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Manu Shankar-Hari
- St Thomas' Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Gorav Sharma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Thomas Snelling
- Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Westmead, Australia
| | - Alonso Soto
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (INICIB), Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Peru
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Nacional Hipolito Unanue, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedrito Y Tagayuna
- Department of Laboratories, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Amy Tang
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Geneva Tatem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, USA
| | - Luciana Teofili
- Transfusion Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Januario D Veloso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | - Balasubramanian Venkatesh
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney and New Delhi, Sydney, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Wesley and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Steve A Webb
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University College Dublin-Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- St John of God Hospital, Subiaco, Subiaco, Australia
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Christian Wikén
- Infectious Diseases, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erica M Wood
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gaukhar M Yusubalieva
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Biomedical Research, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ryan Zarychanski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Critical Care and Hematology/Medical Oncology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Hygiene and Infection Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Moher
- Centre for Journalology, Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Steven N Goodman
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - John P A Ioannidis
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
- Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars G Hemkens
- Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford (METRICS), Stanford University, Stanford, USA.
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 12, 4031, Basel, Switzerland.
- Meta-Research Innovation Center Berlin (METRIC-B), Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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