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Washif JA, Pyne DB. Optimal Support for Elite Sprinters Using a Minimal, Adequate, and Accurate Approach. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39265975 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2024-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In high-performance sport, the support provided by sport scientists and other staff can be a valuable resource for coaches and athletes. PURPOSE We propose and detail here the approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" sport-science support to ensure that programs of work and solutions are both economical and effective. METHODS Our support provision advocates for utilization of "minimal" resources (employing the least amount of time, tools, and funding) necessary to achieve the desired outcomes. We strive for "adequate" information that fulfills specific objectives without excess and with the requirement that methods and data used are "accurate" (valid and reliable). To illustrate the principles of this approach, we outline a real-world example of supporting 100-m track (athletics) sprinters preparing and competing in an international competition. The provision of performance support emphasizes an integrated approach, combining knowledge and insights from multiple sport-science disciplines. The key facets managed under this approach are (1) neuromuscular readiness, (2) wellness monitoring, (3) movement observation, (4) motivation, (5) biomechanics and performance analysis, and (6) qualitative feedback. These facets are based on the specific performance determinants and influencing factors of an event (100-m dash). CONCLUSIONS Application of this quantitative and qualitative approach can enhance the ability to make informed decisions. Nevertheless, the approach must be planned, evaluated, and refined on a regular basis to enable effective decision making in sport-science support. The 3-element approach of "minimal, adequate, and accurate" should be codesigned and supported by the athletes, coaches, and staff to ensure successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad Adrian Washif
- Sports Performance Division, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David B Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Lindsay C, Crowther R, Middleton K, Clark B, Warmenhoven J, Spratford W. Inter- and intra-athlete technique variability of conventional new ball swing bowling in elite and pre-elite Australian male fast bowlers. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:708-719. [PMID: 38861612 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2361598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate inter- and intra-athlete technique variability in pre-elite and elite Australian fast bowlers delivering new ball conventional swing bowling. Ball grip angle and pelvis, torso, shoulder, elbow, wrist, upper arm, forearm, and hand kinematics were investigated at the point of ball release for inswing and outswing deliveries. Descriptive evaluations of group and individual data and k-means cluster analyses were used to assess inter- and intra-bowler technique variability. Inter-athlete technique and ball grip variability were identified, demonstrating that skilled bowlers use individualised strategies to generate swing. Functional movement variability was demonstrated by intra-athlete variability in successful swing bowling trials. Bowlers demonstrated stable technique parameters in large proximal body segments of the pelvis and torso, providing a level of repeatability to their bowling action. Greater variation was observed in bowling arm kinematics, allowing athletes to manipulate the finger and ball position to achieve the desired seam orientation at the point of ball release. This study demonstrates that skilled bowlers use individualised techniques and grips to generate swing and employ technique variations in successive deliveries. Coaches should employ individualised training strategies and use constraints-led approaches in training environments to encourage bowlers to seek adaptive movement solutions to generate swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Lindsay
- Exercise Science and Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Rian Crowther
- Cricket Australia, National Cricket Centre, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Sport, Student Services and Wellbeing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport, Performance, and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brad Clark
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - John Warmenhoven
