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Benhammou S, Mourot L, Clemente FM, Coquart J, Belkadi A. Is test specificity the issue in assessing aerobic fitness and performance of runners? A systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:539-549. [PMID: 38324270 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15619-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various tests have been developed to evaluate aerobic fitness and performance of runners. However, a systematic understanding of which methods are more accurate is necessary to provide coaches and the sports sciences community with useful and confident outcomes. This study aims to summarize the evidence regarding the validity, reliability and sensitivity of tests for measuring aerobic fitness and performance in runners of several background of training. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A systematic search was conducted of Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus up to 31st December 2022 according to PRISMA statement guidelines. Studies that reported findings about tests covering maximal aerobic speed, final velocity achieved during the test, average running speed or other method of evaluating the reference speed during the test were included. We evaluated the risk of bias in the included articles using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). The tests were categorized into continuous incremental tests, intermittent tests and time-trial test. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 23 studies met eligibility criteria. These studies contained three background of training: track and road runners (N.=15), trail runners (N.=7) and inexperienced runners (N.=1). Criterion validity was assessed in 73% of the studies, while only 41% of studies examined convergent validity. The majority of the reviewed studies (87%) ignored test-retest reliability. Test sensitivity was not reported in any study. CONCLUSIONS At least one aerobic fitness and performance test was identified for each types of background of training. However, some methodological aspects were not provided in the included articles. Most studies examined at least one aspect of validity (i.e., criterion or convergent-related validity), whilst few studies investigated test-retest reliability. Researchers and practitioners can use the information provided in this systematic review to select appropriate tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddek Benhammou
- Platform Exercise Performance Health Innovation (Plateforme EPSI), Paris, France -
- Laboratory of Optimizing Research Programs on Physical and Sports Activities, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria -
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Platform Exercise Performance Health Innovation (Plateforme EPSI), Paris, France
- Unit of Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (MPFRPV), University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Jeremy Coquart
- Univ. Lille, Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sante Société, Lille, France
| | - Adel Belkadi
- Laboratory of Optimizing Research Programs on Physical and Sports Activities, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem, Algeria
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Ribalta C, Garrandes F, Bermon S, Adami PE, Ibarrola-Ulzurrun E, Rivas I, Viana M. Dynamic and stationary monitoring of air pollutant exposures and dose during marathons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171997. [PMID: 38565357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Marathon running significantly increases breathing volumes and, consequently, air pollution inhalation doses. This is of special concern for elite athletes who ventilate at very high rates. However, race organizers and sport governing bodies have little guidance to support events scheduling to protect runners. A key limitation is the lack of hyper-local, high temporal resolution air quality data representative of exposure along the racecourse. This work aimed to understand the air pollution exposures and dose inhaled by athletes, by means of a dynamic monitoring methodology designed for road races. Air quality monitors were deployed during three marathons, monitoring nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), particulate matter (PMx), air temperature, and relative humidity. One fixed monitor was installed at the Start/Finish line and one mobile monitor followed the women elite runner pack. The data from the fixed monitors, deployed prior the race, described daily air pollution trends. Mobile monitors in combination with heatmap analysis facilitated the hyper-local characterization of athletes' exposures and helped identify local hotspots (e.g., areas prone to PM resuspension) which should be preferably bypassed. The estimation of inhaled doses disaggregated by gender and ventilation showed that doses inhaled by last finishers may be equal or higher than those inhaled by first finishers for O3 and PMx, due to longer exposures as well as the increase of these pollutants over time (e.g., 58.2 ± 9.6 and 72.1 ± 23.7 μg of PM2.5 for first and last man during Rome marathon). Similarly, men received significantly higher doses than women due to their higher ventilation rate, with differences of 31-114 μg for NO2, 79-232 μg for O3, and 6-41 μg for PMx. Finally, the aggregated data obtained during the 4 week- period prior the marathon can support better race scheduling by the organizers and provide actionable information to mitigate air pollution impacts on athletes' health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ribalta
- Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA), 10317 Berlin, Germany; The National Research Center for Work Environment (NRCWE), 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Fréderic Garrandes
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 98000, Monaco; Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 98000, Monaco; Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, 98000, Monaco; Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d'Azur, 06000 Nice, France
| | | | - Ioar Rivas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Zhu H, Han X, Miao G, Yan Q. A preliminary exploration of the regression equation for performance in amateur half-marathon runners: a perspective based on respiratory muscle function. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1340513. [PMID: 38590694 PMCID: PMC10999560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1340513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This document presents a study on the relationship between physical characteristics, respiratory muscle capacity, and performance in amateur half-marathon runners. The aim of this study was to establish a preliminary predictive model to provide insights into training and health management for runners. Participants were recruited from the 2023 Beijing Olympic Forest Park Half-Marathon, comprising 233 individuals. Personal information including age, gender, height, weight, and other relevant factors were collected, and standardized testing methods were used to measure various parameters. Correlation analysis revealed significant associations between gender, height, weight, maximum expiratory pressure, maximal inspiratory pressure, and half-marathon performance. Several regression equations were developed to estimate the performance of amateur marathon runners, with a focus on gender, weight, maximum expiratory pressure, and height as predictive factors. The study found that respiratory muscle training can delay muscle fatigue and improve athletic performance. Evaluating the level of respiratory muscle capacity in marathon athletes is crucial for defining the potential speed limitations and achieving optimal performance. The information from this study can assist amateur runners in optimizing their training methods and maintaining their physical wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houyuan Zhu
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guoqing Miao
