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Almeman AA. Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids in Dermatological Practice: A Comprehensive Clinical and Legal Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1661-1685. [PMID: 39050562 PMCID: PMC11268769 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s453243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The global market for alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) is undergoing significant expansion, propelled by increasing demand for skincare products that address aging and environmental damage. This review focuses on the dermatological applications of AHAs, particularly in cosmetic formulations like chemical peels. We have identified that AHAs, such as glycolic and lactic acids, enhance skin rejuvenation by promoting apoptosis in skin cells, boosting collagen and elastin synthesis, and improving skin texture and luminosity. Our comprehensive analysis reveals a nuanced understanding of AHAs' effectiveness across various skin types and conditions, demonstrating their broad utility in treating conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. However, the optimal concentrations for therapeutic efficacy with minimal side effects are yet to be precisely defined, necessitating further research. Regulatory compliance is underscored as essential for the safe application of AHAs in cosmetics, with international guidelines recommending specific concentrations and pH levels to minimize potential skin irritation. In Conclusion, the review highlights the effectiveness of AHAs in cosmetic dermatology, emphasizing the necessity for continued research and rigorous regulatory adherence to maximize their safe and beneficial application worldwide.
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2
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Berg AK, Grauslund AC, Sørensen F, Thorsen SU, Thyssen JP, Zachariae C, Svensson J. A Skin Care Program to Prevent Skin Problems due to Diabetes Devices in Children and Adolescents: A Cluster-Controlled Intervention Study. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:1770-1777. [PMID: 37478335 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-0462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diabetes devices that deliver insulin and measure blood glucose levels are cornerstones in modern treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, their use is frequently associated with the development of skin problems, particularly eczema and wounds. Proper skin care may prevent skin problems, yet evidence-based information from interventional studies is missing. Providing this information is the aim of this study. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cluster-controlled intervention study tested the efficacy of a basic skin care program (including use of lipid cream, removal, and avoidance of disinfection). A total of 170 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes were included and assigned either to the intervention group (n = 112) or the control group (n = 58). Participants were seen quarterly the first year after device initiation, with clinical assessment and interview in an unblinded setting. RESULTS Eczema or wounds were observed in 33.6% of the intervention group compared with 46.6% of control participants (absolute difference, 12.9% [95% CI -28.7%, 2.9%]; P = 0.10). The adjusted odds of wound development were decreased by 71% in the intervention compared with control group (for wounds, odds ratio 0.29 [95% CI 0.12, 0.68]; P = 0.005). In total, only eight infections were seen, without a higher frequency in the intervention group, despite advice to omit disinfection. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate our basic skin care program partially prevented diabetes device-induced skin reactions. However, more preventive strategies with other adhesives, patches, and/or types of lotions are needed for optimized prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Korsgaard Berg
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Fiona Sørensen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Steffen Ullitz Thorsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Zachariae
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Jannet Svensson
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Rajkumar J, Chandan N, Lio P, Shi V. The Skin Barrier and Moisturization: Function, Disruption, and Mechanisms of Repair. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2023; 36:174-185. [PMID: 37717558 DOI: 10.1159/000534136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anatomic layers of the skin are well-defined, and a functional model of the skin barrier has recently been described. Barrier disruption plays a key role in several skin conditions, and moisturization is recommended as an initial treatment in conditions such as atopic dermatitis. This review aimed to analyze the skin barrier in the context of the function model, with a focus on the mechanisms by which moisturizers support each of the functional layers of the skin barrier to promote homeostasis and repair. SUMMARY The skin barrier is comprised of four interdependent layers - physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic - which maintain barrier structure and function. Moisturizers target disruption affecting each of these four layers through several mechanisms and were shown to improve transepidermal water loss in several studies. Occlusives, humectants, and emollients occlude the surface of the stratum corneum (SC), draw water from the dermis into the epidermis, and assimilate into the SC, respectively, in order to strengthen the physical skin barrier. Acidic moisturizers bolster the chemical skin barrier by supporting optimal enzymatic function, increasing ceramide production, and facilitating ideal conditions for commensal microorganisms. Regular moisturization may strengthen the immunologic skin barrier by reducing permeability and subsequent allergen penetration and sensitization. KEY MESSAGES The physical, chemical, microbiologic, and immunologic layers of the skin barrier are each uniquely impacted in states of skin barrier disruption. Moisturizers target each of the layers of the skin barrier to maintain homeostasis and facilitate repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rajkumar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Neha Chandan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Lio
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Vivian Shi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Alaska, USA
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4
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Neha, Joshi R, Bhave A, Bhagat SV, Veligandla K, Rathod R, Kotak B. Efficacy and In-Use Tolerance of Venusia Baby Moisturizer for Skin Hydration in Babies With Dry and/or Normal Skin. Cureus 2023; 15:e45032. [PMID: 37842370 PMCID: PMC10569146 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Skin hydration is important for maintaining adequate skin barrier function. After delivery, the baby's skin faces the most difficult challenge as they are exposed to the exterior world's environmental changes, friction, and microorganisms. The management is further complicated by the availability of a large range of infant skin-care products with varying claims. The first-ever Indian study on babies was done to analyze the test product (Venusia baby moisturizer; Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India) in order to bring scientific clarity to consumers. This product is devoid of parabens, alcohol, and animal origin (Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, India) and is designed for skin hydration and in-use tolerance in babies with dry and/or normal skin. The endpoints were hydration and clinical evaluation of the skin, evaluated using a moisture meter scale (MMSC; Delfin Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland) and parent self-assessment questionnaire, respectively. Material and methods A total of 136 healthy babies aged between six months to two years were enrolled in a four-group, monocentric, non-randomized, evaluator-blinded study: Group 1 (Venusia baby cream for dry skin), Group 2 (Venusia baby lotion for Dry Skin), Group 3 (Venusia baby cream for normal skin), and Group 4 (Venusia baby lotion for normal skin). The endpoints were hydration and clinical evaluation of the skin, evaluated using an MMSC and parent self-assessment questionnaire, respectively. Results In babies with dry skin, skin hydration was improved with Venusia baby cream (37.50%) and Venusia baby lotion (66.40%). Additionally, 66.66% of participants strongly agreed that the baby's skin became softer and smoother after the application of Venusia baby cream; 76.47% of participants strongly agreed that the baby's skin became softer and smoother after the application of Venusia baby lotion. In babies with normal skin, skin hydration was improved with Venusia baby cream (12.20%) and Venusia baby lotion (7.20%); 59.37% of participants strongly agreed that the baby's skin became softer and smoother after the application of Venusia baby cream; and 84.84% of participants strongly agreed that the baby's skin became softer and smoother after the application of Venusia baby lotion. Conclusion Significant improvement was seen in skin hydration using Venusia baby cream and Venusia baby lotion in babies with dry skin and normal skin. No skin intolerances and product-related adverse or serious adverse events were clinically observed or reported during the study duration. Venusia baby lotion had the highest effect (66.4%) on skin hydration in babies with dry skin, where there was a significant shift from dry skin to normal skin range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha
- Medical Affairs, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, IND
| | - Rajiv Joshi
- Dermatology, C.L.A.I.M.S Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, IND
| | - Amit Bhave
- Pediatrics, C.L.A.I.M.S Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, IND
| | | | | | - Rahul Rathod
- Medical Affairs, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, IND
| | - Bhavesh Kotak
- Medical Affairs, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd., Hyderabad, IND
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Bauer A, Brans R, Brehler R, Büttner M, Dickel H, Elsner P, Fartasch M, Herzog C, John SM, Köllner A, Maul JT, Merk H, Molin S, Nast A, Nikolakis GD, Schliemann S, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Zidane M, Worm M. S2k-Leitlinie Diagnostik, Prävention und Therapie des Handekzems: S2k guideline diagnosis, prevention and therapy of hand eczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:1054-1076. [PMID: 37700403 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15179_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie S2k‐Leitlinie „Diagnostik, Prävention und Therapie des Handekzems (HE)“ gibt auf der Grundlage eines evidenz‐ und konsensbasierten Ansatzes konkrete Handlungsanweisungen und Empfehlungen für die Diagnostik, Prävention und Therapie des HE. Die Leitlinie wurde auf der Grundlage der deutschen Leitlinie „Management von Handekzemen“ aus dem Jahr 2009 und der aktuellen Leitlinie der European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD) „Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema“ aus dem Jahr 2022 erstellt. Allgemeines Ziel der Leitlinie ist es, Dermatologen und Allergologen in der Praxis und Klinik eine akzeptierte, evidenzbasierte Entscheidungshilfe für die Auswahl sowie Durchführung einer geeigneten und suffizienten Therapie für Patienten mit Handekzemen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Die Leitlinie basiert auf zwei Cochrane‐Reviews zu therapeutischen und präventiven Interventionen beim HE. Die übrigen Kapitel wurden überwiegend basierend auf nicht systematischen Literaturrecherchen durch die Expertengruppe erarbeitet und konsentiert. Die Expertenkommission bestand aus Mitgliedern von allergologischen und berufsdermatologischen Fachgesellschaften und Arbeitsgruppen, einer Patientenvertretung und Methodikern. Im Rahmen einer Konsensuskonferenz am 15.09.2022 wurden die Vorschläge für die Empfehlungen und Kernaussagen unter Verwendung eines nominalen Gruppenprozesses konsentiert. Der strukturierte Konsensfindungsprozess wurde professionell moderiert. Die vorliegende Leitlinie hat eine Gültigkeit bis zum 22.02.2028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bauer