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Ramachandran AK, Singh U, Connor JD, Doma K. Biomechanical and physical determinants of bowling speed in cricket: a novel approach to systematic review and meta-analysis of correlational data. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:347-369. [PMID: 33428558 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1858152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the influence of biomechanical and physical characteristics on ball release speed in cricket using correlation data. Search was conducted across PubMed, Cinhal, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science, with eighteen studies included. The ball release speed had a moderate correlation with overall biomechanical (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) parameters and a strong correlation with physical (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) characteristics. Furthermore, individual biomechanical and physical parameters were also correlated with ball release speed. The run-up speed had a strong correlation (r = 0.50, p < 0.001) and front knee angle at ball release had a moderate correlation (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Poorer correlations were identified for centre of mass velocity at ball release (r = 0.16, p = 0.134), front knee angle at front foot contact (r = 0.26, p = 0.015) 25 and vertical ground reaction force (r = 0.13, p = 0.659). Strong and significant correlation was found for total arm length (r = 0.65, p < 0.001) and shoulder strength (r = 0.58, p < 0.001). This review highlights the biomechanical and physical parameters that are major determinants of faster ball release speed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan Douglas Connor
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Kenji Doma
- Sport and Exercise Science, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
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Lindsay C, Crowther R, Clark B, Middleton K, Keegan R, Spratford W. Bowler and coach experiential knowledge of new ball swing bowling in elite cricket. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:146-159. [PMID: 38433654 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2323319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Swing bowling can influence the outcome of cricket matches, but technique characteristics and coaching practices have not been investigated at an elite level. This study aimed to provide insight into the perceived technique parameters, coaching practices and variables contributing to conventional new ball swing bowling in elite cricket. Six Australian Test match fast bowlers and six Australian international and national-level coaches were interviewed. A reflexive thematic analysis of interview transcripts generated themes associated with swing bowling. Most bowlers reported their technique allows them to naturally create either inswing or outswing, with technique variations used to create swing in the opposite direction. To increase delivery effectiveness, bowlers and coaches recommended pitching the ball closer to the batter in length and varying release positions along the crease. Coaches recommended making individualised technique adjustments, but suggested all bowlers could benefit from maintaining balance and forward momentum to create a consistent release position in repeated deliveries. This study could inform training strategies to alter techniques and improve swing bowling performance. Future research should investigate the physical qualities of fast bowlers and use biomechanical analyses to provide a deeper understanding of swing bowling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody Lindsay
- Exercise Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rian Crowther
- Cricket Australia, National Cricket Centre, Brisbane Australia
- Sport, Student Services and Wellbeing, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brad Clark
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Richard Keegan
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Arumugam S, Perumal S, Raman SA, Ayyadurai P, Nimishaanth SS, Thiagarajan KA. Lumbar Spine Injury in Indian Fast Bowlers: 3D Biomechanical Analysis and Prevention Strategies. Indian J Orthop 2023; 57:1600-1604. [PMID: 37766957 PMCID: PMC10519895 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-023-00928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Lumbar spine injuries are among the most common overuse injuries in a fast bowler. Among various causative factors, bowling action technique is a crucial one. Three-dimensional motion analysis has been accepted as a gold standard tool to identify incorrect techniques. Previous studies have identified key biomechanical variables associated with lumbar injury risk in fast bowlers. Despite the large popularity of the sport, there is limited information available on the subject in Indian fast bowlers. This study aims to analyse the lumbar spine injury risk in Indian fast bowlers with respect to key biomechanical variables, using 3D motion analysis. Methods Forty-seven male first class fast bowlers underwent 3D motion analysis in an indoor biomechanics laboratory. Motion capture was done with 3D cameras and 2D video cameras, using a standard marker set. Data processing and analysis was done using proprietary software. Biomechanical variables associated with lumbar spine injury risk including lateral trunk flexion (LTF) and knee angle at front foot contact (KA at FFC) were measured, and peak vertical ground reaction forces (pVGRF) were simultaneously recorded using force plates. Descriptive analysis of the data was done. Results 26% of bowlers had a high LTF, 29% had low KA at FFC and 43% had high pVGRF. Thus, a large proportion of bowlers in this study were at risk of lumbar spine injury with respect to the assessed variables. Conclusion This highlights the role of 3D motion analysis in early identification of injurious techniques, which can be modified by coaching and training interventions to prevent injuries. This study thus has implications on coaching and training of fast bowlers in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Arumugam
