1
|
Sequeira L, Benfeito S, Fernandes C, Lima I, Peixoto J, Alves C, Machado CS, Gaspar A, Borges F, Chavarria D. Drug Development for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease: Where Do We Go Now? Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:708. [PMID: 38931832 PMCID: PMC11206728 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are a set of progressive, chronic, and incurable diseases characterized by the gradual loss of neurons, culminating in the decline of cognitive and/or motor functions. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common NDs and represent an enormous burden both in terms of human suffering and economic cost. The available therapies for AD and PD only provide symptomatic and palliative relief for a limited period and are unable to modify the diseases' progression. Over the last decades, research efforts have been focused on developing new pharmacological treatments for these NDs. However, to date, no breakthrough treatment has been discovered. Hence, the development of disease-modifying drugs able to halt or reverse the progression of NDs remains an unmet clinical need. This review summarizes the major hallmarks of AD and PD and the drugs available for pharmacological treatment. It also sheds light on potential directions that can be pursued to develop new, disease-modifying drugs to treat AD and PD, describing as representative examples some advances in the development of drug candidates targeting oxidative stress and adenosine A2A receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS—Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, R. Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bologna M, Guerra A, Colella D, Birreci D, Costa D, Cannavacciuolo A, Angelini L, Paparella G, Antonini A, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G. Objective assessment of the effects of opicapone in Parkinson's disease through kinematic analysis. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:2035-2046. [PMID: 38091213 PMCID: PMC11021230 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opicapone (OPC) is a third-generation, selective peripheral COMT inhibitor that improves peripheral L-DOPA bioavailability and reduces OFF time and end-of-dose motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. OBJECTIVES In this study, we objectively assessed the effects of adding OPC to L-DOPA on bradykinesia in PD through kinematic analysis of finger movements. METHODS We enrolled 20 treated patients with PD and motor fluctuations. Patients underwent two experimental sessions (L-DOPA, L-DOPA + OPC), separated by at least 1 week. In each session, patients were clinically evaluated and underwent kinematic movement analysis of repetitive finger movements at four time points: (i) before their usual morning dose of L-DOPA (T0), (ii) 30 min (T1), (iii) 1 h and 30 min (T2), and (iv) 3 h and 30 min after the L-DOPA intake (T3). RESULTS Movement velocity and amplitude of finger movements were higher in PD patients during the session with OPC compared to the session without OPC at all the time points tested. Importantly, the variability of finger movement velocity and amplitude across T0-T3 was significantly lower in the L-DOPA + OPC than L-DOPA session. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first objective assessment of the effects of adding OPC to L-DOPA on bradykinesia in patients with PD and motor fluctuations. OPC, in addition to the standard dopaminergic therapy, leads to significant improvements in bradykinesia during clinically relevant periods associated with peripheral L-DOPA dynamics, i.e., the OFF state in the morning, delayed-ON, and wearing-OFF periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy.
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy.
| | - Andrea Guerra
- Parkinson and Movement Disorder Unit, Study Center On Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Donato Colella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Birreci
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Costa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Luca Angelini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorder Unit, Study Center On Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Giovanni Fabbrini
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Dell'Università 30, 00185, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Regensburger M, Ip CW, Kohl Z, Schrader C, Urban PP, Kassubek J, Jost WH. Clinical benefit of MAO-B and COMT inhibition in Parkinson's disease: practical considerations. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:847-861. [PMID: 36964457 PMCID: PMC10199833 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) are major strategies to reduce levodopa degradation and thus to increase and prolong its effect in striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in Parkinson's disease patients. While selegiline/rasagiline and tolcapone/entacapone have been available on the market for more than one decade, safinamide and opicapone have been approved in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Meanwhile, comprehensive data from several post-authorization studies have described the use and specific characteristics of the individual substances in clinical practice under real-life conditions. Here, we summarize current knowledge on both medication classes, with a focus on the added clinical value in Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, we outline practical considerations in the treatment of motor fluctuations and provide an outlook on ongoing studies with MAO-B and COMT inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Regensburger
- Department of Molecular Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Kohl
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter P Urban
- Abt. für Neurologie, Asklepios Klinik Barmbek, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Opicapone Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Catechol- O -Methyltransferase Activity and Levodopa Pharmacokinetics in Patients With Parkinson Disease Receiving Carbidopa/Levodopa. Clin Neuropharmacol 2023; 46:43-50. [PMID: 36688497 PMCID: PMC10010692 DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Levodopa (LD) administered with dopa decarboxylase inhibitor is predominantly metabolized in the periphery by catechol- O -methyltransferase (COMT) to 3- O -methyldopa (3-OMD). Catechol- O -methyltransferase inhibition can improve treatment outcomes by decreasing variability in circulating LD concentrations. Opicapone is a once-daily COMT inhibitor approved in the US adjunctive to carbidopa (CD)/LD in patients with Parkinson disease experiencing "OFF" episodes. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of once-daily opicapone 50 mg adjunctive to CD/LD in patients with stable Parkinson disease. METHODS Once-daily opicapone 50 mg was administered the evenings of days 1 to 14. Participants were randomized to receive CD/LD (25/100 mg) every 3 or 4 hours (Q3H or Q4H). Participants received Q3H or Q4H CD/LD on days 1, 2, and 15 and their usual CD/LD regimen on other days. Serial blood samples were collected to determine plasma opicapone, LD, and 3-OMD concentrations and erythrocyte soluble COMT (S-COMT) activity. The effects of opicapone on S-COMT, LD, and 3-OMD were assessed. Mean (SD) values are presented. RESULTS Sixteen participants were enrolled. At steady-state (day 14), opicapone Cmax (peak plasma concentration) and AUC 0-last (area under the curve-time curve) were 459 ± 252 ng/mL and 2022 ± 783 ng/mL·h, respectively. Maximum COMT inhibition was 83.4 ± 4.9% of baseline on day 14. After opicapone administration, LD total AUC, peak concentration, and trough concentration increased; peak-to-trough fluctuation index decreased. Correspondingly, 3-OMD total AUC, peak concentration, and trough concentration decreased. CONCLUSIONS Adding once-daily opicapone 50 mg to LD resulted in marked and extended COMT inhibition, which increased systemic exposure to LD. These changes translated into higher trough concentrations and decreased peak-to-trough fluctuations for LD.
Collapse
|
5
|
Su Z, Guan K, Liu Y, Zhang H, Huang Z, Zheng M, Zhu Y, Zhang H, Song W, Li X. Developmental and behavioral toxicity assessment of opicapone in zebrafish embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114340. [PMID: 36508804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of clinical psychoactive drugs often poses unpredictable threats to fetal development. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a key enzyme that regulates dopamine metabolism and a promising target for modulation of cognitive functions. Opicapone, a newly effective third-generation peripheral COMT inhibitor, is used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and possibly to improve other dopamine-related disorders such as alcohol use disorder (AUD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The widespread use of opicapone will inevitably lead to biological exposure and damage to the human body, such as affecting fetal development. However, the effect of opicapone on embryonic development remains unknown. Here, zebrafish larvae were used as an animal model and demonstrated that a high concentration (30 μM) of opicapone exposure was teratogenic and lethal, while a low concentration also caused developmental delay such as a shortened body size, a smaller head, and reduced locomotor behaviors in zebrafish larvae. Meanwhile, opicapone treatment specifically increased the level of dopamine (DA) in zebrafish larvae. The depletion response of the total glutathione level (including oxidized and reduced forms of glutathione) and changed antioxidant enzymes activities in zebrafish larvae suggest oxidative damage caused by opicapone. In addition, enhanced glutathione metabolism and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction were found in zebrafish larvae treated with opicapone, indicating that opicapone treatment caused an oxidation process and immune responses. Our results provide a new insight into the significant developmental toxicity of opicapone in zebrafish larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkang Su
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Guan
- Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yunbin Liu
- Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecological Environment, Wuhan 430010, PR China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Huang
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - Ya Zhu
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China
| | - He Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, PR China
| | - Weihong Song
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China; Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China.