- School of Physical Education, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qi Yan
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
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Li W, Hadizadeh M, Yusof A, Naharudin MN. Effects of isometric training and R.I.C.E. treatment on the arm muscle performance of swimmers with elbow pain. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4736. [PMID: 38413632 PMCID: PMC10899567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance in overhead athletes with elbow pain (EP) have been partially validated. However, there is a lack of research evidence regarding the efficacy of these two methods on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and differences in the effects of IT and R.I.C.E. treatment on arm muscle performance among swimmers with EP. The main outcomes were the time effects and group effects of interventions on muscle voluntary contraction (MVC). Sixty elite freestyle swimmers from Tianjin, China, voluntarily participated in the study and completed a 10-week intervention program. Swimmers with EP in the IT group showed a positive trend in MVC, with an approximately 2% increase, whereas the MVC of subjects in the R.I.C.E. treatment group and control group decreased by approximately 4% and 5%, respectively. In comparison, the effects of the IT intervention on the MVC of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP were significant (p = 0.042 < 0.05, p = 0.027 < 0.05). The mean MVC value of the IT group (0.60) was greater than that of the other two groups (0.51, 0.50). IT has a beneficial impact on the MVC performance of the triceps and brachioradialis muscles in swimmers with EP. It is recommended that professionals consider incorporating IT into regular training routines to mitigate the risk of EP issues. Future research should examine the effectiveness of both interventions on hand-grip strength and completion time in 50-m freestyle swim drills in order for swimmers with EP to return to this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Li
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maryam Hadizadeh
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ashril Yusof
- Faculty of Sports and Exercise Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Zhou EF, Fu SN, Huang C, Huang XP, Wong AYL. Reliability and validity of ultrasonography in evaluating the thickness, excursion, stiffness, and strain rate of respiratory muscles in non-hospitalized individuals: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:959. [PMID: 38042780 PMCID: PMC10693145 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03558-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the reliability and validity of ultrasonography in evaluating the stiffness, excursion, stiffness, or strain rate of diaphragm, intercostals and abdominal muscles in healthy or non-hospitalized individuals. LITERATURE SEARCH PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to May 30, 2022. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Case-control, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies were included if they investigated the reliability or validity of various ultrasonography technologies (e.g., brightness-mode, motion-mode, shear wave elastography) in measuring the thickness, excursion, stiffness, or strain rate of any respiratory muscles. DATA SYNTHESIS Relevant data were summarized based on healthy and different patient populations. The methodological quality by different checklist depending on study design. The quality of evidence of each psychometric property was graded by the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations, respectively. RESULTS This review included 24 studies with 787 healthy or non-hospitalized individuals (e.g., lower back pain (LBP), adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). Both inspiratory (diaphragm and intercostal muscles) and expiratory muscles (abdominal muscles) were investigated. Moderate-quality evidence supported sufficient (intra-class correlation coefficient > 0.7) within-day intra-rater reliability of B-mode ultrasonography in measuring right diaphragmatic thickness among people with LBP, sufficient between-day intra-rater reliability of M-mode ultrasonography in measuring right diaphragmatic excursion in non-hospitalized individuals. The quality of evidence for all other measurement properties in various populations was low or very low. High-quality evidence supported sufficient positive correlations between diaphragm excursion and forced expiratory volume in the first second or forced vital capacity (r > = 0.3) in healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS Despite the reported sufficient reliability and validity of using ultrasonography to assess the thickness, excursion, stiffness, and strain rate of respiratory muscles in non-hospitalized individuals, further large-scale studies are warranted to improve the quality of evidence regarding using ultrasonography for these measurements in clinical practice. Researchers should establish their own reliability before using various types of ultrasonography to evaluate respiratory muscle functions. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO NO. CRD42022322945.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma FengMing Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Ngor Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiu Ping Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Arnold Yu Lok Wong
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Yang P, Ge Z, Gao J, Liu X, Xu M, Ke H. Evaluation of the electrocardiogram RV 5 /V 6 criteria in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy in marathon runners. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2023. [PMID: 37378534 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
To assess the value of electrocardiogram (ECG) RV5/V6 criteria for diagnosing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in marathons. A total of 112 marathon runners who met the requirements for "Class A1" events certified by the Chinese Athletics Association in Changzhou City were selected, and their general clinical information was collected. ECG examinations were performed using a Fukuda FX7402 Cardimax Comprehensive Electrocardiograph Automatic Analyser, whereas routine cardiac ultrasound examinations were performed using a Philips EPIQ 7C echocardiography system. Real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) was performed to acquire 3-dimensional images of the left ventricle and to calculate the left ventricular mass index (LVMI). According to the LVMI criteria of the American Society of Echocardiography for the diagnosis of LVH, the participants were divided into an LVMI normal group (n = 96) and an LVH group (n = 16). The correlation between the ECG RV5/V6 criteria and LVH in marathon runners was analysed using multiple linear regression stratified by sex and compared with the Cornell (SV3 + RaVL), modified Cornell (SD + RaVL), Sokolow-Lyon (SV1 + RV5/V6), Peguero-Lo Presti (SD + SV4), SV1, SV3, SV4, and SD criteria. In marathon runners, the ECG parameters SV3 + RaVL, SD + RaVL, SV1 + RV5/V6, SD + SV4, SV3, SD, and RV5/V6 were able to identify LVH (all p < .05). When stratified by sex, linear regression analysis revealed that a significantly higher number of ECG RV5/V6 criteria were evident in the LVH group than in the LVMI normal group (p < .05), both with no adjustment and after initial adjustment (including age and body mass index), as well as after full adjustment (including age, body mass index, interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular posterior wall thickness, and history of hypertension). Additionally, curve fitting showed that the ECG RV5/V6 values increased with increasing LVMI in marathon runners, exhibiting a nearly linear positive correlation. In conclusions, the ECG RV5/V6 criteria were correlated with LVH in marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhixiang Ge
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinmei Gao
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Echocardiography of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiyan Ke