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
| | - Suresh Perumal
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
| | - Sai Aditya Raman
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
| | - Prakash Ayyadurai
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
| | - S. S. Nimishaanth
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
| | - K. A. Thiagarajan
- Department of Arthroscopy & Sports Medicine, Sri Ramachandra Centre for Sports Science, Chennai, India
- Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to Be University), 1, Ramachandra Nagar, Porur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600116 India
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Jagadevan M, Anbazhagan S, Barathi D, Kuppusamy B. Triceps injury in non-bowling arm in cricket: an unusual mechanism. BMJ Case Rep 2023; 16:e254969. [PMID: 37730426 PMCID: PMC10514627 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-254969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cricket is a non-contact sport that is popular worldwide and consists of repetitive throwing, bowling and fielding. Fast bowlers are prone to injury to the bowling arm due to repetitive stress, but this case study focuses on the damage caused to the bowler's non-bowling arm. This individual was a right-handed fast bowler who developed pain and dysfunction in his left arm after competing in more than 20 cricket tournaments. Following the stipulated bowling spell, he had severe pain in the posterior aspect of his left arm. On the field, he was managed with ice compression. Ecchymosis was seen on the distal part of his posteromedial arm. Diagnostic ultrasound revealed an acute triceps injury. The pain lasted 2 weeks and was gradually relieved with analgesics and anti-inflammatory medications. This observation led to the recommendation that elbow flexion of the non-bowling arm be checked for and avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohanakrishnan Jagadevan
- Neuro Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sathiaprabhu Anbazhagan
- Neuro Surgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Barathi
- Radio-diagnosis, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Kuppusamy
- Physiotherapy, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Puducherry, India
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Farhart P, Beakley D, Diwan A, Duffield R, Rodriguez EP, Chamoli U, Watsford M. Intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers in cricket: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37730648 PMCID: PMC10512628 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spine injuries in fast bowlers account for the greatest missed playing time in cricket. A range of extrinsic and intrinsic variables are hypothesised to be associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers, and an improved understanding of intrinsic variables is necessary as these may alter load tolerance and injury risk associated with fast bowling. This review critically evaluated studies reporting intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers and identified areas for future investigation. METHODS OVID Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were last searched on 3 June 2022 to identify studies investigating intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in cricket fast bowlers. Terms relevant to cricket fast bowling, and intrinsic variables associated with lumbar spine injury and low back pain in fast bowlers were searched. 1,503 abstracts were screened, and 118 full-text articles were appraised to determine whether they met inclusion criteria. Two authors independently screened search results and assessed risk of bias using a modified version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, no included studies demonstrated a low risk of bias, two studies were identified as moderate risk, and twenty-three studies were identified as high risk. Conflicting results were reported amongst studies investigating associations of fast bowling kinematics and kinetics, trunk and lumbar anatomical features, anthropometric traits, age, and neuromuscular characteristics with low back pain and lumbar spine injury. CONCLUSION Inconsistencies in results may be related to differences in study design, injury definitions, participant characteristics, measurement parameters, and statistical analyses. Low back pain and lumbar spine injury occurrence in fast bowlers remain high, and this may be due to an absence of low bias studies that have informed recommendations for their prevention. Future research should employ clearly defined injury outcomes, analyse continuous datasets, utilise models that better represent lumbar kinematics and kinetics during fast bowling, and better quantify previous injury, lumbar anatomical features and lumbar maturation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ERKZ2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Farhart
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
- Cricket New South Wales, 161 Silverwater Road, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, NSW, 2127, Australia.