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Richard Brans
- Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland und Institut für Interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm) an der Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Allergologie, Berufsdermatologie und Umweltmedizin an der Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Bochum Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, St. Josef-Hospital, Universitätsklinikum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Peter Elsner
- Privatpraxis für Dermatologie und Allergologie, SRH Krankenhaus Gera, Gera, Deutschland
| | - Manigé Fartasch
- Institut für Prävention und Arbeitsmedizin der Deutschen Gesetzlichen Unfallversicherung (IPA), Institut der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Deutschland
| | - Claudia Herzog
- Universitätskrebszentrum, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Deutschland
| | - Swen-Malte John
- Fachbereich Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland und Institut für interdisziplinäre dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm) an der Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Arno Köllner
- Dermatologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Duisburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Hans Merk
- Professor für Dermatologie und Allergologie, ehemaliger Direktor der Hautklinik, RWTH Aachen, Deutschland
| | - Sonja Molin
- Abteilung für Dermatologie, Fachbereich Medizin, Queen's University, Kingston, Kanada
| | - Alexander Nast
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Abteilung für Evidenzbasierte Medizin (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, gemeinsames Mitglied der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Georgios D Nikolakis
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie und Immunologie, Städtisches Klinikum Dessau, Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg Theodor Fontane und Fakultät für Gesundheitswissenschaften Brandenburg, Dessau, Deutschland
| | | | - Christoph Skudlik
- Dermatologie, Umweltmedizin und Gesundheitstheorie, Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland und Institut für Interdisziplinäre Dermatologische Prävention und Rehabilitation (iDerm) an der Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Deutschland
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Berufsdermatologie, Abteilung Dermatologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Miriam Zidane
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Abteilung für Evidenzbasierte Medizin (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, gemeinsames Mitglied der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Margitta Worm
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Venerologie und Allergologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, korporatives Mitglied der Freien Universität Berlin und der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
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6
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Bauer A, Brans R, Brehler R, Büttner M, Dickel H, Elsner P, Fartasch M, Herzog C, John SM, Köllner A, Maul JT, Merk H, Molin S, Nast A, Nikolakis GD, Schliemann S, Skudlik C, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Zidane M, Worm M. S2k guideline diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of hand eczema. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:1054-1074. [PMID: 37700424 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The consensus-based guideline "Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema (HE)" provides concrete instructions and recommendations for diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of HE based on an evidence- and consensus-based approach. The guideline was created based on the German guideline "Management von Handekzemen" from 2009 and the current guideline of the European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD) "Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of hand eczema" from 2022. The general goal of the guideline is to provide dermatologists and allergologists in practice and clinics with an accepted, evidence-based decision-making tool for selecting and conducting suitable and sufficient therapy for patients with hand eczema. The guideline is based on two Cochrane reviews of therapeutic and preventive interventions for HE. The remaining chapters were mainly developed and consented based on non-systematic literature research by the expert group. The expert group consisted of members of allergological and occupational dermatological professional associations and working groups, a patient representative, and methodologists. The proposals for recommendations and key statements were consented by using a nominal group process during a consensus conference on September 15, 2022. The structured consensus-building process was professionally moderated. This guideline is valid until February 22, 2028.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany and Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Randolf Brehler
- Department of Allergy, Occupational Dermatology and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Heinrich Dickel
- Bochum Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, University Medical Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Peter Elsner
- Privat practice for dermatology and allergology, SRH Hospital Gera, Germany
| | - Manigé Fartasch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claudia Herzog
- University Cancer Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany
| | - Swen-Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany and Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Julia-Tatjana Maul
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Merk
- Professor of Dermatology and Allergology, Former Chairman of the Department of Dermatology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Molin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Alexander Nast
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georgios D Nikolakis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Staedtisches Klinikum Dessau, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany and Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Zidane
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Division of Evidence-Based Medicine (dEBM), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margitta Worm
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Liang J, Hu F, Tang H, Jiang F, Sang Y, Hong Y, Wang Q, Nuer K, Kang X. Systematic review and network meta-analysis of different types of emollient for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in infants. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:501-510. [PMID: 36415973 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic application of emollients has been an effective strategy against infant atopic dermatitis (AD); however, the difference of different emollients is unknown. We performed this network meta-analysis to compare different emollients in preventing infant AD. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane library to identify relevant studies from their inception through 28 February, 2022. We evaluated the quality of eligible studies using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14.0. Eleven studies were included for data analysis. Direct meta-analysis suggested that early application of emollients effectively prevented AD development in high-risk infants (risk ratio [RR], 0.64; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.47 to 0.88). Network meta-analysis suggested that emollient emulsion might the better option for preventing infant AD development, with a surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) of 82.6% for all populations, 78.0% for high-risk populations and 79.2% for populations with food sensitization. Moreover, subjects receiving emollients more frequently experienced adverse events. Overall, early application of emollients is an effective strategy for preventing AD development in high-risk infants and emollient emulsion may be the optimal type. Future study with well-designed and large scale are warranted to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqin Liang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Fengxia Hu
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Hongbo Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Meishan City Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Sichuang Meishan, China
| | - Fanhe Jiang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Yingbing Sang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Yongzhen Hong
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Kalibi Nuer
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumchi, China.,Xinjiang Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic Diseases, Urumqi, China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Dermatology Research (XJYS1707), Urumqi, China
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8
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Albanova VI, Kalinina OV, Petrova SY. The use of urea for skin barrier correction. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2022. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes information about the main causes and pathogenesis of xerosis cutis as one of the conditions indicating a violation of the epidermal barrier. Xerosis cutis is a clinical sign of a decrease in the amount and/or quality of lipids and/or hydrophilic substances in the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The modern approach to the treatment of dermatoses accompanied by violations of the epidermal barrier includes basic moisturizers. Urea not only moisturizes the skin. It is involved in the regulation of barrier function and antimicrobial protection. It is a low-molecular regulator of protein synthesis in keratinocytes, such as filaggrin, loricrin, involucrin and transglutaminase 1, cathelicidin, beta-defensin-2, water and urea carrier proteins into the cell, as well as proteins that promote the synthesis of intercellular matrix lipids. The main dermatotropic pharmacological effects of urea (hydration of the epidermis, strengthening of the barrier function of the skin, keratolytic effect, increased penetration of drugs into the skin) have been used in dermatological practice for many years. External agents with urea are used to treat skin diseases accompanied by dryness and excessive keratinization, to correct the deformation of nail plates of various genesis, to facilitate the local penetration of medicines. The use of topical UrocrEM5, UrocrEM10, Uroderm ointments containing 5%, 10% and 30% urea, respectively, is effective and safe.
