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Brazier TA, Tallent J, Patterson SD, Howe LP, Callaghan SJ. The physical profile of female cricketers: An investigation between playing standard and position. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302647. [PMID: 38857238 PMCID: PMC11164355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to present the physical profile of female cricketers. Secondary, was to assess any differences between playing standard (professional vs. non-professional) and position (seam bowler vs. non-seam bowler). Fifty-four female cricketers (professional seam bowler [n = 16]; professional non-seam bowler [n = 17]; non-professional seam bowler [n = 10]; non-professional non-seam bowler [n = 11]) undertook a battery of physical and anthropometric assessments during the off-season period. Participant's physical profile was assessed via the broad jump, countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), 20 m sprint, run-2 cricket specific speed test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level-1 (Yo-Yo-IR1). The sum-of-eight skinfold measurement was also recorded for professional cricketers only. Differences between playing standard and position were assessed with a two-way ANOVA. Seam bowlers possessed a significantly (p < 0.04) greater stature and had a higher body mass than non-seam bowlers. Non-seam bowlers recorded significantly (p < 0.01) further broad jump, higher normalised peak vertical force during the IMTP, and ran greater distances during the Yo-Yo-IR1. Professional cricketers produced significantly further run distances for the Yo-Yo-IR1 and faster run-2 times for the dominant turning side than non-professional cricketers. This study provides valuable insights into the physical profile of female cricketers across playing standards and positions which practitioners can use to direct and enhance training outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Brazier
- Department of Sport Science and Medicine, Northamptonshire County Cricket Club, Northampton, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Tallent
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Patterson
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Louis P. Howe
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel J. Callaghan
- Centre for Applied Performance Sciences, St Mary’s University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
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2
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Düking P, Ruf L, Altmann S, Thron M, Kunz P, Sperlich B. Assessment of Maximum Oxygen Uptake in Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Comparative Analysis of Smartwatch Technology, Yoyo Intermittent Recovery Test 2, and Respiratory Gas Analysis. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:351-357. [PMID: 38841641 PMCID: PMC11149075 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) is a critical factor for endurance performance in soccer. Novel wearable technology may allow frequent assessment of V̇O2max during non-fatiguing warm-up runs of soccer players with minimal interference to soccer practice. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of VO2max provided by a consumer grade smartwatch (Garmin Forerunner 245, Garmin, Olathe, USA, Software:13.00) and the YoYo Intermittent Recovery Run 2 (YYIR2) by comparing it with respiratory gas analysis. 24 trained male youth soccer players performed different tests to assess VO2max: i) a treadmill test employing respiratory gas analysis, ii) YYIR2 and iii) during a non-fatiguing warm-up run of 10 min wearing a smartwatch as recommended by the device-manufacturer on 3 different days within 2 weeks. As the device-manufacturer indicates that validity of smartwatch-derived VO2max may differ with an increase in runs, 16 players performed a second run with the smartwatch to test this claim. The main evidence revealed that the smartwatch showed an ICC of 0.37 [95% CI: -0.25; 0.71] a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 5.58% after one run, as well as an ICC of 0.54 [95% CI: -0.3; 8.4] and a MAPE of 1.06% after the second run with the smartwatch. The YYIR2 showed an ICC of 0.17 [95% CI: -5.7; 0.6]; and MAPE of 4.2%. When using the smartwatch for VO2max assessment in a non-fatiguing run as a warm-up, as suggested by the device manufacturer before soccer practice, the MAPE diminishes after two runs. Therefore, for more accurate VO2max assessment with the smartwatch, we recommend to perform at least two runs to reduce the MAPE and enhance the validity of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Düking
- Department of Sports Science and Movement Pedagogy, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ludwig Ruf
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Zuzenhausen, Germany
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maximiliane Thron
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Philipp Kunz