- Delhi Capitals, JSW GMR Cricket Private Limited, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - David Beakley
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Campus, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Pickering Rodriguez
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Uphar Chamoli
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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Jamil M, Harkness A, Mehta S, Phatak A, Memmert D, Beato M. Investigating the impact age has on within-over and death bowling performances in international level 50-over cricket. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:171-180. [PMID: 34323625 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1954515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this investigation were to determine if ageing effects were present in elite international level cricket. Ball-by-ball data were analysed for 96 bowlers in the 50-Over World Cup 2019. Bowlers were categorized into 1 of 3 age groups GROUP 1 (18-24), GROUP 2 (25-31) and GROUP 3 (32+). Ordinal Logistic Regressions (OLR) and Multinomial Logistic Regressions (MLR) were conducted to estimate the relationship between age and bowling performances. OLR Results revealed that younger bowlers were significantly more likely to concede a greater number of runs on the last ball of their overs than their older counterparts (p = 0.001). A separate MLR analysis was conducted for those bowlers entrusted to bowl during the "death" phase of an innings, and results revealed that GROUP 2 bowlers were significantly more likely to take wickets than either GROUP 1 (p = 0.021) or GROUP 3 (p = 0.022) bowlers. The evidence indicates that wicket taking "death bowlers" will likely perform at their peak between the ages of 25-31, which could inform the bowling strategy of team captains. Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that younger bowlers are not as skilled as their older counterparts at restricting runs conceded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Jamil
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Abigail Harkness
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Saumya Mehta
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ashwin Phatak
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Training and Computer Science in Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
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9
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Price F, Smith JW, Brown SP. Educating with Captain America: metabolic and nutritional considerations. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2022; 46:362-364. [PMID: 35482993 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00103.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Captain America can bring more than entertainment value to the public. The pop icon can also be used effectively in the science classroom, encouraging students to more effectively learn the content. How Captain America uses nutrients and how often he eats are novel ways to communicate real science. The point is to make a connection using science to explain how the superhero can run faster, jump higher, or lift more than is humanly possible. In this way fun, teachable moments are available for the educator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Price
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
| | - Stanley P Brown
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi
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10
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Glazier PS. Beyond animated skeletons: How can biomechanical feedback be used to enhance sports performance? J Biomech 2021; 129:110686. [PMID: 34601218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical feedback technologies are becoming increasingly prevalent in elite athletic training environments but how the kinematic and kinetic data they produce can be best used to improve sports techniques and enhance sports performance is unclear. This paper draws on theoretical and empirical developments in the motor control, skill acquisition, and sports biomechanics literatures to offer practical guidance and strategic direction on this issue. It is argued that the information produced by biomechanical feedback technologies can only describe, with varying degrees of accuracy, what patterns of coordination and control are being adopted by the athlete but, crucially, it cannot prescribe how these patterns of coordination and control should be modified to enhance sports performance. As conventional statistical and theoretical modelling paradigms in applied sports biomechanics provide limited information about patterns of coordination and control, and do not permit the identification of athlete-specific optimum sports techniques, objective criteria on which to base technical modifications that will consistently lead to enhanced performance outcomes cannot reliably be established for individual athletes. Given these limitations, an alternative approach, which is harmonious with the tenets of dynamical systems theory and aligned with the pioneering insights of Bernstein (1967) on skill acquisition, is advocated. This approach involves using kinematic and kinetic data to channel the athlete's search towards their own unique 'optimum' pattern of coordination and control as they actively explore their perceptual-motor workspace during practice. This approach appears to be the most efficacious use of kinematic and kinetic data given current biomechanical knowledge about sports techniques and the apparent inability of existing biomechanical modelling approaches to accurately predict how technique changes will impact on performance outcomes for individual athletes.