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9
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Green M, Feschuk AM, Kashetsky N, Maibach HI. "Normal" TEWL-How Can it be Defined?: A Systematic Review. Exp Dermatol 2022; 31:1618-1631. [PMID: 35753062 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), the total non-eccrine sweat water evaporating from a given area of epidermis over time, is a measurement of skin barrier integrity. Skin diseases (e.g. psoriasis and atopic dermatitis) often result in transient increases in TEWL, so knowledge of "normal" TEWL values may be used to predict disease progression in dermatological settings. Variables such as age, race, and anatomic location have been suggested to affect TEWL, but current regulatory agencies have failed to control for additional variables of interest. Thus, this review summarizes variables that may cause TEWL variation. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed using Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science to find human studies that provided data on variables affecting TEWL. RESULTS 31 studies, analyzing 22 affecting TEWL, were identified. Variables causing increased TEWL were mask-use (n=1), Dry Eye Disease (n=1), Chronic Venous Disease (n=1), Coronary Artery Disease (n=1), age (infants vs. adults) (n=4), nourishment in infants (n=1), stress within individuals (n=2), Body Mass Index (n=2), bathing versus showering (n=2), and scratching/friction (n=1). Variables with decreases in TEWL were genetic variability with SNPs on chromosome 9q34.3 (n=1) and cancer-cachexia (n=1). CONCLUSION We summarized 12 variables that impact TEWL and are not typically controlled for in experimental settings. Therefore, defining normal TEWL may currently be problematic. Thus, regulatory agencies should provide stricter guidelines on proper measurement of TEWL to minimize human introduced TEWL variation, and we should continue to examine factors impacting individual skin integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Green
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Aileen M Feschuk
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Nadia Kashetsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
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10
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Katibi OS, Cork MJ, Flohr C, Danby SG. Moisturizer therapy in prevention of atopic dermatitis and food allergy: To use or disuse? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2022; 128:512-525. [PMID: 35235817 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically appraise the evidence for the role of regular moisturizer application in early life to prevent atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA). DATA SOURCES Primary peer-reviewed literature. STUDY SELECTIONS Original research articles based on systematic reviews, interventional studies, retrospective studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies related to the subject matter. RESULTS There is good evidence to show that epicutaneous sensitization through a defective skin barrier is important in the development of AD and FA. This supports moisturizer use in prevention because some of them have been proven to restore skin barrier with clear benefits in AD, whereas there is some limited evidence that these products may reduce allergic sensitization. However, moisturizers have varied effects depending on ingredients and formulation, some of which are paradoxical, such as increasing transepidermal water loss and enhancing penetration of substances in the skin. These effects may be responsible for some of the conflicting outcomes of prevention studies, some of which suggest that moisturizers are not useful in prevention of AD and FA, whereas others show a positive trend. Interestingly, there is some suggestion that moisturizers may increase the risk for allergy development perhaps through these paradoxical effects. CONCLUSION Although moisturizer use is beneficial in the management of AD, current evidence suggests that it may be ineffective in prevention of AD and FA. Further studies are needed to determine the effects of moisturization on allergic sensitization and inflammation and to investigate whether moisturizer type, frequency, duration, and age of application substantially affect the prevention and development of these allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludolapo Sherifat Katibi
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom; Dermatology Unit, Department of Paediatrics & Child Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
| | - Michael John Cork
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Carsten Flohr
- Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Geoffrey Danby
- Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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11
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Thyssen JP, Schuttelaar MLA, Alfonso JH, Andersen KE, Angelova-Fischer I, Arents BWM, Bauer A, Brans R, Cannavo A, Christoffers WA, Crépy MN, Elsner P, Fartasch M, Larese Filon F, Giménez-Arnau AM, Gonçalo M, Guzmán-Perera MG, Hamann CR, Hoetzenecker W, Johansen JD, John SM, Kunkeler ACM, Ljubojevic Hadzavdic S, Molin S, Nixon R, Oosterhaven JAF, Rustemeyer T, Serra-Baldrich E, Shah M, Simon D, Skudlik C, Spiewak R, Valiukevičienė S, Voorberg AN, Weisshaar E, Agner T. Guidelines for diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hand eczema. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 86:357-378. [PMID: 34971008 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Thyssen
- Dep. Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jose H Alfonso
- Dep. of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Dep. of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Klaus E Andersen
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Irena Angelova-Fischer
- Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Allergy Center, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Bernd W M Arents
- Dutch Association for People with Atopic Dermatitis, Nijkerk, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
| | - Richard Brans
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Alicia Cannavo
- Contact Dermatitis and Occupational Dermatoses, Hospital de Clínicas "José de San Martín", Buenos Aires University, Argentina
| | | | - Marie-Noelle Crépy
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Diseases, University Hospital of Centre of Paris, Hotel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Centre of Paris, Cochin Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Manigé Fartasch
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine (IPA) of the German Social Accident Insurance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Occupational Dermatology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hopsital del Mar, IMIM , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Clinic of Dermatology - University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Carsten R Hamann
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology, Kepler University Hospital and Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swen M John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Amalia C M Kunkeler
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sonja Molin
- Division of Dermatology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Rosemary Nixon
- Occupational Dermatology Research and Education Centre, Skin Health Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jart A F Oosterhaven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology-Allergology and Occupational Dermatology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mili Shah
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Dagmar Simon
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Skudlik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.,Institute for interdisciplinary Dermatologic Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm) at the University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Radoslaw Spiewak
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Cosmetology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Angelique N Voorberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Division of Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tove Agner
- Dep. Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Xu D, Stengel R, Sun P. Effectiveness of Emollients in the Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants: A Meta-Analysis. Dermatology 2021; 238:711-716. [PMID: 34872091 DOI: 10.1159/000519923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease characterized by dry skin, severe itching, inflammation and impaired quality of life. Moisturizing is an integral part of treatment for AD, but its potential for prevention of AD is unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the early use of emollients in infancy can prevent later development of AD. METHODS We searched Medline, Embase, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library and other databases to collect randomized controlled trials on early use of emollients in infants for a meta-analysis. RESULTS Nine articles were included. The OR value for incidence rate was 0.7 (95% CI: 0.48-1.01). No significant publication bias was found by Egger's test. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the final conclusion was reliable. CONCLUSIONS We found that the difference in incidence rate of AD between the experimental and control groups was not statistically significant. However, due to different methods of using emollients, different follow-up times and different sample sizes included in this meta-analysis, a definitive conclusion could not be reached in this study. In the future, it is still necessary to carry out randomized controlled, multicenter, large-sample trials with an excellent study design and high methodological quality on early application of emollients in high-risk infants to prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China,
| | - Rainer Stengel
- Department of Dermatology, Senior Expert Service, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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13
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Ayasse MT, Ahmed A, Espinosa ML, Walker CJ, Yousaf M, Thyssen JP, Silverberg JI. What are the highest yielding search strategy terms for systematic reviews in atopic dermatitis? A systematic review. Arch Dermatol Res 2021; 313:737-750. [PMID: 33221950 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02165-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of search strategies on systematic reviews (SR) of atopic dermatitis (AD) is unknown. The purpose of this review was to evaluate search strategies used in SR of AD and their impact on the frequency of manuscripts identified. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for SR related to AD. Simulations were performed by running combinations of search terms in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Overall, 250 SR met inclusion criteria, of which 225 specified search strategies. SR using 5-6 terms (20.0% to 12.1%) or ≥ 7 (40.0% to 18.8%) terms decreased, whereas SR using 3-4 terms numerically increased (18.8% to 30.2%) and 1-2 terms remained similar (37.5% to 38.9%) from 1999-2009 to 2015-2019. The most commonly searched terms were "atopic dermatitis" (n = 166), followed by "eczema" (n = 156), "dermatitis atopic'" (n = 81), "atopic eczema" (n = 74), "neurodermatitis" (n = 59), "Besniers prurigo" (n = 29), "infantile eczema" (n = 27), and "childhood eczema" (n = 19). Simulations revealed that "eczema" and "atopic dermatitis" yielded the most hits. The number of search terms that maximized hits in MEDLINE and EMBASE was 5 and 4, respectively. Search strategies for AD were heterogeneous, with high proportions of search strategies providing few search hits. Future studies should use standardized and optimized search terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa T Ayasse
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 2B-425, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Adnan Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maria L Espinosa
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christina J Walker
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Muhammad Yousaf
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jacob P Thyssen
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2150 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Suite 2B-425, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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14
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Piquero-Casals J, Morgado-Carrasco D, Granger C, Trullàs C, Jesús-Silva A, Krutmann J. Urea in Dermatology: A Review of its Emollient, Moisturizing, Keratolytic, Skin Barrier Enhancing and Antimicrobial Properties. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2021; 11:1905-1915. [PMID: 34596890 PMCID: PMC8611129 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-021-00611-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is a hygroscopic molecule (capable of absorbing water) present in the epidermis as a component of the natural moisturizing factor (NMF) and is essential for the adequate hydration and integrity of the stratum corneum. Urea improves skin barrier function including antimicrobial defense by regulating gene expression in keratinocytes relevant for their differentiation and antimicrobial peptide production. It also plays a fundamental role in regulating keratinocyte proliferation. One of the first uses of urea in modern medicine was the topical treatment of wounds due to its proteolytic and antibacterial properties. At present, urea is widely used in dermatology to improve skin barrier function and as one of the most common moisturizers and keratolytic agents. Urea-containing formulations are available in diverse formulations and concentrations. Multiple clinical trials on the use of urea-containing formulations have shown significant clinical improvement in many of the dermatosis presenting with scaly and dry skin such as atopic dermatitis, ichthyosis, xerosis, seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis, among others. Furthermore, urea can increase skin penetration and optimize the action of topical drugs. Urea-based products are well tolerated; their side effects are mild and are more frequent at high concentration. Here, we present a review of the use of urea in dermatology, discussing its mechanism of action, safety profile and frequent indications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Morgado-Carrasco
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Jean Krutmann
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Crowther JM. Understanding humectant behaviour through their water-holding properties. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:601-609. [PMID: 34228831 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Humectants perform essential roles in the formulation of topical moisturizing products in terms of delivery of active ingredients, consumer experience and biophysical behaviour. How they retain and release water is key to understanding their behaviour. METHODS Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS) was used to monitor the dehydration kinetics of three humectants widely used in topical formulations-glycerine, dexpanthenol and urea. Model aqueous solutions with concentrations of 20% w/w were tested and compared against pure deionized water. RESULTS The three humectants varied in their ability to retain water during the dehydration process. Dexpanthenol was able to retain water most efficiently during the latter stages of dehydration. Urea demonstrated evidence of crystallization during the final stage of water loss, which was not shown by glycerine or dexpanthenol. CONCLUSIONS Humectants perform vital roles in the formulation of consumer acceptable topical products including the delivery of actives to the skin. Their ability to influence water movement in the skin is also essential for the maintenance of stratum corneum flexibility. DVS assessment of aqueous solutions has demonstrated how the behaviour of three commonly used humectants differs. Knowledge of the mechanisms by which these humectants operate enables the formulator to develop topical products optimized for the roles for which they are intended.