| | - Xi Li
- Zhejiang Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Key Laboratory of Alzheimer's Disease of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Aging, School of Mental Health and The Affiliated Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, PR China; Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, Guimarães B, Rocha JF, Soares-da-Silva P. Effect of Opicapone on Levodopa Pharmacokinetics in Patients with Fluctuating Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2272-2283. [PMID: 36054562 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase extends the plasma half-life of levodopa, potentially allowing physicians to optimize the levodopa regimen in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experiencing motor fluctuations. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of once-daily opicapone on levodopa plasma pharmacokinetics and motor response when added to two different levodopa dosing regimens. METHODS A total of 24 patients with PD and motor fluctuations were enrolled in an exploratory, open-label, modified cross-over trial. Participants first received levodopa/carbidopa 500/125 mg (five intakes) for 2 weeks and were then randomly assigned (1:1) to levodopa/carbidopa 400/100 mg given over either four or five daily intakes plus opicapone 50 mg for an additional 2 weeks. Levodopa 12-hour pharmacokinetics was the primary outcome (ie, excluding the effect of last/evening levodopa/carbidopa intake), with motor complications evaluated as secondary outcomes. RESULTS Over 12-hour pharmacokinetics and compared with five-intake levodopa/carbidopa 500/125 mg without opicapone, maximal levodopa concentrations were similar or nonsignificantly higher on both levodopa/carbidopa 400/100 mg regimens plus opicapone. Despite a 100 mg lower total levodopa/carbidopa daily dose, adding opicapone 50 mg at least doubled the levodopa plasma half-life and minimal concentrations, with a significant ≈30% increase in total exposure. The levodopa fluctuation index was only significantly lower for the five intakes plus opicapone regimen (difference of -71.8%; P < 0.0001). Modifications to levodopa pharmacokinetics were associated with decreased off time and increased on time. CONCLUSIONS Combining opicapone 50 mg with a 100 mg lower daily dose of levodopa provides higher levodopa bioavailability with avoidance of trough levels. Despite the lower levodopa dose, modifying the levodopa pharmacokinetic profile with opicapone was associated with decreased off time and increased on time. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim J Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,CNS-Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Department of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurology, University San Raffaele and IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico) San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Study Center for Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurosciences University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Joana Moreira
- BIAL-Portela & Ca S.A, Research & Development Department, Coronado, Portugal
| | - Bruno Guimarães
- BIAL-Portela & Ca S.A, Research & Development Department, Coronado, Portugal
| | | | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- BIAL-Portela & Ca S.A, Research & Development Department, Coronado, Portugal.,University of Porto, Pharmacology Department, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUP-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rocha JF, Ebersbach G, Lees A, Tolosa E, Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Magalhães D, Gama H, Soares-da-Silva P. The safety/tolerability of opicapone when used early in Parkinson's disease patients with levodopa-induced motor fluctuations: A post-hoc analysis of BIPARK-I and II. Front Neurol 2022; 13:994114. [PMID: 36081875 PMCID: PMC9446144 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.994114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Post-hoc analyses of the BIPARK-I and II trials previously demonstrated that opicapone (OPC) 50 mg was efficacious over the whole trajectory of motor fluctuation evolution in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and end-of-dose motor fluctuations, with enhanced efficacy in patients who were earlier vs. later in their disease course and levodopa treatment pathway. Complementary post-hoc analyses were performed to evaluate the safety/tolerability of OPC following the same pre-defined segmentation of the wide spectrum of duration of both PD and levodopa therapy, as well as of motor fluctuation history, in this patient population. Materials and methods Data from matching treatment arms in BIPARK-I and II were combined for the placebo (PLC) and OPC 50 mg groups and exploratory post-hoc analyses were performed to investigate the safety/tolerability of OPC 50 mg and PLC in 22 subgroups of patients who were in “earlier” vs. “later” stages of both their disease course (e.g., duration of PD <6 years vs. ≥6 years) and levodopa treatment pathway (e.g., levodopa treatment duration <4 vs. ≥4 years). Safety/tolerability assessments included evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs). Results The Safety Set included 522 patients (PLC, n = 257; OPC 50 mg, n = 265). For OPC 50 mg, incidences of TEAEs, related TEAEs, related serious TEAEs, and related TEAEs leading to discontinuation were lower for patients in earlier vs. later stages of their disease course and levodopa treatment pathway in 86.4, 86.4, 63.6, and 68.2% of the 22 pairwise comparisons conducted, respectively (compared with 63.6, 77.3, 18.2, and 45.5%, respectively, in the 22 corresponding PLC comparisons). Conclusion OPC 50 mg was generally well-tolerated when used to treat patients with PD with end-of-dose fluctuations, with an even more favorable tolerability profile in patients who were earlier, as opposed to later, in their disease course and levodopa treatment pathway, further supporting its use as an early adjunct to levodopa in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Lees
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomédiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim J. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Toulouse CIC1436, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, and NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (CESNE), Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jost WH. Evaluating Opicapone as Add-on Treatment to Levodopa/DDCI in Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2022; 18:1603-1618. [PMID: 35968514 PMCID: PMC9365060 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s279362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) inhibitors are key therapeutic agents in the management of motor fluctuations (MF) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). As levodopa/DDCI add-on therapy, their main benefit lies in increasing ON-time and reducing OFF-time for PD patients in the middle stages of the disease. Two of the three available COMT inhibitors, tolcapone and entacapone, have been approved for over two decades. Opicapone, a third-generation COMT inhibitor approved in 2016, was designed with the aim of overcoming specific challenges of the earlier generation compounds, specifically hepatotoxicity and short effect duration. This review aims at highlighting the specific properties and characteristics of opicapone, namely combining efficacy with good tolerability as demonstrated in the registration studies and since then confirmed under real-world conditions. Opicapone has been shown to be effective in patients with early, as well as late motor fluctuations. Whilst patients in the earlier Hoehn and Yahr stages benefit more than patients in later stages, the incidence of dyskinesia in patients with recent onset MF is around half that of patients with more established fluctuations. With the added advantage of a once-daily administration, this particular COMT inhibitor provides a simple, yet effective therapy for patients with Parkinson's disease and MF.
Collapse
|
9
|
Agnieszka W, Paweł P, Małgorzata K. How to Optimize the Effectiveness and Safety of Parkinson's Disease Therapy? - A Systematic Review of Drugs Interactions with Food and Dietary Supplements. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1427-1447. [PMID: 34784871 PMCID: PMC9881082 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211116142806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing worldwide incidence of Parkinson's disease, the therapy is still suboptimal due to the diversified clinical manifestations, lack of sufficient treatment, the poor adherence in advanced patients, and varied response. Proper intake of medications regarding food and managing drug-food interactions may optimize Parkinson's disease treatment. OBJECTIVES We investigated potential effects that food, beverages, and dietary supplements may have on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs used by parkinsonian patients; identified the most probable interactions; and shaped recommendations for the optimal intake of drugs regarding food. METHODS We performed a systematic review in adherence to PRISMA guidelines, and included a total of 81 studies in the qualitative synthesis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION We found evidence for levodopa positive interaction with coffee, fiber and vitamin C, as well as for the potential beneficial impact of low-fat and protein redistribution diet. Contrastingly, high-protein diet and ferrous sulfate supplements can negatively affect levodopa pharmacokinetics and effectiveness. For other drugs, the data of food impact are scarce. Based on the available limited evidence, all dopamine agonists (bromocriptine, cabergoline, ropinirole), tolcapone, rasagiline, selegiline in tablets, safinamide, amantadine and pimavanserin can be taken with or without a meal. Opicapone and orally disintegrating selegiline tablets should be administered on an empty stomach. Of monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, safinamide is the least susceptible for interaction with the tyramine-rich food, whereas selegiline and rasagiline may lose selectivity to monoamine oxidase B when administered in supratherapeutic doses. The level of presented evidence is low due to the poor studies design, their insufficient actuality, and missing data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiesner Agnieszka
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Paśko Paweł
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Str, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kujawska Małgorzata
- Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Toxicology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 30 Dojazd Str., 60-631 Poznań, Poland; Tel/Fax: +48618472081, +4861847072; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Berger AA, Winnick A, Izygon J, Jacob BM, Kaye JS, Kaye RJ, Neuchat EE, Kaye AM, Alpaugh ES, Cornett EM, Han AH, Kaye AD. Opicapone, a Novel Catechol-O-methyl Transferase Inhibitor, for Treatment of Parkinson's Disease "Off" Episodes. Health Psychol Res 2022; 10:36074. [PMID: 35774903 DOI: 10.52965/001c.36074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder and the leading cause of disability. It causes significant morbidity and disability through a plethora of symptoms, including movement disorders, sleep disturbances, and cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. The traditional pathogenesis theory of PD involves the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Classically, treatment is pursued with an assortment of medications that are directed at overcoming this deficiency with levodopa being central to most treatment plans. Patients taking levodopa tend to experience "off episodes" with decreasing medication levels, causing large fluctuations in their symptoms. These off episodes are disturbing and a source of morbidity for these patients. Opicapone is a novel, peripherally acting Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor that is used as adjunctive therapy to carbidopa/levodopa for treatment and prevention of "off episodes." It has been approved for use as an adjunct to levodopa since 2016 in Europe and has recently (April 2020) gained FDA approval for use in the USA. By inhibiting COMT, opicapone slows levodopa metabolism and increases its availability. Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in duration of "off episodes." The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50mg. Post-marketing surveillance and analysis are required to further elucidate its safety profile and contribute to patient selection. This paper reviews the seminal and latest evidence in the treatment of PD "off episodes" with the novel drug Opicapone, including efficacy, safety, and clinical indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amnon A Berger
- Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
| | - Ariel Winnick
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Optometry, University of California
| | - Jonathan Izygon
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Binil M Jacob
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Jessica S Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | | | | | - Adam M Kaye
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific
| | - Edward S Alpaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Andrew H Han
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Moreira J, Pereira A, Rocha JF, Soares-da-Silva P. Opicapone as an Add-on to Levodopa in Patients with Parkinson's Disease Without Motor Fluctuations: Rationale and Design of the Phase III, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled EPSILON Trial. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1409-1425. [PMID: 35705887 PMCID: PMC9338182 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Levodopa remains the cornerstone treatment for Parkinson’s disease (PD) but its use is associated with the development of ‘wearing-off’ fluctuations and other motor and non-motor complications over time. Adding a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor to levodopa/dopa decarboxylase (DDC) inhibitor therapy reduces fluctuations in the profile of plasma levodopa levels following oral dosing, and can therefore be beneficial for the management of motor complications. The objective of the EPSILON study is to investigate the efficacy of opicapone (OPC; a third-generation, once-daily COMT inhibitor) in enhancing the clinical benefit of levodopa in patients in earlier stages of PD, without end-of-dose motor fluctuations. Methods EPSILON is a phase III, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled and parallel-group study, designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of OPC as add-on to levodopa/DDC inhibitor therapy in patients with early PD who do not exhibit signs of motor complications. Eligible patients will be randomised (1:1) to receive OPC 50 mg or placebo, in addition to their existing levodopa/DDC inhibitor therapy, over a 24-week, double-blind treatment period, after which they will have the option of entering an additional 1-year, open-label extension period, during which all patients will receive OPC 50 mg. Planned Outcomes The primary efficacy endpoints are change in Movement Disorders Society Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Part III total score from baseline to the end of the double-blind period (double-blind phase) and change in MDS-UPDRS Part IV total score from open-label baseline to the end of the open-label period (open-label phase). Secondary outcomes during the double-blind phase will include other measures of PD symptoms, including quality of life, non-motor symptoms, and development of motor fluctuations. Safety assessments will include evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events, laboratory safety parameters, suicidality and impulse control disorders. Trial Registration European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (number 2020-005011-52).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim J Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse Parkinson Expert Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Toulouse CIC1436, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, and NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- Department of Neurology, University San Raffaele and IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (CESNE), Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ana Pereira
- BIAL - Portela & Cª S.A., Coronado, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of One-Day Application of Levodopa/Carbidopa/Entacapone versus Levodopa/Carbidopa/Opicapone in Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091511. [PMID: 35563817 PMCID: PMC9105632 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors entacapone and opicapone prolong the efficacy of conventional oral levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor formulations through an increase in levodopa plasma bioavailability. Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors influence the homocysteine metabolism associated with levodopa/dopa decarboxylase application. The objectives of this study were to compare the impact of additional single-day entacapone or opicapone intake on the pharmacokinetic plasma behaviour of levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and total homocysteine in 15 Parkinson’s disease patients, with concomitant scoring of motor symptoms, under standardized conditions. The patients received opicapone plus two doses of 100 mg levodopa/carbidopa and, one week later, two doses of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone or vice versa. Levodopa, 3-O-methyldopa and total homocysteine were determined with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Levodopa bioavailability and its maximum concentration were higher with opicapone. The computed peak-to-trough difference was lower after the second levodopa administration with entacapone. The fluctuation index of levodopa did not differ between both conditions. 3-O-methyldopa decreased on both days. Homocysteine levels did not significantly vary between both conditions. A significant homocysteine decrease occurred with entacapone, but not with opicapone. Motor behaviour improved with entacapone, but not with opicapone. Opicapone baseline scores were significantly better, and thus the potential for the improvement in motor symptoms was lower compared with the entacapone condition. The higher levodopa bioavailability with opicapone suggests that it is more efficacious than entacapone for the amelioration of “off” phenomena in fluctuating patients when co-administered with a levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor regimen. Both compounds prevented an increase in homocysteine, which is a metabolic marker for an impaired capacity in the performance of methylation processes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schofield C, Chaudhuri KR, Carroll C, Sharma JC, Pavese N, Evans J, Foltynie T, Reichmann H, Zurowska L, Soares-da-Silva P, Lees A. Opicapone in UK clinical practice: effectiveness, safety and cost analysis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2022; 12:77-91. [PMID: 35313124 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This subanalysis of the OPTIPARK study aimed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of opicapone in patients with Parkinson's disease and motor fluctuations in clinical practice specifically in the UK and to assess the impact of opicapone on treatment costs. Methods: Patients received opicapone added to levodopa for 6 months. Clinical outcomes were assessed at 3 and 6 months and treatment costs at 6 months. Results: Most patients' general condition improved at 3 months, with sustained improvements reported at 6 months. Opicapone improved motor and non-motor symptoms at both timepoints, was generally well tolerated and reduced total treatment costs by GBP 3719. Conclusion: Opicapone added to levodopa resulted in clinical improvements and reduced treatment costs across UK clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schofield
- Research & Development Unit (Neurology), Royal Cornwall Hospitals Trust, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 3HD, UK
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Camille Carroll
- University of Plymouth, Faculty of Health, Plymouth, Devon, PL6 8BX, UK
| | - Jagdish C Sharma
- Lincoln County Hospital, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, LN2 5QY, UK
| | - Nicola Pavese
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE4 5PL, UK
| | - Jonathan Evans
- Department of Neurology, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Dresden, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laura Zurowska
- Medical Affairs Department, BIAL - Pharma UK Ltd, Windsor, SL4 3BL, UK
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- BIAL - Portela & Ca S.A., 4745-457 Coronado (S. Romão e S. Mamede), Portugal.,MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery & Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrew Lees
- University College London, Reta Lila Weston Institute & The National Hospital, Queen Square, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chaudhuri KR, Odin P, Ferreira JJ, Antonini A, Rascol O, Kurtis MM, Storch A, Bannister K, Soares-da-Silva P, Costa R, Magalhães D, Rocha JF. Opicapone versus placebo in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuation-associated pain: rationale and design of the randomised, double-blind OCEAN (OpiCapone Effect on motor fluctuations and pAiN) trial. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:88. [PMID: 35279112 PMCID: PMC8917369 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02602-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Optimisation of dopaminergic therapy may alleviate fluctuation-related pain in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Opicapone (OPC) is a third-generation, once-daily catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor shown to be generally well tolerated and efficacious in reducing OFF-time in two pivotal trials in patients with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations. The OpiCapone Effect on motor fluctuations and pAiN (OCEAN) trial aims to investigate the efficacy of OPC 50 mg in PD patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuations and associated pain, when administered as adjunctive therapy to existing treatment with levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCi).
Methods
OCEAN is a Phase IV, international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, interventional trial in PD patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuations and associated pain. It consists of a 1-week screening period, 24-week double-blind treatment period and 2-week follow-up period. Eligible patients will be randomised 1:1 to OPC 50 mg or placebo once daily while continuing current treatment with levodopa/DDCi and other chronic, stable anti-PD and/or analgesic treatments. The primary efficacy endpoint is change from baseline in Domain 3 (fluctuation-related pain) of the King’s Parkinson’s disease Pain Scale (KPPS). The key secondary efficacy endpoint is change from baseline in Domain B (anxiety) of the Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Non-Motor rating Scale (MDS-NMS). Additional secondary efficacy assessments include other domains and total scores of the KPPS and MDS-NMS, the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-8), the MDS-sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Parts III and IV, Clinical and Patient’s Global Impressions of Change, and change in functional status via Hauser’s diary. Safety assessments include the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events. The study will be conducted in approximately 140 patients from 50 clinical sites in Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom. Recruitment started in February 2021 and the last patient is expected to complete the study by late 2022.
Discussion
The OCEAN trial will help determine whether the use of adjunctive OPC 50 mg treatment can improve fluctuation-associated pain in PD patients with end-of-dose motor fluctuations. The robust design of OCEAN will address the current lack of reliable evidence for dopaminergic-based therapy in the treatment of PD-associated pain.