- Department of Cardiovascular Division of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Chang Zhou NO.1 Hospital, Chang Zhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
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Oyarzo-Aravena A, Arce-Alvarez A, Salazar-Ardiles C, Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Toledo C, Izquierdo M, Andrade DC. Cardiorespiratory optimal point as a submaximal evaluation tool in endurance athletes: An exploratory study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1087829. [PMID: 36860520 PMCID: PMC9969083 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1087829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP) represents the lowest minute ventilation to oxygen consumption ratio (VE/VO2) and can be estimated during a CPET at submaximal intensity when an exercise test until volitional fatigue is not always advisable (i.e., a conflict zone where you cannot be confident of the security because near-competition, off-season, among other). COP's physiological components have not been wholly described yet. Therefore, this study seeks to identify the determinants of COP in highly trained athletes and its influence on maximum and sub-maximum variables during CPET through principal c omponent analysis (PCA) (explains the dataset's variance). Methods: Female (n = 9; age, 17.4 ± 3.1 y; maximal VO2 [VO2max]), 46.2 ± 5.9 mL/kg/min) and male (n = 24; age, 19.7 ± 4.0 y; VO2max, 56.1 ± 7.6 mL/kg/min) athletes performed a CPET to determine the COP, ventilatory threshold 1 (VT1) and 2 (VT2), and VO2max. The PCA was used to determine the relationship between variables and COP, explaining their variance. Results: Our data revealed that females and males displayed different COP values. Indeed, males showed a significant diminished COP compared to the female group (22.6 ± 2.9 vs. 27.2 ±3.4 VE/VO2, respectively); nevertheless, COP was allocated before VT1 in both groups. Discussion: PC analysis revealed that the COP variance was mainly explained (75.6%) by PC1 (expired CO2 at VO2max) and PC2 (VE at VT2), possibly influencing cardiorespiratory efficiency at VO2max and VT2. Our data suggest that COP could be used as a submaximal index to monitor and assess cardiorespiratory system efficiency in endurance athletes. The COP could be particularly useful during the offseason and competitive periods and the return to the sports continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Oyarzo-Aravena
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Magister en Fisiología Clínica de Ejercicio, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Arce-Alvarez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camilo Toledo
- Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomédico, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,*Correspondence: David C. Andrade,
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Ding W, Luo F, Lin P, Tang Y, Liu Y. Effect of Nursing Outcome-Oriented Intervention on Airway Management in Elderly Long-Term Bedridden Patients. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9557330. [PMID: 36267309 PMCID: PMC9578878 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9557330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study intended to explore the nursing outcome-oriented intervention's effect on airway management in elderly long-term bedridden patients. Methods A total of 120 cases of elderly long-term bedridden patients admitted to our hospital from May 2018 to June 2020 were enrolled and randomly divided into the observation group (n = 60) and control group (n = 60). The control group received the routine nursing intervention, while the observation group received the nursing outcome-oriented intervention. Forced expiratory volume (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) in the first second were compared between the two groups before and after the intervention. The pulmonary infection of the two groups was observed. Total protein, hemoglobin, albumin, and cholesterol levels were compared between the two groups. Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) were used to evaluate the two groups' psychological status before and after the intervention. The Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 (GQOLI-74) assessed the two groups' quality of life. Results After the intervention, the levels of FEV1, FVC, and MVV; total protein, hemoglobin, albumin, and cholesterol; and scores of physical function, psychological function, social function, and material life function in the observation group were higher than those in the control group. Pulmonary infection, secondary infection, the infection rate is more than 3%, HAMA, and HAMD scores, and the incidence of pressure ulcers, aspiration, constipation, and the falling bed was lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Nursing outcome-oriented intervention can effectively improve lung function, pulmonary infection, nutritional status, negative mood, and quality of life of long-term bedridden elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, China
| | - Fei Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, China
| | - Pingping Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, China
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Tiller NB, Wheatley-Guy CM, Fermoyle CC, Robach P, Ziegler B, Gavet A, Schwartz JC, Taylor BJ, Constantini K, Murdock R, Johnson BD, Stewart GM. Sex-Specific Physiological Responses to Ultramarathon. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1647-1656. [PMID: 35653262 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite a growing body of literature on the physiological responses to ultramarathon, there is a paucity of data in females. This study assessed the female physiological response to ultramarathon and compared the frequency of perturbations to a group of race- and time-matched males. METHODS Data were collected from 53 contestants of an ultramarathon trail race at the Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB®) in 2018/19. Before and within 2 h of the finish, participants underwent physiological assessments, including blood sampling for biomarkers (creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme [CK-MB], cardiac troponin I [cTnI], brain natriuretic peptide [BNP], and creatinine [Cr]), pulmonary function testing (spirometry, exhaled NO, diffusing capacities, and mouth pressures), and transthoracic ultrasound (lung comet tails, cardiac function). Data from eight female finishers (age = 36.6 ± 6.9 yr; finish time = 30:57 ± 11:36 h:min) were compared with a group of eight time-matched males (age = 40.3 ± 8.3 yr; finish time = 30:46 ± 10:32 h:min). RESULTS Females exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (25.8 ± 14.6 vs 140.9 ± 102.7 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.007) and CK-MB (3.3 ± 2.4 vs 74.6 ± 49.6 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.005), whereas males exhibited significant pre- to postrace increases in BNP (26.6 ± 17.5 vs 96.4 ± 51.9 pg·mL -1 ; P = 0.002), CK-MB (7.2 ± 3.9 vs 108.8 ± 37.4 IU·L -1 ; P = 0.002), and Cr (1.06 ± 0.19 vs 1.23 ± 0.24 mg·dL -1 ; P = 0.028). Lung function declined in both groups, but males exhibited additional reductions in lung diffusing capacities (DL CO = 34.4 ± 5.7 vs 29.2 ± 6.9 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.004; DL NO = 179.1 ± 26.2 vs 152.8 ± 33.4 mL⋅min -1 ⋅mm Hg -1 , P = 0.002) and pulmonary capillary blood volumes (77.4 ± 16.7 vs 57.3 ± 16.1 mL; P = 0.002). Males, but not females, exhibited evidence of mild postrace pulmonary edema. Pooled effect sizes for within-group pre- to postrace changes, for all variables, were generally larger in males versus females ( d = 0.86 vs 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Ultramarathon negatively affects a range of physiological functions but generally evokes more frequent perturbations, with larger effect sizes, in males compared to females with similar race performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | | | | | - Paul Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Briana Ziegler