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16
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Annunziata MC, Cacciapuoti S, Cosentino C, Fabbrocini G. Urea-containing topical formulations. Int J Clin Pract 2020; 74 Suppl 187:e13660. [PMID: 33249709 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Urea is a well-known moisturiser and keratolytic topical agent. As it is widely used in dermatology, several formulations at different concentrations have been marketed: lotions, creams, foams, ointments, gels and lacquers. Availability of different vehicles and concentration may vary in different countries, but in general products at low, medium and high urea concentration are accessible worldwide. The proper formulation should be chosen according to the disorder to treat, its severity, body areas involved and patients' preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Annunziata
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cacciapuoti
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Fabbrocini
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Deleuran M, Georgescu V, Jean-Decoster C. An Emollient Containing Aquaphilus dolomiae Extract is Effective in the Management of Xerosis and Pruritus: An International, Real-World Study. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2020; 10:1013-1029. [PMID: 32666271 PMCID: PMC7477020 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-020-00415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xerosis and pruritus are common manifestations of numerous dermatologic and systemic diseases. We evaluated the effectiveness of an emollient containing an Aquaphilus dolomiae extract (ADE-G1) for the management of pruritus and xerosis in patients of all age with a range of dermatologic and systemic diseases. METHODS This open-label, real-world study involved 5910 patients from 33 European, South American, Asian, and North and South African countries, who applied the product for 7 days twice daily to the face and body after the skin had been cleansed and dried. The physician assessed xerosis severity and patients assessed pruritus severity, the duration of itch, sleep quality, and the impact of their skin disease on their quality of life, using scales derived from the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index and questionnaires, at inclusion and after 7 days of use. RESULTS The 7-day care regimen resulted in 56% and 60% reductions in xerosis and pruritus severity, respectively, regardless of the underlying pathology (p < 0.0001), with the largest decreases observed for patients with ichthyosis for xerosis and for patients post scabies treatment for pruritus. The mean sleep disturbance and mean total Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) scores were also reduced by 58% and 60% (p < 0.0001), respectively. The emollient was effective whether the product was used alone or in combination with topical or systemic treatments and was well tolerated. CONCLUSION Our study shows that the 7-day regimen with the emollient was a universally effective treatment for pruritus and xerosis, regardless of the underlying pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Deleuran
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Victor Georgescu
- Laboratoires Dermatologiques Avène, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Lavaur, France
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18
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Hebert AA, Rippke F, Weber TM, Nicol NH. Efficacy of Nonprescription Moisturizers for Atopic Dermatitis: An Updated Review of Clinical Evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:641-655. [PMID: 32524381 PMCID: PMC7473959 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Twice-daily moisturization is recommended by international guidelines as the bedrock of the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). Moisturizers should be selected based on proven clinical effectiveness in improving the skin barrier and improving the symptoms of AD. We searched the PubMed database for clinical trials assessing daily moisturization for the treatment of AD published between 2006 and 2019. Studies had to assess the efficacy of commercially available moisturizers using objective measures of corneometry, transepidermal water loss, or incidence of flare as endpoints, and treatments had to be currently available to patients. Clinical studies showed that moisturization (typically twice daily) significantly improved the skin barrier in adults and children with AD. Longer-term flare studies showed that daily moisturization reduced the incidence of flares and extended the time between flares. Proactive moisturization of infants at high risk of developing AD may reduce its manifestation. Therapeutic moisturizers for AD are specifically formulated with ingredients that target symptoms of AD, such as itch, inflammation, or compromised skin barrier. The US FDA requires that any moisturizer available in the USA and claiming to treat AD must contain colloidal oatmeal. Healthcare providers can maximize compliance and outcomes by educating patients on the benefits of liberally applying a therapeutic moisturizer twice daily to support the skin barrier and help reduce the incidence of flares. Specific recommendations should be for clinically tested moisturizers evaluated using objective, validated skin assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide A Hebert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6655 Travis, Suite 980, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa M Weber
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf Inc., Wilton, CT, USA
| | - Noreen Heer Nicol
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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Poly-γ-Glutamate microneedles as transdermal immunomodulators for ameliorating atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in Nc/Nga mice. Acta Biomater 2020; 114:183-192. [PMID: 32688089 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common, relapsing, inflammatory disorder of the skin, is associated with T helper type 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses. Despite the efficacy of existing drugs for AD treatment, their safety and side effects cause concern. The present study describes the use of dissolvable poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) microneedles (MNs) with immunomodulatory effects for effectively relieving AD-like symptoms in Nc/Nga mice. γ-PGA MNs can easily penetrate the epidermis and release γ-PGA into the dendritic cell-rich dermis to interact with dendritic cells for modulating immune responses. Transdermal administration of high-molecular-weight (HMW, 1100 kDa) γ-PGA MNs significantly reduced clinical dermatitis scores, epidermal thickness, and mast cell infiltration in mice by downregulating immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG1 levels (Th2-associated antibodies) compared with the AD control group. However, low-molecular-weight (200-400 kDa) γ-PGA MNs ameliorated AD-like skin lesions less effectively than HMW γ-PGA MNs, thus indicating that the MW of γ-PGA may affect its immunomodulatory properties. Notably, the mouse skin quickly recovered its barrier function within 4 h after MN application. No weight loss or abnormality was observed in the MN-treated mice during the 8-week treatment period. These results suggest that the γ-PGA MNs represent an innovative, safe, and reliable therapeutic strategy for AD management. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study is the first to explore the feasibility of using poly-γ-glutamate (γ-PGA) microneedles (MNs) as transdermal immunomodulators for improving atopic dermatitis (AD) symptoms and to evaluate their immunomodulatory effect in mice with spontaneously developed AD. Transdermal administration of γ-PGA MNs enables the γ-PGA to localize in the skin for activation of dermal dendritic cells, thus modulating immune responses. We demonstrate that high-molecular-weight γ-PGA MNs can be retained in the skin for at least 6 days and effectively suppress AD-like skin lesions in mice by reducing infiltration of mast cells and downregulating Th2-associated antibody production (IgE and IgG1). The developed MN device has the potential to replace conventional therapy and to become an innovative treatment strategy for AD.