Trial registration
EudraCT number 2020–001175-32; registered on 2020-08-07.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Levodopa treatment remains the gold standard for Parkinson's disease, but shortcomings related to the pharmacological profile, notably, oral administration and the consequent occurrence of motor complications, have led to the development of several add-on levodopa treatments or to research to improve the method of delivery. Motor fluctuations, and to a lesser extent non-motor fluctuations, concern half of the patients with Parkinson's disease after 5 years of disease and patients identified them as one of their most bothersome symptoms. Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors (COMT-Is) are one of the recommended first-line levodopa add-on therapies for the amelioration of end-of dose motor fluctuations in patient with advanced Parkinson's disease. Currently, two peripheral COMT-Is are considered as first-line choices - entacapone (ENT), which was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 1999 and the European Committee in 1998; and opicapone (OPC), which was approved by the European Committee in 2016. A second-line COMT-I that requires regular hepatic monitoring, tolcapone (TOL), was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1998 and the European Committee in 1997. Of note, OPC also received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2021, but it is still only marketed in a few countries, including Germany, UK, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Japan, and USA, while ENT and TOL have a wider market. Our narrative review summarizes the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, clinical efficacy in terms of motor fluctuations, motor/non-motor symptoms, quality of life, and safety data of these three COMT-Is, as evidenced by randomized clinical trials, as well as by real-life observational studies. Overall, a phase III non-inferiority trial showed a similar effect between ENT and OPC on off-time (-60.8 min/day and -40.3 min/day, vs placebo, respectively), with a possible additional off-time reduction of 39 min/day, obtained when there is a switch from ENT to OPC. Concomitantly, TOL can reduce off-time by an average of 98 min/day. A significant though discrete concomitant reduction on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor section (2-3 points) is obtained with all three drugs vs placebo. Data on quality of life are fewer and more heterogeneous, with positive results obtained especially in open-label studies. Effects on non-motor symptoms were investigated as secondary outcome only in a few studies, frequently by means of non-specific scales and a benefit was observed in open-label studies. Dopaminergic adverse effects were the most frequent, dyskinesia being the most common for the three drugs eventually requiring levodopa dose reductions. No urine discoloration and a very low incidence of diarrhea were found with OPC compared with ENT and TOL. Regular hepatic monitoring is needed only for TOL. A combination of COMT-Is with new formulations of levodopa, including the subcutaneous, intrajejunal, or new extended-release formulation, merits further exploration to improve the management of both mild and severe motor fluctuations.
Collapse
|
16
|
Cong D, Song J, Liu Y, Tan Y, Xue W, Liu X, Qi W, Lu J, Yuan X, Zhou Y, Hui AM, Li K. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Tolerability of Opicapone in Healthy Chinese and Caucasian Subjects: An Open-Label, Single-Center, Phase 1 Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:283-301. [PMID: 35006479 PMCID: PMC8743745 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-021-00314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of single and multiple doses of opicapone (OPC) in healthy Chinese and Caucasian subjects. METHODS In this open-label, single-center, phase 1 study, eligible Chinese subjects received one of three OPC doses (25, 50, or 100 mg), and Caucasian subjects received either 25 or 50 mg of OPC. All subjects were administered a single dose of OPC, whereas subjects in the 50-mg OPC group continued to receive once-daily doses of 50 mg OPC for 10 days. The primary endpoint was to evaluate and compare the plasma concentrations and PK parameters of OPC and its main metabolite, and erythrocyte-soluble catechol-O-methyltransferase (S-COMT) activity in Chinese subjects with that of Caucasian subjects. The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the safety of OPC in Chinese subjects. The estimated results for geometric mean ratios (GMRs) were evaluated with the standard bioequivalence (BE) limits between 80% and 125% to evaluate the ethnic differences. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. RESULTS In total, 70 subjects (45 Chinese, 25 Caucasian) were enrolled; the majority of them were male (85.7%). The plasma exposure of both OPC and BIA 9-1103 increased in an approximately dose-proportional manner in both populations. Maximum S-COMT inhibition ranged from 79% to 95% after a single dose and was about 94% after a 10-day once-daily regimen in both populations. The point estimates of GMRs (Chinese/Caucasian) and 90% CI, except Cmax in 25-mg and 50-mg OPC groups, for PK and PD parameters were within 80% to 125%. Furthermore, no new risks or safety concerns associated with OPC were identified, indicating a tolerable safety profile in healthy Chinese subjects. CONCLUSION Ethnicity had no significant impact on PK and PD parameters after single or multiple doses of OPC, and OPC was safe and tolerable in healthy Chinese subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR number, CTR20192230.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanduan Cong
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jie Song
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wei Xue
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenyuan Qi
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200000, China
| | | | | | - Ai-Min Hui
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Development, Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Kexin Li
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, No. 1 Dahua Road, Dongdan Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100005, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ouerdane Y, Hassaballah MY, Nagah A, Ibrahim TM, Mohamed HAH, El-Baz A, Attia MS. Exosomes in Parkinson: Revisiting Their Pathologic Role and Potential Applications. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:76. [PMID: 35056133 PMCID: PMC8778520 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Considerable progress has been made to understand the exact mechanism leading to this disease. Most of what is known comes from the evidence of PD brains' autopsies showing a deposition of Lewy bodies-containing a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn)-as the pathological determinant of PD. α-syn predisposes neurons to neurotoxicity and cell death, while the other associated mechanisms are mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are underlying precursors to the death of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta leading to disease progression. Several mechanisms have been proposed to unravel the pathological cascade of these diseases; most of them share a particular similarity: cell-to-cell communication through exosomes (EXOs). EXOs are intracellular membrane-based vesicles with diverse compositions involved in biological and pathological processes, which their secretion is driven by the NLR family pyrin domain-containing three proteins (NLRP3) inflammasome. Toxic biological fibrils are transferred to recipient cells, and the disposal of damaged organelles through generating mitochondrial-derived vesicles are suggested mechanisms for developing PD. EXOs carry various biomarkers; thus, they are promising to diagnose different neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). As nanovesicles, the applications of EXOs are not only restricted as diagnostics but also expanded to treat NDDs as therapeutic carriers and nano-scavengers. Herein, the aim is to highlight the potential incrimination of EXOs in the pathological cascade and progression of PD and their role as biomarkers and therapeutic carriers for diagnosing and treating this neuro-debilitating disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Y. Hassaballah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Abdalrazeq Nagah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Tarek M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hosny A. H. Mohamed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Areej El-Baz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (M.Y.H.); (A.N.); (H.A.H.M.); (A.E.-B.)
| | - Mohamed S. Attia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Loureiro AI, Fernandes-Lopes C, Bonifácio MJ, Sousa F, Kiss LE, Soares-da-Silva P. Metabolism and disposition of opicapone in the rat and metabolic enzymes phenotyping. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 10:e00891. [PMID: 34939338 PMCID: PMC8929358 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Opicapone (2,5‐dichloro‐3‐(5‐(3,4‐dihydroxy‐5‐nitrophenyl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)‐4,6‐dimethylpyridine 1‐oxide) is a selective catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor that has been granted marketing authorization in Europe, Japan, and United States. The present work describes the metabolism and disposition of opicapone in the rat obtained in support to its development and regulatory filling. Plasma levels and elimination of total radioactivity were determined after oral and intravenous administration of [14C]‐opicapone. The maximum plasma concentrations of opicapone‐related radioactivity were reached at early time points followed by a gradual return to baseline with a biphasic elimination. Fecal excretion was the primary route of elimination of total radioactivity. Quantitative distribution of drug‐related radioactivity demonstrated that opicapone and related metabolites did not distribute to the central nervous system. Opicapone was extensively metabolized in rats resulting in more than 20 phase I and phase II metabolites. Although O‐glucuronidation, ‐sulfation, and ‐methylation of the nitrocatechol moiety were the principal metabolic pathways, small amount of the N‐acetyl derivative was detected, as a result of reduction of the nitro group and subsequent conjugation. Other metabolic transformations included N‐oxide reduction to the pyridine derivative and reductive cleavage of 1,2,4‐oxadiazole ring followed by further conjugative reactions. Reaction phenotyping studies suggested that SULT 1A1*1 and *2 and UGT1A7, UGT1A8, UGT1A9, and UGT1A10 may be involved in opicapone sulfation and glucuronidation, respectively. However, the reductive metabolic pathways mediated by gut microflora cannot be excluded. Opicapone, in the rat, was found to be rapidly absorbed, widely distributed to peripheric tissues, metabolized mainly via conjugative pathways at the nitro catechol ring, and primarily excreted via feces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Loureiro
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fernandes-Lopes
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bonifácio
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - László E Kiss
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal
| | - Patricio Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research and Development, BIAL-Portela & Cª. S.A., S Mamede do Coronado, Portugal.,Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,MedInUp-Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Opicapone for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease "Off" Episodes: Pharmacology and Clinical Considerations. Clin Drug Investig 2021; 42:127-135. [PMID: 34935105 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-021-01109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. It is also the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorder and has more than doubled between 1990 and 2016. Parkinson's disease causes significant morbidity and disability from motor dysfunction, sleep disturbances, and cognitive and psychiatric symptoms. This paper reviews recent evidence in the treatment of PD "off" episodes with the novel drug opicapone, including its efficacy, safety, and clinical indications. Opicapone is a novel, peripherally acting catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor used as adjunctive therapy to carbidopa/levodopa for treatment and prevention of "off" episodes. It has been approved for use as an adjunct to levodopa since 2016 in Europe and has recently (April 2020) gained FDA approval for use in the USA. By inhibiting COMT, opicapone slows levodopa metabolism and increases its availability. Several clinical studies demonstrated significant improvement in treatment efficacy and reduction in the duration of "off" episodes The main side effect demonstrated was dyskinesia, mostly with the 100 mg dose, which is higher than the approved, effective dose of 50 mg.