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Alice Gavet
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, Chamonix, FRANCE
| | - Jesse C Schwartz
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ
| | - Bryan J Taylor
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Keren Constantini
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel-Aviv University, ISRAEL
| | | | - Bruce D Johnson
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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10
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Birat A, Garnier Y, Dodu A, Grossoeuvre C, Dupont AC, Mucci P, Blazevich A, Rance M, Morel C, Nottin S, Ratel S. Changes in pulmonary function after long-duration adventure racing in adolescent athletes. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:687-693. [PMID: 34875701 DOI: 10.1055/a-1715-7199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the acute effects of a mixed-modality, long-duration adventure race on pulmonary function in adolescent athletes. Twenty male adolescents aged 14 to 17 years volunteered to participate in a wilderness adventure race of 68.5-km. Expiratory function was evaluated before, immediately after, and 24 h after race completion. Measurements included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF). Maximal inspiratory and expiratory mouth static pressures (MIP and MEP, respectively) were also measured using a portable hand-held mouth pressure meter across the same time points. The mean completion time of the race was 05:38 ± 00:20 hours. A significant post-race decrease in FVC was observed immediately after the race (-5.2%, p = 0.01). However, no significant changes were observed for FEV1, PEF and the FEV1/FVC and FEV1/PEF ratios. In addition, estimates of respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) were unaffected by the race. The long-duration adventure race induced no marked reduction in expiratory pulmonary function and this response was associated with no apparent respiratory muscle fatigue. Therefore, the pulmonary system of trained adolescent athletes was sufficiently robust to sustain the mixed-modality, long-duration adventure race of ∽5-6 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Birat
- Fédération Française de Triathlon, Fédération Française de Triathlon et des Disciplines Enchaînées, Saint-Denis, France.,AME2P, Clermont Auvergne University, Aubière, France
| | - Yoann Garnier
- AME2P, Clermont Auvergne University, Aubière, France
| | - Alexandre Dodu
- Fédération Française de Triathlon, Fédération Française de Triathlon et des Disciplines Enchaînées, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Claire Grossoeuvre
- Fédération Française de Triathlon, Fédération Française de Triathlon et des Disciplines Enchaînées, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Anne-Charlotte Dupont
- Fédération Française de Triathlon, Fédération Française de Triathlon et des Disciplines Enchaînées, Saint-Denis, France.,Imagerie Adaptative Diagnostique et Interventionnelle, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Patrick Mucci
- Faculté des Sciences du Sport, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Blazevich
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Mélanie Rance
- CREPS, Centre de Ressources d'Expertise et de Performance Sportive, Bellerive-sur-Allier, France
| | - Claire Morel
- CREPS, Centre de Ressources d'Expertise et de Performance Sportive, Bellerive-sur-Allier, France
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11
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Martinez-Navarro I, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Pulmonary and Inspiratory Muscle Function Response to a Mountain Ultramarathon. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:706-713. [PMID: 35321133 PMCID: PMC8488829 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to provide within-race data on the time course of pulmonary function during a mountain ultramarathon (MUM). Additionally, we wanted to assess possible sex differences regarding pre- to post-race change in pulmonary and inspiratory muscle function. Lastly, we were interested in evaluating whether changes in respiratory function were associated with relative running speed and due to general or specific fatigue. 47 athletes (29 males and 18 females; 41 ± 5 years) were submitted to a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) before a 107-km MUM. Spirometric variables: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), FEV1/FVC and peak expiratory flow (PEF); maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP); squat jump (SJ) and handgrip strength (HG) were assessed before and after the race. Additionally PEF was measured at three aid stations (33rd, 66th and 84th km) during the race. PEF declined from the 33rd to the 66th km (p = 0.004; d = 0.72) and from the 84th km to the finish line (p = 0.003; d = 0.90), while relative running speed dropped from the first (0-33 km) to the second (33-66 km) race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.81) and from the third (66-84 km) to the last race section (p < 0.001; d = 1.61). Post-race, a moderate reduction was noted in FVC (-13%; p < 0.001; d = 0.52), FEV1 (-19.5%; p < 0.001; d = 0.65), FEV1/FVC (-8.4%; p = 0.030; d = 0.59), PEF (-20.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.58), MIP (-25.3%; p < 0.001; d = 0.79) and SJ (-31.6%; p < 0.001; d = 1.42). Conversely, HG did not change from pre- to post-race (-1.4%; p = 0.56; d = 0.05). PEF declined during the race in parallel with running speed drop. No sex differences were noted regarding post-race respiratory function, except that FEV1/FVC decay was significantly greater among women. The magnitude of pre- to post-race respiratory function decline was uncorrelated with relative running speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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12
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Potential Long-Term Health Problems Associated with Ultra-Endurance Running: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 52:725-740. [PMID: 34542868 PMCID: PMC8450723 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that physical activity reduces all-cause mortality and can prolong life. Ultra-endurance running (UER) is an extreme sport that is becoming increasingly popular, and comprises running races above marathon distance, exceeding 6 h, and/or running fixed distances on multiple days. Serious acute adverse events are rare, but there is mounting evidence that UER may lead to long-term health problems. The purpose of this review is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the potential long-term health problems derived from UER, specifically potential maladaptation in key organ systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, renal, immunological, gastrointestinal, neurological, and integumentary systems. Special consideration is given to youth, masters, and female athletes, all of whom may be more susceptible to certain long-term health issues. We present directions for future research into the pathophysiological mechanisms that underpin athlete susceptibility to long-term issues. Although all body systems can be affected by UER, one of the clearest effects of endurance exercise is on the cardiovascular system, including right ventricular dysfunction and potential increased risk of arrhythmias and hypertension. There is also evidence that rare cases of acute renal injury in UER could lead to progressive renal scarring and chronic kidney disease. There are limited data specific to female athletes, who may be at greater risk of certain UER-related health issues due to interactions between energy availability and sex-hormone concentrations. Indeed, failure to consider sex differences in the design of female-specific UER training programs may have a negative impact on athlete longevity. It is hoped that this review will inform risk stratification and stimulate further research about UER and the implications for long-term health.