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20
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Augustin M, Wilsmann-Theis D, Körber A, Kerscher M, Itschert G, Dippel M, Staubach P. Diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis - a position paper. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2020; 17 Suppl 7:3-33. [PMID: 31738016 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE Xerosis cutis (also referred to as xeroderma, dry skin, asteatosis) affects more than 10 million individuals in Germany. It is among the most common dermatological diagnoses and a cardinal symptom of many dermatological, internal and neurological diseases. Even though it has been established that basic skin care plays a significant role in the management of patients with xerosis cutis, there are as yet no evidence-based algorithms for diagnosis and treatment. OBJECTIVE The present position paper provides physicians across all specialties with a practical, symptom-based approach to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis. METHODS Within a structured decision-making process, a panel of experienced dermatologists first defined questions relevant to everyday clinical practice, which were then addressed by a systematic review of the literature. Based on the evidence available as well as expert consensus, diagnostic and treatment algorithms were subsequently developed and agreed upon. RESULTS Xerosis cutis is generally diagnosed on clinical grounds. Possible trigger factors must be avoided, and comorbidities should be adequately and specifically treated. Suitable skin care products should be chosen with a view to improving skin hydration and restoring its barrier function. They should therefore contain both rehydrating and lipid-replenishing components. The "drier" the skin appears, the greater the lipid content should be (preferably using water-in-oil formulations). The choice of ingredients is based on a patient's individual symptoms, such as scaling (e.g., urea), fissures/rhagades (e.g., urea or dexpanthenol), erythema (e.g., licochalcone A) and pruritus (e.g., polidocanol). Other factors to be considered include the site affected and patient age. Ingredients or rather combinations thereof for which there is good clinical evidence should be preferentially used. The best evidence by far is available for urea, whose efficacy in the treatment of xerosis is further enhanced by combining it with other natural moisturizing components and ceramides. The "xerosimeter" is a tool developed in an effort to facilitate patient management and for training purposes. It not only includes practical tools for diagnosis and follow-up but also a classification of ingredients and a structured treatment algorithm. CONCLUSION The structured symptom- and evidence-based approach proposed herein contains a road map for diagnosis and treatment of xerosis cutis. It aims to raise awareness in terms of prevention and early treatment of this condition and may thus improve quality of life and prevent potential sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Augustin
- Hamburg-Eppendorf University Medical Center, Institute for Healthcare Research in Dermatology and Nursing (IVDP), Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wilsmann-Theis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Friedrich Wilhelm University, Sigmund Freud Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Körber
- Office-based Dermatologist, Rüttenscheider Str. 143, 45130, Essen, Germany
| | - Martina Kerscher
- University of Hamburg, Division of Cosmetic Sciences, Papendamm 21, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Götz Itschert
- Office-based Dermatologist, Am Rathaus 2a, 25421, Pinneberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Dippel
- MD medscript & consult, Am Kuhtriftberg 21, 67098, Bad Dürkheim, Germany
| | - Petra Staubach
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131, Mainz, Germany
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Cohen SR, Cárdenas-de la Garza JA, Dekker P, Haidari W, Chisolm SS, Taylor SL, Feldman SR. Allergic Contact Dermatitis Secondary to Moisturizers. J Cutan Med Surg 2020; 24:350-359. [PMID: 32293193 DOI: 10.1177/1203475420919396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Moisturizers are cosmetic products used routinely to manage various skin conditions. Even though moisturizers are often thought to have minimal or no adverse reactions, allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to these products can develop in some cases. Methods: We studied ingredients included in 3 of the most commonly used moisturizer brands, identified their presence in standard patch testing series, and evaluated their allergenic potential, categorizing the allergens as frequent or infrequent. The standard patch testing series used as reference were the Thin-layer Rapid Use Epicutaneous patch test (T.R.U.E. test), the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) screening standard series, and the American Contact Dermatitis Society (ACDS) core allergen series. Results: Aveeno, Cetaphil, and Cerave products had a total of 12, 14, and 9 potential allergens, respectively, the majority of which were infrequent and not included in standard patch testing series. Conclusion: Being aware of the allergenic potential of commonly used moisturizers may help healthcare providers when evaluating patients with ACD. Further testing is recommended in a targeted manner when suspecting ACD with negative standard patch testing series or when ACD is refractory to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Cohen
- 12280 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jesús A Cárdenas-de la Garza
- 12280 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Paige Dekker
- 12230 Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wasim Haidari
- 12280 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,12230 Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sarah S Chisolm
- 12239 Department of Dermatology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah L Taylor
- 12280 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- 12280 Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,12279 Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,12279 Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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22
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Leite-Silva VR, Silva CVD, Higuchi CT, Silva HDTD, Duque MD, Andréo-Filho N, Lopes PS, Martins TS. Urea incorporated into ordered mesoporous silica for potential cosmetic application. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000317560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Holmes GA, Vassantachart JM, Sung CT, Goldenberg A, Jacob SE. Contact dermatitis and atopic dermatitis: two tales, an interwoven story. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2019; 154:425-434. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Forner C, Zeidler C, Stein P, Stössel E, Wefelmeier L, Peukert N, Isermann D, Ständer S. Woad extract containing cream improves significantly dry, irritated, and pruritic skin. Dermatol Ther 2019; 32:e12939. [PMID: 30990240 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Objective of this open, noninterventional, noncontrolled study was to investigate the tolerability and performance of a woad extract containing cream in subjects with dry, pruritic skin after twice daily application over 2 weeks. Assessments included sensorial characteristics, skin condition, pruritus (numeric rating scale [NRS], dynamic pruritus score [DPS]), skin dryness (itch-controlled days [ItchCD], overall dry skin [ODS]), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration and quality of life (5PLQ, DLQI). All sensorial characteristics were well perceived (>4), with tolerability (4.77 ± 0.47) and no negative skin feelings (4.73 ± 0.74) achieving the highest scores (0-5 scale). Dry skin and symptoms improved significantly (p < .001) for all variables: NRS (from 4.8 ± 1.74 to 1.83 ± 2.18), ItchCD (from 8.23 ± 4.40 to 4.81 ± 4.07), ODS (from 1.80 ± 0.85 to 0.65 ± 0.65), hydration (23.33 ± 1.33 to 40.70 ± 1.86), and quality of life (5PLQ: from 7.12 ± 4.25 to 4.24 ± 3.67; DLQI: from 5.29 ± 4.79 to 3.00 ± 3.98). The DPS revealed a moderate antipruritic effect. The TEWL decreased slightly (p = .511). No side effects were reported. The study suggests that, the cream is effective, and well tolerated in treating dry, irritated, and pruritic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Forner
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Claudia Zeidler
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Nadine Peukert
- Aestheso Aesthetic and Laser Treatments, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Sonja Ständer
- Department of Dermatology and Center for Chronic Pruritus, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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25
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Huhmann R, Mueller RS. A cream containing omega‐3‐fatty acids, humectants and emollients as an aid in the treatment of equineCulicoideshypersensitivity. Vet Dermatol 2019; 30:155-e46. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Huhmann
- Tierarztpraxis am Schlagbaum Am Schlagbaum 2a 59192 Bergkamen Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine LMU Munich Veterinaerstraße 13 80539 Muenchen Germany
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26
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Boguniewicz M, Fonacier L, Guttman-Yassky E, Ong PY, Silverberg J, Farrar JR. Atopic dermatitis yardstick: Practical recommendations for an evolving therapeutic landscape. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2019; 120:10-22.e2. [PMID: 29273118 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of treatment guidelines for atopic dermatitis is challenging, in part because of different guidance documents being used by different groups of specialists and in part because the language of guidelines often reflects the evidence base rather than the practical "how to." The Atopic Dermatitis Yardstick is part of a series developed in response to the need to proactively address the loss of disease control for atopic illnesses at all levels of severity. It presents a comprehensive update on how to conduct a sustained step-up in therapy for the patient with inadequately controlled or poorly controlled atopic dermatitis. Patient profiles, based on current guidelines and the authors' combined clinical experience, provide a practical and clinically meaningful guide to aid physicians in helping their patients achieve the goal of clear to almost clear. The intent is not to replace guidelines but to complement their recommendations incorporating the latest research and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boguniewicz
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado.
| | - Luz Fonacier
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology and the Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at the Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Peck Y Ong
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Children's Hospital Los Angeles and Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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27
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Chen YC, Wang PR, Lai TJ, Lu LH, Dai LW, Wang CH. Using therapeutic ultrasound to promote irritated skin recovery after surfactant-induced barrier disruption. ULTRASONICS 2019; 91:206-212. [PMID: 30122437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surfactant-induced skin barrier disruption can enhance blood flow and water content in the superficial skin. The effect of therapeutic ultrasound on accelerating the recovery of superficial skin after skin barrier disruption has seldom been studied. OBJECTIVE To understand the effects of therapeutic ultrasound on barrier recovery, we used the sodium lauryl sulfate irritation model and treatment with ultrasound intervention. METHODS The study allocated 30 healthy subjects into an ultrasound group (n = 15) and a control group (n = 15), each divided into three subgroups (sodium lauryl sulfate at concentrations of 1.0%, 0.5%, and 0%). Pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 0.3 W/cm2SATA) was applied to ultrasound subgroups. The treatment effect was evaluated by the recovery rate of enhanced blood flow and water content. RESULTS The results indicated a surfactant dose-dependent effect on blood flow, but not on water content. The recovery rates of enhanced blood flow were higher in the 0.5% and 1.0% ultrasound subgroups than in the control subgroups throughout the experiment. However, recovery rates of water content were higher in the ultrasound subgroups than in the control subgroups only on Day2. CONCLUSIONS Pulsed ultrasound accelerated the barrier recovery by reducing the enhanced blood flow and water content after skin barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Chi Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, and Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peir-Renn Wang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Te-Jen Lai
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, and Department of Psychiatry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hua Lu
- Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Wei Dai
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hou Wang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, and Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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28
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Celleno L. Topical urea in skincare: A review. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12690. [PMID: 30378232 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in barrier function are associated with a number of skin diseases, including xerosis, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Urea, a component of the natural moisturizing factor of the skin, plays an important role in the preservation of skin hydration and integrity. Several studies have investigated the effects of urea in the clinical setting. Here, we summarize the available clinical evidence regarding the effects of urea in the maintenance of healthy skin and management of skin disorders. At lower doses (≤10%), urea-containing topical formulations act as a skin moisturizer, while at higher concentrations (>10% urea), urea-based preparations exert a keratolytic action. Urea is also useful in combination therapies with anti-inflammatory and anti-fungal drugs, due to its activity as a penetration enhancer.