Collapse
|
20
|
Rocha JF, Ebersbach G, Lees A, Tolosa E, Ferreira JJ, Poewe W, Rascol O, Stocchi F, Antonini A, Magalhães D, Gama H, Soares-da-Silva P. The Added Benefit of Opicapone When Used Early in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Levodopa-Induced Motor Fluctuations: A Post-hoc Analysis of BIPARK-I and -II. Front Neurol 2021; 12:754016. [PMID: 34803891 PMCID: PMC8603564 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.754016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Opicapone (OPC) was efficacious in reducing OFF-time in two pivotal trials in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and end-of-dose motor fluctuations (BIPARK-I and -II). Post-hoc analyses of these trials evaluated the efficacy of OPC following pre-defined segmentation of the wide spectrum of motor fluctuations in PD. Methods: Data from matching treatment arms in BIPARK-I and -II were combined for the placebo (PLC) and OPC 50-mg groups, and exploratory post-hoc analyses were performed to investigate the efficacy of OPC 50 mg vs. PLC in subgroups of patients who were in “earlier” vs. “later” stages of both their disease course (e.g., duration of PD <6 years vs. ≥6 years) and levodopa treatment pathway (e.g., number of daily levodopa intakes <4 vs. ≥4). Efficacy variables included changes from baseline in absolute OFF-time and total ON-time. Results: The Full Analysis Set included 517 patients (PLC, n = 255; OPC 50 mg, n = 262). OPC 50 mg was significantly more effective than PLC in reducing OFF-time and increasing ON-time in the majority of subgroup analyses (p < 0.05). Moreover, patients in “earlier” stages of both their disease course and levodopa treatment pathway experienced numerically greater efficacy when using OPC 50 mg, in comparison with those in “later” stages. Conclusion: OPC 50 mg was efficacious over the whole trajectory of motor fluctuation evolution in PD patients. There was also a signal for enhanced efficacy in patients who were earlier vs. later in their disease course and levodopa treatment pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Lees
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse Parkinson's Expert Center, Departments of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre d'Investigation Clinique de Toulouse CIC 1436, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, and NeuroToul COEN Center, University Hospital of Toulouse, INSERM, University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Angelo Antonini
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (CESNE), Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Helena Gama
- BIAL - Portela & Ca, S.A., Coronado, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jenner P, Rocha JF, Ferreira JJ, Rascol O, Soares-da-Silva P. Redefining the strategy for the use of COMT inhibitors in Parkinson's disease: the role of opicapone. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:1019-1033. [PMID: 34525893 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1968298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Levodopa remains the gold-standard Parkinson's disease (PD) treatment, but the inevitable development of motor complications has led to intense activity in pursuit of its optimal delivery. AREAS COVERED Peripheral inhibition of dopa-decarboxylase has long been considered an essential component of levodopa treatment at every stage of illness. In contrast, only relatively recently have catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors been utilized to block the other major pathway of degradation and optimize levodopa delivery to the brain. First and second-generation COMT inhibitors were deficient because of toxicity, sub-optimal pharmacokinetics or a short duration of effect. As such, they have only been employed once 'wearing-off' has developed. However, the third-generation COMT inhibitor, opicapone has overcome these difficulties and exhibits long-lasting enzyme inhibition without the toxicity observed with previous generations of COMT inhibitors. In clinical trials and real-world PD studies opicapone improves the levodopa plasma profile and results in a significant improvement in ON time in 'fluctuating' disease, but it has not yet been included in the algorithm for early treatment. EXPERT OPINION This review argues for a shift in the positioning of COMT inhibition with opicapone in the PD algorithm and lays out a pathway for proving its effectiveness in early disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade De Medicina, Universidade De Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CNS - Campus Neurológico, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Clinical Investigation Center CIC1436, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NS-Park/FCRIN Network and Toulouse NeuroToul Coen Center; Inserm, University Hospital of Toulouse, and University of Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research & Development, BIAL - Portela & Ca SA, Portugal.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Purpose: Levodopa formulations are the workhorses of the labor against motor symptoms management in Parkinson's disease (PD). Progression of PD on levodopa inevitably leads to motor fluctuations. It is important to understand the safety and efficacy of opicapone, the most recent addition to the clinician's armamentarium against these fluctuations.Materials and methods: We review the development of COMT inhibitors in the treatment of PD as well as the efficacy and safety data reported in the currently published literature of opicapone in PD. The "currently published literature" is defined as all published, PubMed indexed trials including the word "opicapone." Finally, we compare opicapone to the competitor pharmaceuticals on the market to treat symptom fluctuations in PD and share our opinion of opicapone's place in clinical practice.Results: From the reported results of phase 3 and 4 trials of opicapone in PD, it is a safe and efficacious option to combat motor fluctuations for our PD patients taking levodopa. A reduction of "off" time by up to 1 h per day can be expected, increasing "on" time with fewer dyskinesias. Opicapone is not generally hepatotoxic, and the most reported side-effects-dyskinesia, dry mouth, dizziness, diarrhea, and constipation-were seen in only 1.4% of the OPTIPARK (a large phase 4 clinical trial) study population.Conclusions: One should consider utilizing opicapone, perhaps in combination with other augmenting medications with different mechanisms of action, to help treat motor and non-motor fluctuations in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jason Margolesky
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Azevedo Kauppila L, Pimenta Silva D, Ferreira JJ. Clinical Utility of Opicapone in the Management of Parkinson's Disease: A Short Review on Emerging Data and Place in Therapy. Degener Neurol Neuromuscul Dis 2021; 11:29-40. [PMID: 34007239 PMCID: PMC8123942 DOI: 10.2147/dnnd.s256722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, and levodopa (L-dopa) remains the most efficacious drug treatment for PD and a gold-standard for symptom control. Nonetheless, a significant majority of PD patients develop motor fluctuations over their disease course, with a significant impact on quality-of-life, meaning control of such complications translates into a fundamental clinical need. Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitors (COMT-i) are used as first-line adjuvant therapy to L-dopa for end-of-dose (EoD) motor fluctuations, since they increase L-dopa availability in the brain by inhibiting its peripheral metabolism. Opicapone (OPC), a once-daily, long-acting COMT-i, is the most recent and potent of its class, having been licensed in Europe in 2016 as an add-on to preparations of L-dopa/DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors in PD patients with EoD motor fluctuations. More recently, it has also received approval in the USA and Japan in 2020. Two high-quality positive efficacy studies (double-blind Phase III clinical trials) established OPC efficacy with significant reduction in OFF time (average 60 minutes vs placebo), without concomitant increase of distressing dyskinesias during ON time. These beneficial effects were sustained in open-label extension studies, without unexpected safety issues or adverse events, with dyskinesia having been the most frequent complaint. OPC also avoids liver toxicity and gastrointestinal issues compared with previous COMT-i. In this review, we aimed to cover OPC’s lifecycle (synthesis to commercialization), its clinical pharmacological data, safety, tolerability and pharmacovigilance evidence, and discuss its role in the management of motor fluctuations in PD as well as its emerging place in international recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Azevedo Kauppila
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniela Pimenta Silva
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- CNS - Campus Neurológico, Torres Vedras, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Xue W, Tan Y, Liu Y, Xu C, Cong D, Zhong L, Song J, Hui A, Qi W, Wang J, Liu X, Li K. Pharmacokinetics of Opicapone and Its Metabolites in Healthy White and Chinese Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 10:1316-1324. [PMID: 33864709 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Opicapone (OPC) is a third-generation catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor developed to treat Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations. This open-label, single-center, phase 1 study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of OPC and its metabolites when administered as single and multiple doses in healthy White and Chinese subjects. The study enrolled a total of 30 White and Chinese healthy subjects, equally balanced among groups. The first dose of OPC was administered orally as a single dose of 50 mg on day 1, followed by a 10-day once-daily treatment from day 5 to day 14. Plasma concentrations of OPC and its metabolites were measured at 0 to 72 and 0 to 144 hours after dosing for single dose and multiple dose, respectively. Moreover, urine concentrations of OPC and its metabolite were measured 0 to 24 hours after dosing. PK parameters were derived from noncompartmental analysis. Geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence intervals for the main PK parameters were conducted to evaluate the ethnic difference between White and Chinese subjects. The plasma and urine exposure of OPC and its metabolites in Chinese subjects were similar to those in White subjects. These results indicated that ethnicity had no significant impact on PK of OPC between White and Chinese subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changjiang Xu
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Duanduan Cong
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Song
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Hui
- Clinical Research Department, Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical Industrial Development Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Qi
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Clinical Trial Center, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application Key Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Oral opicapone (Ongentys®), a potent third-generation, peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, is approved as adjunctive therapy to preparations of levodopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (L-dopa/DDCI) in adults with Parkinson's disease (PD) and end-of dose (EoD) motor fluctuations. In pivotal global trials (BIPARK 1 and BIPARK 2; 14-15 weeks' duration), open-label extensions (OLEs) of BIPARK, and in the real-world setting (OPTIPARK; 3-6 months), opicapone 50 mg once daily was an effective and generally well tolerated adjunctive therapy to L-dopa/DDCI plus other PD therapy in adults with PD and EoD motor fluctuations. Adjunctive opicapone provided better efficacy than placebo for improvements in ON- and OFF-state time and fulfilled noninferiority to adjunctive entacapone for improvements in OFF time in BIPARK 1. These beneficial effects of adjunctive opicapone on motor fluctuations were maintained during 1 year of treatment in OLE studies. Given its efficacy and safety profile, adjunctive opicapone remains an important option in the management of adults with PD and EoD motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilized on preparations of L-dopa/DDCI.