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Lember LM, Di Virgilio TG, Brown EM, Rodriguez-Sanchez N. Hill Runner's Physiology, Performance and Nutrition: A Descriptive Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:676212. [PMID: 34485900 PMCID: PMC8415831 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.676212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this descriptive study was to characterise anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity, running performance and energy intake and expenditure of hill runners in free-living conditions, and to investigate the relationship between age, anthropometric variables, aerobic capacity and running performance. Methods: Twenty-eight hill runners participated in this study (17 males and 11 females; aged 18–65 years). Body fat percentage estimate, sum of eight skinfolds (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) and maximal oxygen capacity (VO2max) were assessed in a laboratory setting. Participants also completed a timed hill run (Dumyat Hill, Scotland, ascent: 420 m, distance: 8 km) while wearing a portable gas analyzer to assess oxygen consumption (VO2). Energy intake and energy expenditure were assessed in free-living conditions over three consecutive days different from the testing days through self-reported food diaries and accelerometers. Results: VO2max assessed in the lab (51.2 ± 7.6 ml·min−1·kg−1) showed a weak negative relationship with age [rs(23) = −0.38, p = 0.08]. Neither body fat percentage (median 12.4; IQR 10.1–17.1) nor the sum of skinfolds (median 81.8; IQR 62.4–97.8 mm) correlated with age [rs(28) = 0.001, p = 0.10 and 26 rs(28) = −0.02, p = 0.94, respectively]. The observed intensity of the hill run was 89 ± 6% of the age predicted maximum heart rate and 87 ± 9% of the VO2max observed in the lab. Hill running performance correlated with VO2max [r(21) = 0.76, p < 0.001], age [rs(26) = −0.44, p = 0.02] and with estimated body fat percentage and sum of skinfolds [rs(26) = −0.66, p < 0.001 and rs(26) = −0.49, p = 0.01, respectively]. Energy intake negatively correlated with age [rs(26) = −0.43, p = 0.03], with the overall energy intake being significantly lower than the total energy expenditure (2273 ± 550 vs. 2879 ± 510 kcal·day−1; p < 0.001; d = 1.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that hill running performance is positively associated with greater aerobic capacity and negatively associated with increases in adiposity and age. Further, the study highlights that hill runners are at risk of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liivia-Mari Lember
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas George Di Virgilio
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Eilidh MacKenzie Brown
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | - Nidia Rodriguez-Sanchez
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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14
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Michnik A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Kiełboń A, Duch K, Bańkowski S. Blood serum denaturation profile examined by differential scanning calorimetry reflects the effort put into ultramarathon by amateur long-distance runners. J Therm Biol 2021; 99:103013. [PMID: 34420643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The impact of participation in the ultramarathon on the health and mental and physical condition is very complex. Undoubtedly, exercise brings many benefits but also involves health risks. Especially such an extreme effort as the one associated with finishing the ultramarathon run, can be dangerous to the health of the runner. With the variety of possible biomarkers of excessive fatigue that threaten health and life, a question arises which of them are the best and which should be considered in amateur long-distance runners showing particularly high individual variability. In this study differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been applied to show the overall effect of the 12-h run on blood sera of participants. Serum samples were obtained from the blood of ten male amateur long-distance runners, collected before and immediately after the run. Distinct changes in the shape of DSC curves have been observed for serum after finishing the run relative to pre-race serum. Statistically significant differences between stages "before" and "after" ultramarathon running have been found for parameters of the endothermic transition associated with denaturation of serum proteins. An increase in the temperature (from 70.9 ± 0.9 to 75.8 ± 2.9 °C) and excess heat capacity (from 0.859 ± 0.201 to 1.102 ± 0.226 Jg-1 °C-1) at peak maximum, the enthalpy of serum denaturation (from 18.55 ± 6.52 to 22.08 ± 5.61 Jg-1) and the first moment of the thermal transition with respect to the temperature (from the value of 67.0 ± 2.1 to 72.6 ± 2.1 °C) has been observed. These results show a clear impact of running an ultramarathon on the participant's blood serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michnik
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kiełboń
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Duch
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, The Silesian Centre for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500, Chorzow, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Bańkowski
- The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Institute of Sport Sciences, ul. Mikołowska 72a, 40-065, Katowice, Poland.
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15
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Intercostal Muscles Oxygenation and Breathing Pattern during Exercise in Competitive Marathon Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168287. [PMID: 34444039 PMCID: PMC8393870 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the association between the changes in ventilatory variables (tidal volume (Vt), respiratory rate (RR) and lung ventilation (V.E)) and deoxygenation of m.intescostales (∆SmO2-m.intercostales) during a maximal incremental exercise in 19 male high-level competitive marathon runners. The ventilatory variables and oxygen consumption (V.O2) were recorded breath-by-breath by exhaled gas analysis. A near-infrared spectroscopy device (MOXY®) located in the right-hemithorax allowed the recording of SmO2-m.intercostales. To explore changes in oxygen levels in muscles with high demand during exercise, a second MOXY® records SmO2-m.vastus laterallis. The triphasic model of exercise intensity was used for evaluating changes in SmO2 in both muscle groups. We found that ∆SmO2-m.intercostales correlated with V.O2-peak (r = 0.65; p = 0.002) and the increase of V.E (r = 0.78; p = 0.001), RR (r = 0.54; p = 0.001), but not Vt (p = 0.210). The interaction of factors (muscles × exercise-phases) in SmO2 expressed as an arbitrary unit (a.u) was significant (p = 0.005). At VT1 there was no difference (p = 0.177), but SmO2-m.intercostales was higher at VT2 (p < 0.001) and V.O2-peak (p < 0.001). In high-level competitive marathon runners, the m.intercostales deoxygenation during incremental exercise is directly associated with the aerobic capacity and increased lung ventilation and respiratory rate, but not tidal volume. Moreover, it shows less deoxygenation than m.vastus laterallis at intensities above the aerobic ventilatory threshold.