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29
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Moncrieff G, Lied-Lied A, Nelson G, Holy CE, Weinstein R, Wei D, Rowe S. Cost and effectiveness of prescribing emollient therapy for atopic eczema in UK primary care in children and adults: a large retrospective analysis of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2018; 18:9. [PMID: 30373584 PMCID: PMC6206824 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-018-0076-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) was used to evaluate the overall costs to the National Health Service, including healthcare utilisation, of prescribing emollients in UK primary care for dry skin and atopic eczema (DS&E). METHODS Primary care patients in the UK were identified using the CPRD and their records were interrogated for the 2 years following first diagnosis of DS&E. Data from patients with (n = 45,218) and without emollient prescriptions (n = 9780) were evaluated. Multivariate regression models were used to compare healthcare utilisation and cost in the two matched groups (age, sex, diagnosis). Two sub-analyses of the Emollient group were performed between matched groups receiving (1) a colloidal oatmeal emollient (Aveeno-First) versus non-colloidal oatmeal emollients (Aveeno-Never) and (2) Aveeno prescribed first-line (Aveeno-First) versus prescribed Aveeno later (Aveeno-Subsequently). Logistic regression models calculated the odds of prescription with either potent / very potent topical corticosteroids (TCS) or skin-related antimicrobials. RESULTS Costs per patient were £125.80 in Emollient (n = 7846) versus £128.13 in Non-Emollient (n = 7846) matched groups (p = 0.08). The Emollient group had fewer visits/patient (2.44 vs. 2.66; p < 0.0001) and lower mean per-visit costs (£104.15 vs. £113.25; p < 0.0001), compared with the Non-Emollient group. Non-Emollient patients had 18% greater odds of being prescribed TCS and 13% greater odds of being prescribed an antimicrobial than Emollient patients. In the Aveeno-First (n = 1943) versus Aveeno-Never (n = 1943) sub-analysis, costs per patient were lower in the Aveeno-First compared with the Aveeno-Never groups (£133.46 vs. £141.11; p = 0.0069). The Aveeno-Never group had ≥21% greater odds of being prescribed TCS or antimicrobial than the Aveeno-First group. In the Aveeno-First (n = 1357) versus Aveeno-Subsequently (n = 1357) sub-analysis, total costs were lower in the Aveeno-First group (£140.35 vs. £206.43; p < 0.001). Patients in the Aveeno-Subsequently group had 91% greater odds of being prescribed TCS and 75% greater odds of being prescribed an antimicrobial than the Aveeno-First group. CONCLUSIONS Acknowledging limitations from unknown disease severity in the CRPD, the prescription of emollients to treat DS&E was associated with fewer primary care visits, reduced healthcare utilisation and reduced cost. Prescribing emollients, especially those containing colloidal oatmeal, was associated with fewer TCS and antimicrobial prescriptions. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at http://isrctn.com/ISRCTN91126037 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gill Nelson
- Johnson & Johnson Ltd (UK), Maidenhead, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | - David Wei
- Johnson & Johnson, Inc, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Simon Rowe
- NHS Wakefield Clinical Commissioning Group, West Yorkshire, UK
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Chylla R, Schnopp C, Volz T. Basistherapie bei atopischer Dermatitis – Neues und Bewährtes. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:976-980. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13594_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Chylla
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie des Klinikums rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München
| | - Christina Schnopp
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie des Klinikums rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München
| | - Thomas Volz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie des Klinikums rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München
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31
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Chylla R, Schnopp C, Volz T. Basic skin care in atopic dermatitis - new and established treatment options. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:976-979. [PMID: 29998572 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Basic skin care (basic therapy) is a mainstay in the treatment of atopic dermatitis, irrespective of disease severity and current disease activity. Consistent application of basic skin care plays a key role in restoring skin barrier function and reducing xerosis as well as pruritus. Moreover, it has been shown that concurrent basic therapy has steroid-sparing effects in acute disease flares. In long-term atopic dermatitis management, the use of basic skin care is associated with prolonged recurrence-free intervals. Recent studies have also demonstrated that early initiation of basic skin therapy has protective effects in infants at risk of developing atopic dermatitis. The present review addresses these topics with a focus on established treatments and new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricarda Chylla
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Schnopp
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Volz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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32
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Augustin M, Wilsmann-Theis D, Körber A, Kerscher M, Itschert G, Dippel M, Staubach P. Positionspapier: Diagnostik und Therapie der Xerosis cutis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16 Suppl 4:3-35. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Augustin
- Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf; Institut für Versorgungsforschung in der Dermatologie und bei Pflegeberufen (IVDP); Martinistr. 52 20246 Hamburg
| | - Dagmar Wilsmann-Theis
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie der Rheinischen-Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn; Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25 53105 Bonn
| | | | - Martina Kerscher
- Universität Hamburg; Fachbereich Kosmetikwissenschaft; Papendamm 21 20146 Hamburg
| | | | - Michaela Dippel
- MD medscript & consult; Am Kuhtriftberg 21 67098 Bad Dürkheim
| | - Petra Staubach
- Hautklinik und Poliklinik der Universitätsmedizin; Johannes Gutenberg-Universität; Langenbeckstr. 1 55131 Mainz
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33
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Lloyd-Lavery A, Rogers NK, Davies E, Grindlay DJC, Thomas KS. What's new in atopic eczema? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2015. Part 2: prevention and treatment. Clin Exp Dermatol 2018; 43:653-658. [DOI: 10.1111/ced.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Lloyd-Lavery
- Department of Dermatology; Churchill Hospital; Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust; Oxford UK
| | - N. K. Rogers
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus; Lenton Lane Nottingham UK
| | - E. Davies
- Department of Dermatology; The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals; Thomas Drive Liverpool UK
| | - D. J. C. Grindlay
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus; Lenton Lane Nottingham UK
| | - K. S. Thomas
- Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology; University of Nottingham; King's Meadow Campus; Lenton Lane Nottingham UK
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An Q, Sun M, Qi RQ, Zhang L, Zhai JL, Hong YX, Song B, Chen HD, Gao XH. High Staphylococcus epidermidis Colonization and Impaired Permeability Barrier in Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1662-1669. [PMID: 28685715 PMCID: PMC5520552 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.209895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a common inflammatory skin condition. The etiology is unclear, although overgrowth of Malassezia on the skin has been suggested to cause SD. This study investigated whether colonization with Staphylococcus plays a role in facial SD, which was not well addressed previously. METHODS The study was conducted from September 1, 2011 to February 20, 2012 in the First Hospital of China Medical University. In the first phase, the study evaluated the level of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus in defined skin areas of SD patients who were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive (HIV [+] SD [+] group, n = 13), classical SD (HIV [-] SD [+] group, n = 24) patients, HIV seropositive-non-SD (HIV [+] SD [-] group, n = 16) patients, and healthy volunteers (HIV [-] SD [-] group, n = 16). In the second phase, we enrolled another cohort of HIV (-) SD (+) patients who applied topical fusidic acid (n = 15), tacrolimus (n = 16), or moisturizer (n = 12). Changes in the Seborrheic Dermatitis Area Severity Index (SDASI), TEWL, and Staphylococcus density were evaluated 2 weeks later. Comparisons of each index were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference method. RESULTS The level of TEWL was greater through lesional sites in the HIV (+) SD (+) group than that in HIV (+) SD (-) and HIV (-) SD (-) groups (95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.873-47.071, P < 0.001 and 95% CI: 28.755-55.936, P < 0.001, respectively). The number of CFU of Staphylococcus was greater in the HIV (+) SD (+) group than that in HIV (+) SD (-) and HIV (-) SD (-) groups (95% CI: 37.487-142.744, P = 0.001 and 95% CI: 54.936-156.400, P < 0.001, respectively). TEWL was significantly more improved in patients treated with tacrolimus and fusidic acid than that in those treated with moisturizers (95% CI: 7.560-38.987, P = 0.004 and 95% CI: 4.659-37.619, P = 0.011, respectively). Topical tacrolimus and fusidic acid were significantly associated with decreased SDASI as compared with moisturizer (95% CI: 0.03-0.432, P = 0.025 and 95% CI: 0.033-0.44, P = 0.024, respectively). CONCLUSIONS High colonization with Staphylococcus epidermidis, along with impaired skin permeability barrier function, contributes to the occurrence of SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian An
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Shenyang Children's Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, China
| | - Rui-Qun Qi
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Jin-Long Zhai
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Yu-Xiao Hong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Hong-Duo Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Xing-Hua Gao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