Collapse
|
26
|
Reichmann H. Opicapone: From Preclinical Data to Real-world Evidence. Neurology 2021. [DOI: 10.17925/usn.2021.17.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
27
|
Greenwood J, Pham H, Rey J. Opicapone: A third generation COMT inhibitor. Clin Park Relat Disord 2020; 4:100083. [PMID: 34316661 PMCID: PMC8299985 DOI: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Opicapone is a 3rd generation catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor approved in April 2020 by the FDA. Opicapone is used once daily as adjunctive to levodopa/carbidopa to reduce “off” periods in patients with Parkinson’s disease. In clinical trials BIPARK I and II, 50 mg of opicapone once daily was shown to be noninferior to entacapone and reduced the mean off time by about 50 min when compared to placebo. Most common treatment-emergent adverse events for opicapone were dyskinesia, falls, insomnia, and elevated blood creatine phosphokinase levels; it has not been associated with severe hepatic impairment.
Objective: To provide a drug review of the newly FDA approved catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) inhibitor, opicapone, for the use of end-of-motor motor fluctuation in adults with Parkinson’s disease. Data sources: A literature search of Pubmed was performed till May 2020 using the following key terms: opicapone, Ongentys, and BIA 9-1067. Review articles, clinical trials, and drug monographs were reviewed. Study selection and data extraction: Relevant English-language monographs and studies conducted in humans were considered. Data synthesis: Opicapone was FDA approved for the treatment of end-of-motor motor fluctuation in adults with Parkinson’s disease in April 2020 based on two published randomized clinical trials that were 14 to 15 weeks in duration called BIPARK I and BIPARK II. Based on the clinical trials, 50 mg of opicapone once daily was shown to be noninferior to entacapone and reduced the mean off time by about 50 min when compared to placebo. Most common treatment-emergent adverse events were dyskinesia, falls, insomnia, and elevated blood creatine phosphokinase levels. Relevance to patient care and clinical practice: Opicapone overcomes the limitations associated with other COMT inhibitors since it is dosed once daily, well tolerated, and has not been associated with the risk of hepatic failure. When switching from entacapone to opicapone a reduction in “off” time of −39.3 min was also seen. Conclusions: Opicapone is a once daily 3rd generation COMT inhibitor that has the potential to benefit patients with Parkinson’s disease who are experiencing end-of-motor fluctuations.
Collapse
|
28
|
St Onge E, Vanderhoof M, Miller S. Opicapone (Ongentys): A New COMT Inhibitor for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Ann Pharmacother 2020; 55:1159-1166. [PMID: 33233916 DOI: 10.1177/1060028020974560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the safety and efficacy of opicapone, a newly Food and Drug Administration-approved catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, as an adjunctive treatment to levodopa/carbidopa in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) experiencing off episodes. DATA SOURCES A literature search through PubMed and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (January 2000 to October 2020) was conducted using the following search terms: Ongentys, opicapone, COMT inhibitor, Parkinson's disease, and Parkinson's. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Articles selected included those describing preclinical and clinical studies examining the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and/or safety of opicapone. DATA SYNTHESIS In preclinical trials, opicapone demonstrated marked S-COMT inhibition, despite its short half-life, while maintaining an acceptable safety and efficacy profile. Results from phase 3 clinical trials further supported the safety and efficacy of opicapone as an adjunct to levodopa. In addition, opicapone, at a dose of 50 mg once daily, was shown to be superior to placebo and noninferior to entacapone in reducing time spent in the off state. Adverse effects commonly reported with opicapone include dyskinesias, constipation, hypotension/syncope, increased blood creatine kinase, and decreased weight. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Additional medications, such as COMT inhibitors, become necessary adjunctive treatments as the disease progresses. Compared to other COMT inhibitors currently on the US market, opicapone offers the advantage of once-daily dosing. CONCLUSION Opicapone is a safe and effective COMT inhibitor shown to reduce off episodes in patients with PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin St Onge
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Shannon Miller
- University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Orlando, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bonifácio MJ, Sousa F, Soares-da-Silva P. Opicapone enhances the reversal of MPTP-induced Parkinson-like syndrome by levodopa in cynomolgus monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 892:173742. [PMID: 33220276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Opicapone is a third generation nitrocatechol catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor that has received regional market approval for use as adjunctive therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's disease patients with motor fluctuations. This study evaluated the effects of opicapone as adjunct to levodopa in reversing a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced Parkinson's-like syndrome in cynomolgus monkeys in during opicapone preclinical development program. A Parkinson's-like syndrome was induced in cynomolgus monkeys by daily administrations of MPTP. Evaluation of the animals included scoring with the Primate Parkinsonism Motor Rating Scale (PPMRS) and assessment of locomotor activity. MPTP produced a stable Parkinson's-like behavioural syndrome as evidenced by tremor, postural changes, rigidity, impaired movements and balance, (PPMRS scores of 10-15) and decreased locomotor activity (13% of pre-MPTP values). Opicapone treatment alone, for 14 days, did not change Parkinson's-like symptoms nor decreased subject's locomotor behaviour. Ascending combinations of levodopa/benserazide dose-dependently decreased PPMRS and improved locomotor behaviour reaching statistical significance for levodopa/benserazide doses of 18/4.5 mg/kg and those effects were enhanced in opicapone treated subjects. Opicapone treated subjects as compared vehicle-treated, had markedly reduced erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, significantly increased plasma levodopa levels (1.8-fold higher AUC) with no statistically significant changes in Cmax and significantly reduced 3-OMD AUC and Cmax values (7.8- and 6.8-fold respectively). Opicapone potentiated the improvements in Parkinson's-like symptoms produced by levodopa/benserazide combinations with concomitant increase in plasma levodopa exposure, reduction of plasma 3-O-methyldopa levels and erythrocyte catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, results that were later demonstrated in 2 large Phase 3 studies in Parkinson's disease patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bonifácio
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Filipa Sousa
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Department of Research, BIAL-Portela & C(a), S.A, 4745-457, Coronado (S. Mamede & S. Romão), Portugal; Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal; MedInUp - Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, University of Porto, 4200, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nomoto M, Takeda A, Iwai K, Nishimura A, Hattori N. Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Capsule and Tablet Formulations of Opicapone in Healthy Japanese Subjects: Phase 1 Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:173-179. [PMID: 32459885 PMCID: PMC7891373 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Opicapone, a peripheral, long‐acting catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor has been shown to improve wearing‐off phenomenon in randomized, double‐blind studies. This study compared the pharmacokinetic characteristics of opicapone small‐tablet and size 1 capsule formulations after single oral administration to healthy Japanese subjects. In this open‐label, randomized, 2‐way and 2‐period crossover phase 1 study, 48 healthy male subjects (aged 20 to 45 years; body mass index, 18.5 to <30.0 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 2 cohorts (n = 24 each), which were administered opicapone 25 or 50 mg in a tablet‐capsule or capsule‐tablet sequence under fasted conditions. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis before opicapone capsule/tablet administration and at regular intervals over 24 hours after administration. Compared with capsules, tablets were associated with higher Cmax and AUClast/0‐∞ values. However, t1/2 and tmax values were similar with opicapone 25‐ and 50‐mg capsules/tablets. Geometric mean ratios (tablets/capsules) of Cmax, AUClast, and AUC0‐∞ were 1.24, 1.18, and 1.19, respectively, for the 25‐mg dose and 1.42, 1.28, and 1.27, respectively, for the 50‐mg dose. Opicapone was well tolerated, and no serious adverse events occurred. A small tablet formulation of opicapone proposed for use in Japanese clinical trials was associated with apparent greater exposure compared with the existing hard capsule formulation, which should be considered when developing opicapone for Japanese patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nomoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Imabari, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- National Hospital Organization, Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Iwai
- Department of Clinical Development, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Development, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ettcheto M, Busquets O, Sánchez-Lopez E, Cano A, Manzine PR, Verdaguer E, Olloquequi J, Auladell C, Folch J, Camins A. The preclinical discovery and development of opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:993-1004. [PMID: 32450711 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1767580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opicapone (OPC) is a well-established catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor that is approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with L-DOPA/L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DDI) therapy allowing for prolonged activity due to a more continuous supply of L-DOPA in the brain. Thus, OPC decreases fluctuation in L-DOPA plasma levels and favors more constant central dopaminergic receptor stimulation, thus improving PD symptomatology. AREAS COVERED This review evaluates the preclinical development, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and safety profile of OPC. Data was extracted from published preclinical and clinical studies published on PUBMED and SCOPUS (Search period: 2000-2019). Clinical and post-marketing data are also evaluated. EXPERT OPINION OPC is a third generation COMT inhibitor with a novel structure. It has an efficacy and tolerability superior to its predecessors, tolcapone (TOL) and entacapone (ENT). It also provides a safe and simplified drug regimen that allows neurologists to individually adjust the existing daily administration of L-DOPA. OPC is indicated as an adjunctive therapy to L-DOPA/DDI in patients with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilized on those combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miren Ettcheto