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16
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Scheer V, Rojas-Valverde D. Long-term health issues in ultraendurance runners: should we be concerned? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001131. [PMID: 34367656 PMCID: PMC8292805 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte, Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Heredia, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab&Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida (CIEMHCAVI), Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
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17
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Zoladz JA, Nieckarz Z. Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for " clean air marathon runs". PeerJ 2021; 9:e11562. [PMID: 34178455 PMCID: PMC8214849 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decades, marathon running has become a popular form of physical activity among people around the world. It should be noticed that the main marathon races are performed in large cities, where air quality varies considerably. It is well established that breathing polluted air results in a number of harmful effects to the human body. However, there have been no studies to show the impact of marathon run performance on the amount of the deposition of varied fractions of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the respiratory tract of runners. This is why the present study sought to determine the impact of marathon run performance in the air of varying quality on the deposition of the PM1, PM2.5, PM10 in the respiratory tract in humans. Methods The PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 deposition was determined in an “average runner” (with marathon performance time 4 h: 30 min) and in an “elite marathon runner” (with marathon performance time 2 h: 00 min) at rest, and during a marathon race, based on own measurements of the PM content in the air and the size-resolved DF(d) profile concept. Results We have shown that breathing air containing 50 µg m−3 PM10 (a borderline value according to the 2006 WHO standard - still valid) at minute ventilation (VE) equal to 8 L min−1 when at rest, resulted in PM10deposition rate of approximately 9 µg h−1, but a marathon run of an average marathon runner with the VE = 62 L min−1 increased the deposition rate up to 45 µg h−1. In the elite runner, marathon run with the VE= 115 L min−1 increased PM10 deposition rate to 83 µg h−1. Interestingly, breathing the air containing 50 µg m−3of PM10 at the VE = 115 L min−1by the elite marathon runner during the race resulted in the same PM10deposition rate as the breathing highly polluted air containing as much as 466 µg m−3 of PM10 when at rest. Furthermore, the total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during a marathon race in average runners is about 22% greater (203 / 166 = 1.22) than in elite runners. According to our calculations, the concentration of PM10in the air during a marathon race that would allow one not to exceed the PM10 deposition rate of 9 µg h−1should be lower than 10 µg m−3 in the case of an average runner, and it should be lower than 5.5 µg m−3 in the case of an elite runner. Conclusions We conclude that a marathon run drastically increases the rate of deposition of the airborne PM in the respiratory tract of the runners, as a consequence of the huge VE generated during the race. A decrease of the PM content in the air attenuates this rate. Based on our calculations, we postulate that the PM10 content in the air during a “clean air marathon run”, involving elite marathon runners, should be below 5.5 µg m−3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Experimental Computer Physics Department, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Hackett D. Acute impairment in respiratory muscle strength following a high-volume versus low-volume resistance exercise session. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:395-403. [PMID: 33721982 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diminished respiratory muscle has been shown following a strenuous bout of sit-ups however there is a paucity of evidence for this effect following a strenuous upper and lower body resistance training session. This study investigated the acute effect of a highvolume compared to a low-volume resistance exercise session on respiratory muscle strength. METHODS Twenty resistance-trained males (age 25.1 ± 7.4 y) participated in this randomised and cross-over design study. Participants completed two resistance training protocols (highand low-volume) and a control session (no exercise). Sessions involved 5 sets (high-volume) and 2 sets (low-volume) of 10 repetitions at 65% one-repetition maximum for each exercise (bench press, squat, seated shoulder press, and deadlift) with 90 s recovery between sets. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) was assessed pre-and post-session and respiratory gases were measured during the recovery between sets. RESULTS Following the high-volume session MIP and MEP decreased by a median of 10.0% (interquartile range, IQR = -15.2 to -2.6%) and 12.1% (IQR = -22.2 to -3.9%), respectively, which was significant compared to the low-volume (p<0.001) and control sessions (p≤ 0.001). At 20-min post high-volume session MEP returned to baseline whereas MIP returned to baseline values at 40-min. Greater metabolic stress was associated with the higher-volume session as demonstrated by a lower recovery end-tidal CO2 partial pressure across the majority of exercises (p≤0.008). CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that respiratory muscle strength is impaired following a highvolume session resistance exercise session, however it appears to be restored within an hour post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hackett
- Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia -
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19
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Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport? Sports Med 2021; 51:895-915. [PMID: 33502701 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O2-carrying capacity, increased prevalence of GI distress, and sex-hormone effects on cellular function/injury risk). Crucially, the advantageous traits may only manifest as ergogenic in the extreme endurance events which, paradoxically, are those that females less often contest. The title question should be revisited in the coming years, when/if the number of female participants increases.
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20
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Tiller NB, Stewart GM, Illidi CR, Levine BD. Exercise Is Medicine? The Cardiorespiratory Implications of Ultra-marathon. Curr Sports Med Rep 2021; 19:290-297. [PMID: 32769665 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes, obesity, certain cancers, and all-cause mortality. Nevertheless, there is mounting evidence that extreme exercise behaviors may be detrimental to human health. This review collates several decades of literature on the physiology and pathophysiology of ultra-marathon running, with emphasis on the cardiorespiratory implications. Herein, we discuss the prevalence and clinical significance of postrace decreases in lung function and diffusing capacity, respiratory muscle fatigue, pulmonary edema, biomarkers of cardiac injury, left/right ventricular dysfunction, and chronic myocardial remodeling. The aim of this article is to inform risk stratification for ultra-marathon and to edify best practice for personnel overseeing the events (i.e., race directors and medics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Tiller
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Exercise Physiology, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA
| | - Glenn M Stewart
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Camilla R Illidi
- Division of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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21
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Does Cold-Water Endurance Swimming Affect Pulmonary Function in Healthy Adults? Sports (Basel) 2021; 9:sports9010007. [PMID: 33435240 PMCID: PMC7828093 DOI: 10.3390/sports9010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The acute effects of cold-water endurance swimming on the respiratory system have received little attention. We investigated pulmonary responses to cold-water endurance swimming in healthy recreational triathletes. Pulmonary function, alveolar diffusing capacity (DLCO), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) and arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) were assessed in 19 healthy adults one hour before and 2.5 h after a cold-water (mean ± SD, 10 ± 0.9 °C) swim trial (62 ± 27 min). In addition, 12 out of the 19 participants measured pulmonary function, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 3, 10, 20 and 45 min post-swim by maximal expiratory flow volume loops and DLCO by the single breath technique. FVC and FEV1 were significantly reduced 3 min post-swim (p = 0.02) (p = 0.04), respectively, and five of 12 participants (42%) experienced exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB), defined as a ≥ 10% drop in FEV1. No significant changes were observed in pulmonary function 2.5 h post-swim. However, mean FENO and DLCO were significantly reduced by 7.1% and 8.1% (p = 0.01) and (p < 0.001), respectively, 2.5 h post-swim, accompanied by a 2.5% drop (p < 0.001) in SpO2. The absolute change in DLCO correlated significantly with the absolute decline in core temperature (r = 0.52; p = 0.02). Conclusion: Cold-water endurance swimming may affect the lungs in healthy recreational triathletes lasting up to 2.5 h post-swim. Some individuals appear to be more susceptible to pulmonary impairments than others, although these mechanisms need to be studied further.