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11
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Kiely N, Pickering Rodriguez L, Watsford M, Reddin T, Hardy S, Duffield R. The influence of technique and physical capacity on ball release speed in cricket fast-bowling. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:2361-2369. [PMID: 34096462 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1933349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the relationships between physical capacity, bowling technique and ball speed in 20 fast-bowlers. Technique factors correlated with ball speed were; bowling action duration (r = -0.639, p = 0.002), run-up velocity (r = 0.616, p = 0.004), back foot contact (BFC) time (r = -0.608, p = 0.004), front foot contact (FFC)-ball release (BR) duration (r = -0.602, p = 0.005), delivery stride phase acceleration (r = -0.582, p = 0.007), delivery stride duration (r = -0.547, p = 0.012), time of peak horizontal braking force (r = -0.538, p=0.014), peak pelvis COM velocity (BFC-BR) (r = 0.469, p = 0.037) and peak vertical GRF time (r = -0.461, p = 0.041). Physical capacities were; 10-30 m split (r = -0.554, p = 0.011), 30 m sprint (r = -0.482, p = 0.031) and IMTP (r = 0.471, p = 0.036). Stepwise regression showed bowling action duration and 10-30 m split explained 54% (p = 0.001) of ball speed variation. Ball speed was associated with faster run-ups, shorter BFC times and abrupt FFC GRF application. Coaches should also consider sprint speed and lower-body strength as important modifiable factors for fast-bowlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Kiely
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Reddin
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sean Hardy
- Sport Science and Sports Medicine Department, Cricket New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Needham RA, Naemi R, Hamill J, Chockalingam N. Analysing patterns of coordination and patterns of control using novel data visualisation techniques in vector coding. Foot (Edinb) 2020; 44:101678. [PMID: 32629370 DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2020.101678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vector coding is a non-linear data analysis technique that quantifies inter-segmental coordination and coordination variability. The traditional approach of reporting time-series data from vector coding can be problematic when overlaying multiple trials on the same illustration. The objective of this study was to describe and present novel data visualisations for displaying the coordination pattern, segmental dominancy, range of motion on an angle-angle diagram, and coordination variability. This allows for a comparison of data across multiple participants with a focus on single subject analysis. METHODS Novel data visualisation techniques that involve the use of colour and data bars to map and profile coordination pattern and coordination variability data. The introduction and profiling of inter-data point range of motion quantifies range of motion of the dominant segment on an angle-angle plot and illustrates patterns of movement control. As an example, the dataset used the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli foot model to describe rearfoot-forefoot and shank-foot coordination during stance. RESULTS The use of colour mapping provides the option to inspect an entire dataset and to compare data across multiple participants, groups, and segment couplings. Combining coupling angle mapping with segmental dominancy profiling offers an intuitive and instant summary on coupling angle distribution. The novel inclusion of inter-data point range of motion profiling provides meaning to the interpretation of segmental dominancy data and demonstrates distinct patterns of movement control. CONCLUSIONS The use of colour mapping and profiling techniques highlighted differences in coordination pattern and coordination variability data across several participants that questions the interpretation and relevance of reporting group data. Colour mapping and profiling techniques are ideal reporting methods to compliment prospective multiple single-subject design studies and to classify commonalities and differences in patterns of coordination and patterns of control between individuals or trials. The data visualisation approaches in the current study may provide further insight on overuse injuries, exercise prescription and rehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Needham
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK.
| | - Roozbeh Naemi
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK; School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 30 Eastman Lane, Amherst 01003, MA, USA
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Leek Road, Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
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Callaghan SJ, Lockie RG, Andrews WA, Yu W, Chipchase RF, Nimphius S. The Effects of an Eight over Cricket Bowling Spell upon Pace Bowling Biomechanics and Performance within Different Delivery Lengths. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:E200. [PMID: 31480269 PMCID: PMC6783939 DOI: 10.3390/sports7090200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pace bowlers must often perform extended bowling spells with maximal ball release speed (BRS) while targeting different delivery lengths when playing a multi-day match. This study investigated the effect of an eight over spell upon pace bowling biomechanics and performance at different delivery lengths. Nine male bowlers (age = 18.8 ± 1.7 years) completed an eight over spell, while targeting different lengths (short: 7-10 m, good: 4-7 m, full: 0-4 m from the batter's stumps, respectively) in a randomized order. Trunk, knee and shoulder kinematics and ground reaction forces at front foot contact (FFC), as well as run-up velocity and BRS were measured. Paired sample t-tests (p ≤ 0.01), Hedges' g effect sizes, and statistical parametrical mapping were used to assess differences between mean variables from the first and last three overs. No significant differences (p = 0.05-0.98) were found in any discrete or continuous variables, with the magnitude of difference being trivial-to-medium (g = 0.00-0.73) across all variables. Results suggest pace bowlers sustain BRS through a single eight over spell while tolerating the repeatedly high whole-body biomechanical loads as suggested by maintaining the kinematics or technique at the assessed joints during FFC. Practically, the findings are advantageous for bowling performance and support current bowling load monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Callaghan
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Warren A Andrews
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Walter Yu
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia
| | - Robert F Chipchase
- High Performance Department, Western Australian Cricket Association, Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia 6027, Australia.