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Busquets
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Sánchez-Lopez
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amanda Cano
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia R Manzine
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (Ufscar) , São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Olloquequi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Talca, Chile
| | - Carme Auladell
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Folch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Science, University Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Departament of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) , Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile , Talca, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nomoto M, Takeda A, Iwai K, Nishimura A, Hattori N. Effect of Opicapone Tablets on Levodopa and 3-O-Methyldopa Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Japanese Subjects: Phase 1 Study. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 10:180-189. [PMID: 32416054 PMCID: PMC7891606 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a small-tablet formulation of opicapone for use in clinical trials in Japan on the pharmacokinetics of levodopa (l-dopa) and 3-O-methyldopa (3-OMD). In an open-label, 3-period, single-sequence crossover phase 1 study in 80 healthy Japanese males (aged 20-45 years; body mass index, 18.5 to <30.0 kg/m2 ), 10 mg of l-dopa/carbidopa 100 was administered 3 times daily on day 0 (period 1) and day 12 (period 3), and opicapone tablets (5, 10, 25, or 50 mg; n = 20 each group) were administered once daily for 11 days (period 2). During periods 1 and 3, plasma concentrations of l-dopa and 3-OMD were measured and pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum observed plasma concentration, time at which maximum concentration was observed, area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 5 hours [AUC5h ] and from time 0 to 24 hours [AUC24h ] following each dose, terminal half-life) of plasma l-dopa and 3-OMD were determined along with the geometric mean ratio (period 3/period 1) of AUC24h for l-dopa and 3-OMD. Maximum concentration of l-dopa for the first, second, or third doses of l-dopa/carbidopa did not significantly increase with increasing opicapone dose. The AUC of l-dopa increased with increasing opicapone dose but tended toward a peak plateau with opicapone doses of 25 mg and higher. Geometric mean ratios (90% confidence intervals) of AUC24h were 5 mg, 1.16 (1.10-1.21); 10 mg, 1.26 (1.23-1.30); 25 mg, 1.51 (1.44-1.57); 50 mg, 1.60 (1.54-1.66). Opicapone tablets were well tolerated. In Japanese healthy subjects, increases in plasma exposure to l-dopa appear to level off with opicapone doses of 25 mg and higher, which may be relevant for optimal dosing among Japanese patients with Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Nomoto
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Pharmacology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsuyama, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Imabari Hospital, Imabari, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- National Hospital Organization, Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Cognitive & Motor Aging, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Iwai
- Department of Clinical Development, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Nishimura
- Department of Clinical Development, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Hattori
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Müller T. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of levodopa/carbidopa cotherapies for Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:403-414. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1750596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weißensee, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Salamon A, Zádori D, Szpisjak L, Klivényi P, Vécsei L. Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: an update. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 20:2201-2207. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1681971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- András Salamon
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Szpisjak
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- MTA-SZTE Neuroscience Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pinheiro SD, Serrão MP, Silva T, Borges F, Soares-da-Silva P. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of novel Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 847:53-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
36
|
The next chapter in symptomatic Parkinson disease treatments. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 59:39-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
37
|
Kitajima T, Mizote S, Bonifácio MJ, Umemura T, Yoneda K, Moser P, Soares-da-Silva P, Tanaka M. Inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase in the cynomolgus monkey by opicapone after acute and repeated administration. Neuropharmacology 2018; 143:282-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
38
|
Buchler I, Akuma D, Au V, Carr G, de León P, DePasquale M, Ernst G, Huang Y, Kimos M, Kolobova A, Poslusney M, Wei H, Swinnen D, Montel F, Moureau F, Jigorel E, Schulze MSED, Wood M, Barrow JC. Optimization of 8-Hydroxyquinolines as Inhibitors of Catechol O-Methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9647-9665. [PMID: 30272964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of 8-hydroxy quinolines were identified as potent inhibitors of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT) with selectivity for the membrane-bound form of the enzyme. Small substituents at the 7-position of the quinoline were found to increase metabolic stability without sacrificing potency. Compounds with good pharmacokinetics and brain penetration were identified and demonstrated in vivo modulation of dopamine metabolites in the brain. An X-ray cocrystal structure of compound 21 in the S-COMT active site shows chelation of the active site magnesium similar to catechol-based inhibitors. These compounds should prove useful for treatment of many neurological and psychiatric conditions associated with compromised cortical dopamine signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Buchler
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Daniel Akuma
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Vinh Au
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Gregory Carr
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | - Pablo de León
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Michael DePasquale
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Glen Ernst
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Yifang Huang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Martha Kimos
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Anna Kolobova
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Michael Poslusney
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States
| | - Huijun Wei
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martyn Wood
- UCB Biopharma SPRL , B-1420 Braine-l'Alleud , Belgium
| | - James C Barrow
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21205 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 855 North Wolfe Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21287 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fabbri M, Ferreira JJ, Lees A, Stocchi F, Poewe W, Tolosa E, Rascol O. Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A review of a new licensed medicine. Mov Disord 2018; 33:1528-1539. [PMID: 30264443 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors are currently used as first-line add-on therapy to levodopa for the treatment of end-of-dose motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease patients, as they increase levodopa bioavailability. Several factors hamper the use of current available catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors, that is, the moderate efficacy and multiple dosing for entacapone and the risk of liver toxicity with tolcapone. Opicapone, a new long-acting, peripherally selective, once-daily catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, was recently licensed in Europe. Two phase 3 double-blind clinical trials demonstrated opicapone efficacy in reducing OFF time by an average of about 60 minutes daily compared with placebo, without increasing ON time with troublesome dyskinesias. These effects were also maintained during a subsequent open-label extension consisting of 1-year follow-up. Opicapone showed a good safety profile. From June 2016, Opicapone received the approval for marketing authorization from the European Commission as adjunctive therapy to levodopa/DOPA decarboxylase inhibitors in patients with PD and end-of-dose motor fluctuations. We aimed to review the clinical pharmacological data of opicapone, summarize its clinical efficacy and safety issues, and discuss its potential role in the management of Parkinson's disease. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Lisbon, Portugal.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,CNS - Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Andrew Lees
- The National Hospital, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- University and Institute for Research and Medical Care, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERNED, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul COEN Center, INSERM, CHU de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fackrell R, Carroll CB, Grosset DG, Mohamed B, Reddy P, Parry M, Chaudhuri KR, Foltynie T. Noninvasive options for 'wearing-off' in Parkinson's disease: a clinical consensus from a panel of UK Parkinson's disease specialists. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2018; 8:349-360. [PMID: 29975112 DOI: 10.2217/nmt-2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 4 years, two adjunctive treatment options to levodopa have been licensed for use in the UK in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and motor fluctuations: opicapone, a third-generation catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor, and safinamide, a monoamine oxidase B inhibitor. This clinical consensus outlines the practical considerations relating to motor fluctuations and managing wearing-off in patients with PD, and provides a clinical insight to adjunctive treatment options, including opicapone and safinamide. Practice-based opinion was provided from a multidisciplinary steering Group of eight UK-based movement disorder and PD specialists, including neurologists, geriatricians and a nurse specialist, from England, Scotland and Wales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Fackrell
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Foundation Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Camille B Carroll
- Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Donald G Grosset
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Biju Mohamed
- Department of Medicine and Gerontology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Prashanth Reddy
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Miriam Parry