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van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturizers for eczema: abridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1256-1271. [PMID: 28432721 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with considerable impact on quality of life. Emollients or moisturizers are widely recommended, but are these effective and safe? We searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Skin Register, CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, the GREAT database and five trial registers to December 2015. We included 77 RCTs with 6603 participants. Seven studies (9%) were at low risk of bias, 34 (44%) had unclear risk and 36 (47%) were at high risk. The quality of the evidence was mainly low or moderate for the prespecified outcomes. The most important comparison, 'moisturizer vs. no moisturizer', showed improved Scoring Atopic Dermatitis values in the moisturizer group compared with no moisturizer [mean difference -2·42, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4·55 to -0·28], but did not meet the minimal important difference of 8·7. Fewer flares were seen (risk ratio 0·40, 95% CI 0·23-0·70) and the rate of flares was reduced (hazard ratio 3·74, 95% CI 1·86-7·50). The groups applying moisturizer used less topical corticosteroids over 6-8 weeks (mean difference -9·30 g, 95% CI 15·3 to -3·27). Glycyrrhetinic acid-, urea- and glycerol-containing creams worked better than their controls (vehicle, placebo or no moisturizer) according to both participants and physicians. More flares were reported with moisturizer alone than when combined with twice-weekly fluticasone propionate (risk ratio 2·17, 95% CI 1·55-3·11). Adding moisturizers to topical anti-inflammatory treatment was more effective than anti-inflammatory treatment alone and resulted in fewer flares.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J van Zuuren
- Dermatology Department, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - B W M Arents
- Dutch Association for People with Atopic Dermatitis (VMCE: Vereniging voor Mensen met Constitutioneel Eczeem), Nijkerk, the Netherlands
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Joergensen KM, Jemec GBE. Use of moisturizers among Danish atopic dermatitis patients-which perceived product characteristics associate with long-term adherence? J DERMATOL TREAT 2017; 29:116-122. [PMID: 28782438 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2017.1358803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify factors perceived as most important regarding choice and continued use of moisturizers for adult patients with AD. METHOD AND MATERIALS Online survey among members of the Atopic eczema society Denmark. RESULTS Among 75 participants, the most commonly tried (89.3%) and preferred (16%) product was Locobase® (Leo Pharma, Denmark). A-derma® (Pierre Fabre, France) had most continued use. The main reason for choosing preferred product was 'Best effect, in my experience' (36%). 'High lipid content' and 'GP/dermatologist suggested product' were considered as important main factors. 'Consistency', 'absorbs fast', and 'nice to wear' were secondary reasons for preferred product. A majority, 81.3% of respondents claimed to be very aware of perfumes and additives, 52% were very aware of allergy certification bodies on the product. CONCLUSION AD patients state that the most important factor when choosing a product is out of personal experience followed by high lipid content and recommended by GP/dermatologist. As secondary reasons 'consistency', 'absorbs fast', and 'nice to wear' were important. Respondents generally use more than one product and are aware of additives. Evidence-based guidance on the choice of emollients is needed. The role of the professionals supporting the patient in navigating this market of emollients is therefore particularly important.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregor B E Jemec
- b Department of Dermatology , Zealand University Hospital , Roskilde , Denmark
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van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Arents BWM. Performance and Tolerability of the Moisturizers Cetaphil ® and Excipial ® in Atopic Dermatitis: What is the Evidence Based on Randomized Trials? Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2017; 7:331-347. [PMID: 28600606 PMCID: PMC5574736 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-017-0184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Moisturizers play a prominent role in the management of atopic dermatitis by improving the impaired skin barrier function and enhancing skin hydration. Their efficacy was evaluated in a recently published Cochrane Review ‘Emollients and moisturizers for eczema’. Objective In the present review, we summarize the performance and safety of Cetaphil® and Excipial® moisturizing products. Methods This review was carried out in compliance with standard Cochrane methodological procedures, which means independent study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias, and analyses by two review authors. The quality of evidence for the predefined outcomes was rated with the GRADE approach. The prespecified outcomes of the review included participant assessments, satisfaction, adverse events, investigator assessments, prevention of flares, change in use of topical active treatment, skin barrier function and quality of life. Results Four randomized controlled studies examining these moisturizers were included in the previously published Cochrane Review. For the performance and tolerability of these moisturizers, there was very low to moderate quality evidence for the prespecified outcomes. Conclusion The results from these four studies are in line with those of the Cochrane Review that moisturizers themselves have beneficial effects, and that combining moisturizers with active topical treatment produced better results when compared to active topical treatment alone. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555-017-0184-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J van Zuuren
- Dermatology Department, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Bernd W M Arents
- Dutch Association for People with Atopic Dermatitis (VMCE: Vereniging voor Mensen met Constitutioneel Eczeem), Nijkerk, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The desire for naturally derived agents is a growing trend for patients, physicians, and pharmaceutical companies. Studies indicate that complementary and alternative medicine is often used by patients and parents of children with atopic dermatitis, not necessarily with beneficial results. A half-dozen natural agents (ie, topical agents: coconut oil, colloidal oatmeal, sunflower oil, mustard oil, glycerin, and oral Chinese herbal therapy) are discussed because they have become popular for their expected activity in the therapy of atopic dermatitis. A critical review of the published literature on these agents is presented with specific focus on potential such side effects as hepatotoxicity with Chinese herbals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette B Silverberg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, Mt Sinai St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY.
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van Zuuren EJ, Fedorowicz Z, Christensen R, Lavrijsen A, Arents BWM. Emollients and moisturisers for eczema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 2:CD012119. [PMID: 28166390 PMCID: PMC6464068 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012119.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema is a chronic skin disease characterised by dry skin, intense itching, inflammatory skin lesions, and a considerable impact on quality of life. Moisturisation is an integral part of treatment, but it is unclear if moisturisers are effective. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of moisturisers for eczema. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases to December 2015: Cochrane Skin Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, the GREAT database. We searched five trials registers and checked references of included and excluded studies for further relevant trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials in people with eczema. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodological procedures. MAIN RESULTS We included 77 studies (6603 participants, mean age: 18.6 years, mean duration: 6.7 weeks). We assessed 36 studies as at a high risk of bias, 34 at unclear risk, and seven at low risk. Twenty-four studies assessed our primary outcome 'participant-assessed disease severity', 13 assessed 'satisfaction', and 41 assessed 'adverse events'. Secondary outcomes included investigator-assessed disease severity (addressed in 65 studies), skin barrier function (29), flare prevention (16), quality of life (10), and corticosteroid use (eight). Adverse events reporting was limited (smarting, stinging, pruritus, erythema, folliculitis).Six studies evaluated moisturiser versus no moisturiser. 'Participant-assessed disease severity' and 'satisfaction' were not assessed. Moisturiser use yielded lower SCORAD than no moisturiser (three studies, 276 participants, mean difference (MD) -2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.55 to -0.28), but the minimal important difference (MID) (8.7) was unmet. There were fewer flares with moisturisers (two studies, 87 participants, RR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.70), time to flare was prolonged (median: 180 versus 30 days), and less topical corticosteroids were needed (two studies, 222 participants, MD -9.30 g, 95% CI -15.3 to -3.27). There was no statistically significant difference in adverse events (one study, 173 participants, risk ratio (RR) 15.34, 95% CI 0.90 to 261.64). Evidence for these outcomes was low quality.With Atopiclair (three studies), 174/232 participants experienced improvement in participant-assessed disease severity versus 27/158 allocated to vehicle (RR 4.51, 95% CI 2.19 to 9.29). Atopiclair decreased itching (four studies, 396 participants, MD -2.65, 95% CI -4.21 to -1.09) and achieved more frequent satisfaction (two studies, 248 participants, RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.89), fewer flares (three studies, 397 participants, RR 0.18, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.31), and lower EASI (four studies, 426 participants, MD -4.0, 95% CI -5.42 to -2.57), but MID (6.6) was unmet. The number of participants reporting adverse events was not statistically different (four studies, 430 participants, RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.33). Evidence for these outcomes was moderate quality.Participants reported skin improvement more frequently with urea-containing cream than placebo (one study, 129 participants, RR 1.28, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.53; low-quality evidence), with equal satisfaction between the two groups (one study, 38 participants, low-quality evidence). Urea-containing cream improved dryness (investigator-assessed) more frequently (one study, 128 participants, RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.71; moderate-quality evidence) with fewer flares (one study, 44 participants, RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.92; low-quality evidence), but more participants in this group reported adverse events (one study, 129 participants, RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.16 to 2.34; moderate-quality evidence).Three studies assessed glycerol-containing moisturiser versus vehicle or placebo. More participants in the glycerol group noticed skin improvement (one study, 134 participants, RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.48; moderate-quality evidence), and this group saw improved investigator-assessed SCORAD (one study, 249 participants, MD -2.20, 95% CI -3.44 to -0.96; high-quality evidence), but MID was unmet. Participant