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Hackett DA. Lung Function and Respiratory Muscle Adaptations of Endurance- and Strength-Trained Males. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:E160. [PMID: 33321800 PMCID: PMC7764033 DOI: 10.3390/sports8120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse exercise-induced adaptations following aerobic endurance compared to strength-training programs is well documented, however, there is paucity of research specifically focused on adaptations in the respiratory system. The aim of the study was to examine whether differences in lung function and respiratory muscle strength exist between trainers predominately engaged in endurance compared to strength-related exercise. A secondary aim was to investigate if lung function and respiratory muscle strength were associated with one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the strength trainers, and with VO2 max and fat-free mass in each respective group. Forty-six males participated in this study, consisting of 24 strength-trained (26.2 ± 6.4 years) and 22 endurance-trained (29.9 ± 7.6 years) participants. Testing involved measures of lung function, respiratory muscle strength, VO2 max, 1RM, and body composition. The endurance-trained compared to strength-trained participants had greater maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) (11.3%, p = 0.02). The strength-trained compared to endurance-trained participants generated greater maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (14.3%, p = 0.02) and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) (12.4%, p = 0.02). Moderate-strong relationships were found between strength-trained respiratory muscle strength (MIP and MEP) and squat and deadlift 1RM (r = 0.48-0.55, p ≤ 0.017). For the strength-trained participants, a strong relationship was found between MVV and VO2 max (mL·kg-1·min-1) (r = 0.63, p = 0.003) and a moderate relationship between MIP and fat-free mass (r = 0.42, p = 0.04). It appears that endurance compared to strength trainers have greater muscle endurance, while the latter group exhibits greater respiratory muscle strength. Differences in respiratory muscle strength in resistance trainers may be influenced by lower body strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hackett
- Exercise, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, NSW 2141, Australia
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23
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Plakida AL. Changes in immunological parameters in ultramarathon runners depending on the duration of the load. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:261-268. [PMID: 33092321 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been an increasing interest in long-distance running, not only to the classic marathon distances but also to an ultramarathon -100 km, 250 km, and multi-day races. One of the most reactive body systems in conditions of prolonged muscular loads is the immune system. The work aimed to investigate the changes in immunological parameters in runners for extra-long distances of various durations. METHODS We examined 73 male athletes specializing in long-distance and ultra-long-distance running. The design of the survey included the study of immunological status during the marathon race, 100 km run, and six-day run. We studied the dynamics of leukocyte formula; subpopulations of lymphocytes; fractions of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgM, IgG; phagocytic activity. RESULTS During the marathon run, athletes' immunological changes are manifested by the development of neutrophilic leukocytosis with a decrease in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. There was a sharp increase in the NLR and decrease in the LMR. A 100-km race caused a decrease in the absolute and relative number of T-lymphocytes. NLR increased almost ten times, and LMR, on the contrary, decreased nearly five times. On the first day of the 6-days run, there is a sharp increase in NLR and a decrease in LMR, after which there is a relative stabilization of both indicators. CONCLUSIONS Changes in immunological parameters during jogging are closely related to the duration of the load. The most pronounced changes are observed on the part of neutrophils and lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Plakida
- Department of Physical Rehabilitation, Sports Medicine, Physical Training and Valeology, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, Ukraine -
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24
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Martinez-Navarro I, Montoya-Vieco A, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8100134. [PMID: 33066606 PMCID: PMC7602444 DOI: 10.3390/sports8100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was aimed at comparing lower-limb strength and respiratory parameters between male and female athletes and their interaction with performance in a 107 km mountain ultramarathon. Forty seven runners (29 males and 18 females; mean ± SD age: 41 ± 5 years) were enrolled. Lower-limb strength assessment comprised a squat jump test, an ankle rebound test, and an isometric strength test. Respiratory assessment included pulmonary function testing and the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. Male athletes performed largely better in the squat jump (26 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 3 cm; p < 0.001; d = 1.48), while no sex differences were found in the other two lower-limb tests. Concerning the respiratory parameters, male athletes showed largely greater values in pulmonary expiratory variables: forced vital capacity (5.19 ± 0.68 vs. 3.65 ± 0.52 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.53), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (4.24 ± 0.54 vs. 2.97 ± 0.39 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.69), peak expiratory flow (9.9 ± 1.56 vs. 5.89 ± 1.39 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 2.77) and maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 s (171 ± 39 vs. 108 ± 23 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 1.93); while no sex differences were identified in maximal inspiratory pressure. Race time was associated with ankle rebound test performance (r = −0.390; p = 0.027), isometric strength test performance (r = −0.349; p = 0.049) and maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.544; p < 0.001). Consequently, it seems that athletes competing in mountain ultramarathons may benefit from improving lower-limb isometric strength, ankle reactive strength and inspiratory muscle strength. Nevertheless, further interventional studies are required to confirm these exploratory results. In addition, the fact that the magnitude of the sex difference for isometric strength was minor, as compared with the other strength tests, could represent one of the factors explaining why the performance gap between males and females is reduced in ultramarathons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martinez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Montoya-Vieco
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, 46015 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
| | - Bárbara Hernando
- Department of Medicine, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
| | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain;
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, 12071 Castellon, Spain
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25