- Department of Clinical Gerontology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience at King's College & Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tom Foltynie
- Unit of Functional Neurosurgery at UCL Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
MEETING REPORTER. Curr Opin Neurol 2018; 30 Suppl 1:1-24. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
42
|
Svetel M, Tomić A, Kresojević N, Kostić V. Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:353-360. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1430138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Svetel
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Tomić
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Vladimir Kostić
- Clinic of Neurology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
A single- and multiple-dose study to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of opicapone, a novel COMT inhibitor, in rat. Neuropharmacology 2017; 125:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
44
|
Bicker J, Fortuna A, Alves G, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. Elucidation of the Impact of P-glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein on the Brain Distribution of Catechol- O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1282-1291. [PMID: 28916530 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are clinically important efflux transporters that act cooperatively at the blood-brain barrier, limiting the entry of several drugs into the central nervous system (CNS) and affecting their pharmacokinetics, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. In the present study, the interactions of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (BIA 9-1059, BIA 9-1079, entacapone, nebicapone, opicapone, and tolcapone) with P-gp and BCRP were investigated to determine the contribution of these transporters in their access to the brain. In vitro cellular accumulation and bidirectional transport assays were conducted in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II, MDCK-MDR1, and MDCK-BCRP cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies were carried out for tolcapone and BIA 9-1079 in rats, with and without elacridar, a well-known P-gp and BCRP modulator. The results suggest that BIA 9-1079, nebicapone, and tolcapone inhibit BCRP in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, with net flux ratios higher than 2 and decreased over 50% in the presence of verapamil or Ko143, BIA 9-1079 was identified as a P-gp substrate while BIA 9-1059, entacapone, opicapone, and nebicapone were revealed to be BCRP substrates. In vivo, brain exposure was limited for tolcapone and BIA 9-1079, although tolcapone crossed the blood-brain barrier at a greater rate and to a greater extent than BIA 9-1079. The extent of brain distribution of both compounds was significantly increased in the presence of elacridar, attesting to the involvement of efflux transporters. These findings provide relevant information and improve the understanding of the mechanisms that govern the access of these COMT inhibitors to the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Bicker
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Ana Fortuna
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Patrício Soares-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy (J.B., A.Fo., A.Fa.), and Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (J.B., A.Fo., G.A., A.Fa.), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal (G.A.); Department of Research and Development, BIAL, Sao Mamede do Coronado, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (P.S.-d.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Scott LJ. Opicapone in Parkinson’s disease: a profile of its use. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-017-0419-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
46
|
Lees AJ, Ferreira J, Rascol O, Reichmann H, Stocchi F, Tolosa E, Poewe W. Opicapone for the management of end-of-dose motor fluctuations in patients with Parkinson's disease treated with L-DOPA. Expert Rev Neurother 2017; 17:649-659. [PMID: 28580819 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2017.1336086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opicapone is a third generation, highly potent and effective catechol O‑methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor that optimizes the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of L-DOPA therapy. Areas covered: In this review, the authors describe the preclinical and clinical development of opicapone. In PD patients with motor fluctuations, once daily opicapone administration was well-tolerated and consistently reduced OFF-time and increased ON-time without increasing the frequency of troublesome dyskinesia, and these benefits were maintained over at least a year of continued open-label therapy. Expert commentary: With its convenient once-daily regimen, adjunct opicapone should be considered as an effective option for use in L-DOPA treated PD patients experiencing motor fluctuations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lees
- a Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, UCL , London , UK
| | - Joaquim Ferreira
- b Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz , Hospital de Santa Maria , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Olivier Rascol
- c Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Clinical Investigation Center CIC 1436, NS-Park/FCRIN network and NeuroToul COEN Center , INSERM, Toulouse University Hospital and Toulouse3 University , Toulouse , France
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- d Department of Neurology , Technische Universitaet Dresden , Dresden , Germany
| | - Fabrizio Stocchi
- e Institute of Neurology , IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana , Rome , Italy
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- f Neurology Service, Centro de Investigación Biomódica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Werner Poewe
- g Department of Neurology , Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Oral opicapone (Ongentys(®)), a potent, third-generation, long-acting, peripheral catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, is approved as adjunctive treatment to levodopa (L-Dopa)/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) therapy in adults with Parkinson's disease (PD) and end-of-dose motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilized on those combinations. In 14- to 15-week, double-blind, multinational trials and in 1-year, open-label extension studies in this patient population, opicapone was an effective and generally well tolerated adjunctive therapy to L-Dopa plus a DDCI and other PD therapy. During the double-blind phase, adjunctive opicapone 50 mg once daily provided significantly greater improvements in motor fluctuations than placebo, with these improvements noninferior to those with entacapone. These beneficial improvements in motor fluctuations with opicapone were maintained in patients who continued adjunctive opicapone during the extension studies, with patients who switched from placebo or entacapone to opicapone experiencing significant improvements in motor fluctuations during this year. No new unexpected safety concerns were identified after ≈1.4 years' treatment with opicapone, with no serious cases of hepatotoxicity reported in clinical trials. With its convenient once-daily regimen, oral opicapone is an emerging COMT inhibitor option for use as adjunctive therapy to L-Dopa/DDCI therapy in adults with PD and end-of dose motor fluctuations who cannot be stabilized on those combinations.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gonçalves D, Alves G, Fortuna A, Soares-da-Silva P, Falcão A. Pharmacokinetics of opicapone, a third-generation COMT inhibitor, after single and multiple oral administration: A comparative study in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 323:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
49
|
Rocha J, Sicard É, Fauchoux N, Falcão A, Santos A, Loureiro AI, Pinto R, Bonifácio MJ, Nunes T, Almeida L, Soares‐da‐Silva P. Effect of opicapone multiple-dose regimens on levodopa pharmacokinetics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 83:540-553. [PMID: 27763682 PMCID: PMC5306497 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To compare the levodopa/carbidopa (LC) and levodopa/benserazide (LB) pharmacokinetic profiles following repeated doses of opicapone (OPC) administered apart from levodopa. METHODS Two randomized, double blind, sex-balanced, placebo-controlled studies in four groups of 12 or 18 healthy subjects each. In each group, enrolled subjects received a once-daily morning (5, 15 and 30 mg) or evening (5, 15 and 50 mg) administration of OPC or placebo for up to 28 days. On the morning of Day 11, 12 h after the OPC or placebo evening dose, or the morning of Day 21, 1 h after the OPC or placebo dose, a single dose of immediate-release 100/25 mg LC was administered. Similarly, on Day 18 morning, 12 h after the OPC or placebo evening dose, or Day 28 morning, 1 h after the OPC or placebo dose, a single dose of immediate-release 100/25 mg LB was administered. RESULTS All OPC treatments, in relation to the placebo group, presented a higher extent of exposure (AUC) to levodopa following either LC or LB doses. A relevant but not dose-dependent increase in the levodopa AUC occurred with all OPC dose groups in relation to placebo. All active treatments significantly inhibited both peak (Emax ) and extent (AUEC) of the catechol-O-methyltransferase activity in relation to placebo. The tolerability profile was favourable. CONCLUSION Opicapone, as once-daily oral evening regimen and/or 1 h apart from levodopa therapy, increases the bioavailability of levodopa associated with its pronounced, long-lasting and sustained catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibition. The tolerability profile was favourable and similar between OPC and placebo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José‐Francisco Rocha
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | | | | | | | - Ana Santos
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Ana I. Loureiro
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Roberto Pinto
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
- Dept. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Maria João Bonifácio
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Teresa Nunes
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
| | - Luís Almeida
- Dept. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- MedInUP ‐ Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative MedicinesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| | - Patrício Soares‐da‐Silva
- Dept. Research & DevelopmentBIAL – Portela & Cª – S.A.4745‐457S. Mamede do CoronadoPortugal
- Dept. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
- MedInUP ‐ Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative MedicinesUniversity of PortoPortoPortugal
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rodrigues FB, Ferreira JJ. Opicapone for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:445-453. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1294683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe B Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Huntington’s Disease Centre, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- CNS - Campus Neurológico Sénior, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|