satisfaction was not addressed. The number of participants reporting adverse events was not statistically significant (two studies, 385 participants, RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.19; moderate-quality evidence).Four studies investigated oat-containing moisturisers versus no treatment or vehicle. No significant differences between groups were reported for participant-assessed disease severity (one study, 50 participants, RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.84 to 1.46; low-quality evidence), satisfaction (one study, 50 participants, RR 1.06, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.52; very low-quality evidence), and investigator-assessed disease severity (three studies, 272 participants, standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.23, 95% CI -0.66 to 0.21; low-quality evidence). In the oat group, there were fewer flares (one study, 43 participants, RR 0.31, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.7; low-quality evidence) and less topical corticosteroids needed (two studies, 222 participants, MD -9.30g, 95% CI 15.3 to -3.27; low-quality evidence), but more adverse events were reported (one study, 173 participants; Peto odds ratio (OR) 7.26, 95% CI 1.76 to 29.92; low-quality evidence).All moisturisers above were compared to placebo, vehicle, or no moisturiser. Participants considered moisturisers more effective in reducing eczema (five studies, 572 participants, RR 2.46, 95% CI 1.16 to 5.23; low-quality evidence) and itch (seven studies, 749 participants, SMD -1.10, 95% CI -1.83 to -0.38) than control. Participants in both treatment arms reported comparable satisfaction (three studies, 296 participants, RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.77 to 2.26; low-quality evidence). Moisturisers led to lower investigator-assessed disease severity (12 studies, 1281 participants, SMD -1.04, 95% CI -1.57 to -0.51; high-quality evidence) and fewer flares (six studies, 607 participants, RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.62; moderate-quality evidence), but there was no difference in adverse events (10 studies, 1275 participants, RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.30; moderate-quality evidence).Topical active treatment combined with moisturiser was more effective than active treatment alone in reducing investigator-assessed disease severity (three studies, 192 participants, SMD -0.87, 95% CI -1.17 to -0.57; moderate-quality evidence) and flares (one study, 105 participants, RR 0.43, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.93), and was preferred by participants (both low-quality evidence). There was no statistically significant difference in number of adverse events (one study, 125 participants, RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.19; very low-quality evidence). Participant-assessed disease severity was not addressed. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Most moisturisers showed some beneficial effects, producing better results when used with active treatment, prolonging time to flare, and reducing the number of flares and amount of topical corticosteroids needed to achieve similar reductions in eczema severity. We did not find reliable evidence that one moisturiser is better than another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther J van Zuuren
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, B1-Q, Leiden, Netherlands, 2300 RC
| | | | - Robin Christensen
- Musculoskeletal Statistics Unit, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg og Frederiksberg, Nordre Fasanvej 57, Copenhagen, Denmark, DK-2000
| | - Adriana Lavrijsen
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, B1-Q, Leiden, Netherlands, 2300 RC
| | - Bernd WM Arents
- Dutch Association for People with Atopic Dermatitis (VMCE: Vereniging voor Mensen met Constitutioneel Eczeem), PO Box 26, Nijkerk, Netherlands, NL-3860AA
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Ridd MJ, Garfield K, Gaunt DM, Hollinghurst S, Redmond NM, Powell K, Wilson V, Guy RH, Ball N, Shaw L, Purdy S, Metcalfe C. Choice of Moisturiser for Eczema Treatment (COMET): feasibility study of a randomised controlled parallel group trial in children recruited from primary care. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012021. [PMID: 27852708 PMCID: PMC5129109 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial of 'leave on' emollients for children with eczema. DESIGN Single-centre, pragmatic, 4-arm, observer-blinded, parallel, randomised feasibility trial. SETTING General practices in the UK. PARTICIPANTS Children with eczema aged 1 month to <5 years. OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome-proportion of parents who reported use of the allocated study emollient every day for the duration of follow-up (12 weeks). Other feasibility outcomes-participant recruitment and retention, data collection and completeness and blinding of observers to allocation. INTERVENTIONS Aveeno lotion, Diprobase cream, Doublebase gel, Hydromol ointment. RESULTS 197 children were recruited-107 by self-referral (mainly via practice mail-outs) and 90 by inconsultation (clinician consenting and randomising) pathways. Participants recruited inconsultation were younger, had more severe Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure scores and were more likely to withdraw than self-referrals. Parents of 20 (10%) of all the randomised participants reported using the allocated emollient daily for 84 days. The use of other non-study emollients was common. Completeness of data collected by parent-held daily diaries and at monthly study visits was good. Daily diaries were liked (81%) but mainly completed on paper rather than via electronic ('app') form. Major costs drivers were general practitioner consultations and eczema-related prescriptions. Observer unblinding was infrequent, and occurred at the baseline or first follow-up visit through accidental disclosure. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible in a primary care setting to recruit and randomise young children with eczema to emollients, follow them up and collect relevant trial data, while keeping observers blinded to their allocation. However, reported use of emollients (study and others) has design implications for future trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN21828118/EudraCT2013-003001-26.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Ridd
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kirsty Garfield
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daisy M Gaunt
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sandra Hollinghurst
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Niamh M Redmond
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kingsley Powell
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Victoria Wilson
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard H Guy
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Nicola Ball
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lindsay Shaw
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Purdy
- Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris Metcalfe
- Bristol Randomised Trials Collaboration, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Stemmler S, Hoffjan S. Trying to understand the genetics of atopic dermatitis. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:374-385. [PMID: 27725295 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and complex skin disease associated with both genetic and environmental factors. Loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene, encoding a structural protein with an important role in epidermal barrier function, constitutes a well recognised susceptibility locus for AD. Further, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including large meta-analyses, have discovered 38 additional susceptibility loci with genome-wide significance. However, the reported variations only explain a fraction of the overall heritability of AD. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of filaggrin and the epidermal differentiation complex as well as the results of GWAS, with an emphasis on novel findings and observations made in the past two years. Additionally, we present first results of exome sequencing for AD and discuss novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabine Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
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Giam YC, Hebert AA, Dizon MV, Van Bever H, Tiongco-Recto M, Kim KH, Soebono H, Munasir Z, Diana IA, Luk DCK. A review on the role of moisturizers for atopic dermatitis. Asia Pac Allergy 2016; 6:120-8. [PMID: 27141486 PMCID: PMC4850335 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2016.6.2.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective management of atopic dermatitis (AD) involves the treatment of a defective skin barrier. Patients with AD are therefore advised to use moisturizers regularly. To date, there are few comparative studies involving moisturizers in patients with AD, and no classification system exists to objectively determine which types of moisturizers are best suited to specific AD phenotypes. With this in mind, a group of experts from allergy and immunology, adult and pediatric dermatology, and pediatrics centers within Southeast Asia met to review current data and practice, and to develop recommendations regarding the use of moisturizers in patients with AD within the Asia-Pacific region. Chronicity and severity of AD, along with patient age, treatment compliance, and economic background should all be taken into account when selecting an appropriate moisturizer for AD patients. Other considerations include adjuvant properties of the product, cosmetic acceptability, and availability over the counter. Well-defined clinical phenotypes of AD could optimally benefit from specific moisturizers. It is hoped that future studies may identify such differences by means of filaggrin mutation subtypes, confocal microscopic evaluation, pH, transepidermal water loss or presence of allergy specific IgE. Recommendations to improve the regular use of moisturizers among AD patients include measures that focus on treatment compliance, patient and caregiver education, appropriate treatment goals, avoidance of sensitizing agents, and collaboration with other relevant specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adelaide Ann Hebert
- Departments of Dermatology and Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maria Victoria Dizon
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Hugo Van Bever
- Division of Paediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Marysia Tiongco-Recto
- Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of the Philippines, Manila, the Philippines
| | - Kyu-Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Hardyanto Soebono
- Department of Dermatology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Zakiudin Munasir
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Child Health, Medical Faculty, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Inne Arline Diana
- Faculty of Medicine, Padjadjaran University/Division of Paediatric Dermatology, Hospital Dr. Hasan Sadikin, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - David Chi Kang Luk
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong
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