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
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The Difference in Neuromuscular Fatigue and Workload During Competition and Training in Elite Cricketers. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:439-444. [PMID: 30204506 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE First, to assess changes in neuromuscular function via alterations in countermovement-jump strategy after training and 2 forms of competition and second, to compare the relationship between workloads and fatigue in seam bowlers and nonseam bowlers. METHODS Twenty-two professional cricketers' neuromuscular function was assessed at baseline, immediately post and +24 h posttraining, and after multiday and 1-day cricket events. In addition, perceptual (rating of perceived exertion [RPE] and soreness) measures and external loads (PlayerLoad™, number of sprints, total distance, and overs) were monitored across all formats. RESULTS Seam bowlers covered more distance, completed more sprints, and had a higher RPE in training (P < .05), without any difference in soreness compared with nonseam bowlers. Compared with seam bowlers, the nonseam bowlers' peak force decreased post-24 h compared with baseline only in 1-d cricket (95% CI, 2.1-110.0 N; P < .04). There were no pre-post training or match differences in jump height or alterations in jump strategy (P > .05). Seam bowlers increased their peak jumping force from baseline to immediately posttraining or game (95% CI, 28.8-132.4 N; P < .01) but decreased between postcricket to +24 h (95% CI, 48.89-148.0 N; P < .001). CONCLUSION Seam bowlers were more accustomed to high workloads than nonseamers and thus more fatigue resistant. Changes in jump height or strategy do not appear to be effective methods of assessing fatigue in professional crickets. More common metrics such as peak force are more sensitive.
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15
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Are Indian Cricket Fast Bowlers at Risk of Injury? A 3D Biomechanical Investigation. Asian J Sports Med 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.58016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Feros SA, Spratford W, Platt N, Twomey DM. Cricket spin bowling remains in its biomechanical infancy. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:1040. [PMID: 28756178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon A Feros
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Australia.
| | - Wayne Spratford
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Nicholas Platt
- Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Dara M Twomey
- Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Australia
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Effect of Ball Weight on Speed, Accuracy, and Mechanics in Cricket Fast Bowling. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5010018. [PMID: 29910378 PMCID: PMC5969017 DOI: 10.3390/sports5010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the acute effects of ball weight on ball release speed, accuracy, and mechanics in cricket fast bowling; and (2) to test whether a period of sustained training with underweight and overweight balls is effective in increasing a player’s ball release speed. Ten well-trained adult male cricket players performed maximum-effort deliveries using balls ranging in weight from 46% to 137% of the standard ball weight (156 g). A radar gun, bowling target, and 2D video analysis were used to obtain measures of ball speed, accuracy, and mechanics. The participants were assigned to either an intervention group, who trained with underweight and overweight balls, or to a control group, who trained with standard-weight balls. We found that ball speed decreased at a rate of about 1.1 m/s per 100 g increase in ball weight. Accuracy and bowling mechanics were not adversely affected by changes in ball weight. There was evidence that training with underweight and overweight balls might have produced a practically meaningful increase in bowling speed (>1.5 m/s) in some players without compromising accuracy or increasing their risk of injury through inducing poor bowling mechanics. In cricket fast bowling, a wide range of ball weight might be necessary to produce an effective modified-implement training program.
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Beach AJ, Ferdinands RED, Sinclair PJ. The kinematic differences between off-spin and leg-spin bowling in cricket. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:295-313. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1161819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Glazier PS, Worthington PJ. The impact of centre of mass kinematics and ground reaction forces on ball release speeds in cricket fast bowling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19346182.2014.893351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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