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Hackett D. Acute effects of high-volume compared to low-volume resistance exercise on lung function. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:450-457. [PMID: 33178647 PMCID: PMC7609852 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040656.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether a high-volume compared to low-volume resistance exercise session acutely impairs lung function. Fourteen males (age 23.8±6.5 years) with resistance training experience participated in this study. Participants completed two resistance training protocols (high- and low-volume) and a control session (no exercise) with the sequence randomised. High- and low-volume sessions involved 5 sets (5-SETS) and 2 sets (2-SETS), respectively of 10 repetitions at 65% one-repetition maximum for each exercise (bench press, squat, seated shoulder press, and deadlift) with 90-sec recovery between sets. Lung function was evaulated pre- and postsession and respiratory gases were measured during the recovery between sets of exercises. An increase in the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) to forced vital capacity was found following the 5-SETS compared to 2-SETS (P=0.033). There was a significant reduction in inspiratory capacity following 5-SETS compared to control session (P=0.049). No other lung function parameter was affected postsession. During training sessions, the squat and deadlift required greater ventilatory demands compared to the bench press and shoulder press (P<0.001). Across most exercises during 5-SETS compared to 2-SETS, there was a lower end-tidal CO2 partial pressure. Across most exercises during 5-SETS compared to 2-SETS there was a lower end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (PETCO2) (P≤0.013), although there were no other differences in physiological responses between the sessions. The findings tend to suggest that the ventilatory and respiratory muscle demands of a strenuous resistance exercise session are not great enough to acutely impair indices of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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26
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Martínez-Navarro I, Sanchez-Gómez JM, Aparicio I, Priego-Quesada JI, Pérez-Soriano P, Collado E, Hernando B, Hernando C. Effect of mountain ultramarathon distance competition on biochemical variables, respiratory and lower-limb fatigue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238846. [PMID: 32915883 PMCID: PMC7485829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed at assessing the acute physiological effects of running a 65-km vs a 107-km mountain ultramarathon. Nineteen athletes (15 males and 4 females) from the shorter race and forty three athletes (26 males and 17 females) from the longer race were enrolled. Body weight, respiratory and lower limb strength were assessed before and after the race. Blood samples were obtained before, after and 24-h post-race. Body weight loss did not differ between races. A decrease in squat jump height (p<0.01; d = 1.4), forced vital capacity (p<0.01; d = 0.5), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (p<0.01; d = 0.6), peak inspiratory flow (p<0.01; d = 0.6) and maximal inspiratory pressure (p<0.01; d = 0.8) was observed after the longer race; while, after the shorter race only maximal inspiratory pressure declined (p<0.01; d = 0.5). Greater post-race concentrations of creatine kinase (p<0.01; d = 0.9) and C-reactive protein (p<0.01; d = 2.3) were observed following the longer race, while high-sensitivity cardiac troponin was higher after the shorter race (p<0.01; d = 0.3). Sodium decreased post-competition only after the shorter race (p = 0.02; d = 0.6), while creatinine increased only following the longer race (p<0.01; d = 1.5). In both groups, glomerular filtration rate declined at post-race (longer race: p<0.01, d = 2.1; shorter race: p = 0.01, d = 1.4) and returned to baseline values at 24 h post-race. In summary, expiratory and lower-limb fatigue, and muscle damage and inflammatory response were greater following the longer race; while a higher release of cardiac troponins was observed after the shorter race. The alteration and restoration of renal function was similar after either race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Martínez-Navarro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Sanchez-Gómez
- Sports Health Unit, Vithas 9 de Octubre Hospital, Valencia, Spain
- University Clinical Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inma Aparicio
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- AITEX (Textil Research Institute), Alcoy, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Priego-Quesada
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Physical Education and Sports Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eladio Collado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Hernando
- Sport Service, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
- Department of Education and Specific Didactics, Jaume I University, Castellon, Spain
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Stensrud T, Rossvoll Ø, Mathiassen M, Melau J, Illidi C, Østgaard HN, Hisdal J, Stang J. Lung function and oxygen saturation after participation in Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1008-1016. [PMID: 32153035 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine evidence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) defined as ≥10% reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1 ) and exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia (EIAH) defined as ≥4% reduction in oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) from before to after participation in the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Secondarily, to assess whether changes in FEV1 and SpO2 are related to respiratory symptoms, training volume, and race time. METHODS In this quasi-experimental non-controlled study, we included 63 triathletes (50♂/13♀) aged 40.3 (±9.0) years (mean ± SD). Fifty-seven (46♂/11♀) measured lung function and 54 (44♂/10♀) measured SpO2 before the race, 8-10 minutes after the race (post-test 1) and the day after the race (post-test 2). Respiratory symptoms and training volume were recorded with modified AQUA questionnaire. ANOVA for repeated measures was used to detect differences in lung function and SpO2 . Statistical significance was accepted at 0.05 level. RESULTS Twenty-six participants (46%) presented with EIB at post-test 1 and 16 (28%) at post-test 2. Lung function variables were significantly reduced from baseline to post-test 1 and 2. Thirty-five participants (65%) showed evidence of mild to moderate EIAH. No significant correlations were observed except a weak correlation between maximal reduction in FEV1 and respiratory symptoms (r = 0.35, P = .016). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that 46% of the participants presented with EIB and 65% showed evidence of EIAH after the Norseman Xtreme Triathlon. Changes in FEV1 and SpO2 were not correlated to weekly training hours or race time. We observed a weak correlation between maximal reduction in FEV1 and respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Rossvoll
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Jørgen Melau
- Prehospital Division, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Camilla Illidi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Centre of Health, Exercise and Performance, College of health & Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Hege N Østgaard
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonny Hisdal
- Department of vascular surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julie Stang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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