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A, Panayiotou G, Vogazianos P, Lazou A, Feidantsis K, Giaginis C, Papanikolaou K, Arnaoutis G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Papadopoulou SK. Effects of Four Weeks of In-Season Pre-Workout Supplementation on Performance, Body Composition, Muscle Damage, and Health-Related Markers in Basketball Players: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:85. [PMID: 38804451 PMCID: PMC11130865 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This randomized, double-blinded, experimental study investigated the effects of a four-week daily pre-workout supplementation (200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate, and 5 g BCAA) vs. placebo (isocaloric maltodextrin) on anaerobic (jumping, sprinting, agility, and the running-based anaerobic sprint test: RAST) and aerobic (Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1) performance, as well as on body composition and selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers in well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. Eighteen basketball players (age: 24.4 ± 6.3 years, height: 185.7 ± 8.0 cm, weight: 85.7 ± 12.8 kg, body fat: 16.5 ± 4.2%) were randomly assigned into two groups: pre-workout supplement (PWS, n = 10) or placebo (PL, n = 8). PWS consumption increased aerobic performance (PWS: 8 ± 6%; PL: -2 ± 6%; p = 0.004) compared to PL. A significant decrease was observed in peak (F = 7.0; p = 0.017), average (F = 10.7; p = 0.005), and minimum power (F = 5.1; p = 0.039) following 4 weeks of supplementation in both groups. No other significant changes were observed between groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the consumption of the current PWS over a four-week period appears to positively influence the aerobic performance of well-trained basketball players during the in-season period. However, it does not appear to mitigate the observed decline in anaerobic power, nor does it affect performance in jumping, sprinting, and agility, or alter body composition or selective muscle damage/health-related blood markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, GR-17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou
- Carnegie School of Sports, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS1 3HE, UK;
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - George Panayiotou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Paris Vogazianos
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Humanities, Social and Education Sciences, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus;
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, GR-11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, GR-26504 Mesolonghi, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, GR-81400 Myrina, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Papanikolaou
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Giannis Arnaoutis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, GR-17671 Athens, Greece; (G.A.); (Y.M.)
- Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, GR-71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, GR-42100 Trikala, Greece; (K.P.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Sousana K. Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece; (A.D.); (S.M.); (K.F.)
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Asimakidis ND, Bishop CJ, Beato M, Mukandi IN, Kelly AL, Weldon A, Turner AN. A survey into the current fitness testing practices of elite male soccer practitioners: from assessment to communicating results. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1376047. [PMID: 38567112 PMCID: PMC10985349 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1376047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study provides insight into the current fitness testing practices in elite male soccer. One hundred and two practitioners from professional soccer leagues across 24 countries completed an online survey comprising 29 questions, with five sections: a) background information, b) testing selection, c) testing implementation, d) data analysis, and e) data reporting. Frequency analysis was used to evaluate the responses to fixed response questions and thematic analysis was used for open-ended questions to generate clear and distinct themes. Strength (85%) and aerobic capacity (82%) represent the most frequently assessed physical qualities. Scientific literature (80%) is the most influential factor in testing selection and practitioners conduct fitness testing less frequently than their perceived ideal frequency per season (3.6 ± 2 vs. 4.5 ± 2). Time and competitive schedule were the greatest barriers to fitness testing administration. Practitioners mostly used a 'hybrid' approach (45%) to fitness testing, blending 'traditional' (i.e., a day dedicated to testing) and 'integrated' (i.e., testing within regular training sessions) methods. Microsoft Excel is the most used software for data analysis (95%) and visualization (79%). An equal use of the combination of best and mean scores of multiple trials (44%) and the best score (42%) was reported. Comparing a player's test performance with previous scores (89%) was the most common method for interpreting test results. However, only 38% considered measurement error. Digital displays and verbal feedback are the most common data reporting methods, with different data reporting processes for coaches and players. Practitioners can use data and findings from this study to inform their current testing practices and researchers to further identify areas for investigation, with the overarching aim of developing the field of fitness testing in elite male soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos D. Asimakidis
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Bishop
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, United Kingdom
| | - Irvin N. Mukandi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam L. Kelly
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Weldon
- Faculty of Health, Education and Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony N. Turner
- Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Perrotta AS, Day BD, Correa CJ, Scott AJ, Ramos J, Gnatiuk EA, Warburton DER. Physiological, anthropometric and athletic performance adaptations from completing a 1-month pre-season period. A two-year longitudinal study in female collegiate soccer players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1353129. [PMID: 38529410 PMCID: PMC10961417 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1353129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Collegiate coaches and integrative support staff often utilize pre-season as a brief and intense training period to prepare athletes technically, tactically, and physiologically, to meet the demands of competition during a soccer season. This study sought to examine the dose-response from performing on-field soccer activities during a four-week pre-season period in female collegiate soccer players, and if the magnitude in response was associated with accumulated exercise stress. Methods A total of twenty-seven healthy female soccer players training as part of a collegiate soccer program volunteered to participate in this two-year longitudinal study. Data collection commenced prior to the start of each pre-season period, at the beginning of August, and was completed at the beginning of September, when pre-season ended. Data collection periods were separated by a 31-day period. Indices of cardiovascular function, anthropometry, and athletic performance were examined during each data collection period. Internal and external measures of accumulated exercise stress were recorded using the Polar Team Pro® system. Results When comparing the beginning to the end of pre-season, significant improvements were observed in body fat (%) [24.2 ± 6.0 "vs." 23.3 ± 5.6, p = 0.001], heart rate variability (rMSSD) [51.8 ± 25.1 "vs." 67.9 ± 34.6 ms, p = 0.002], resting heart (bpm) [73.8 ± 12.1 "vs." 64.3 ± 8.8, p = 0.001] and cardiorespiratory performance (YoYo IRTL-1) [925.8 ± 272.8 "vs." 1,062.6 ± 223.3 m, p = 0.001]. Significant reductions in musculoskeletal performance were observed through vertical jump height (cm) [24.9 ± 23.7, p = 0.04]. Change in the end of pre-season body weight (kg) was significantly associated with accumulated accelerations and decelerations [r ≥ 0.49, p = 0.01]. End of pre-season change in cardiorespiratory performance was significantly associated with both accumulated training load (au) and TRIMP (au) [r ≥ 0.63, p = 0.01]. Discussion In conclusion, performing a four-week pre-season period, involving only on-field training, can promote positive and significant adaptations in anthropometry, cardiovascular function, and athletic performance measures in female collegiate soccer players. The magnitudes of these adaptations were associated with both internal and external measures of accumulated exercise stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Perrotta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Centre for Human Performance and Health, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Langara College, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brent D. Day
- Department of Kinesiology, Centre for Human Performance and Health, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Camila J. Correa
- Department of Kinesiology, Langara College, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anika J. Scott
- Department of Kinesiology, Langara College, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ramos
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Elizabeth A. Gnatiuk
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren E. R. Warburton
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Education, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Experimental Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Lazou A, Panayiotou G, Feidantsis K, Voulgaridou G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Giaginis C, Papadopoulou SK. The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102304. [PMID: 37242187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-workout supplement's (PWS; 200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate and 5 g branched chained amino acid (BCAA) per dose) acute effects on the alactic (jumping, sprinting, agility), lactic (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, RAST) and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Yo-Yo IRL1 VO2max) of well-trained basketball players was investigated in this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Thirty players (age 18-31 years, height 166-195 cm, weight 70.2-116.7 kg, body fat 10.6-26.4%) were allocated to pre-workout (PWS, n = 15) or placebo (PL, n = 15) groups. Half of the participants in each group performed the evaluations without PWS or PL, while the rest consumed PWS or PL 30 min before the assessments (1st trial) and vice versa (2nd trial). Significant improvements in counter-movement jump (CMJ) (PWS: 4.3 ± 2.1%; PL: 1.2 ± 1.0%), agility (PWS: -2.9 ± 1.8%; PL: 1.8 ± 1.7%), RAST average (PWS: 18.3 ± 9.1%; PL: -2.2 ± 2.0%), minimum power (PWS: 13.7 ± 8.9%; PL: -7.5 ± 5.9%), and fatigue index (PWS: -25.0 ± 0.9%; PL: -4.6 ± 0.6%) were observed in the PWS group vs. the PL group (p < 0.05). No differences were found regarding sprinting, aerobic performance, and blood lactate concentrations. Thus, although players' alactic and lactic anaerobic performance could be improved, peak power, sprinting and aerobic performance are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - George Panayiotou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Applied Sport Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Agri-food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Dos Santos MPP, Spineli H, Dos Santos BP, Lima-Silva AE, Gitaí DLG, Bishop DJ, de Araujo GG. The effect of caffeine on exercise performance is not influenced by ADORA2A genotypes, alone or pooled with CYP1A2 genotypes, in adolescent athletes. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1041-1050. [PMID: 36385314 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of the different genotypes of ADORA2A (1976 C > T, rs 5751876), alone or pooled with CYP1A2 (163 C > A rs 762551) genotypes, on the ergogenic effects of caffeine (CAF) on various aspects of physical performance in male adolescent athletes. METHODS Ninety male adolescent athletes (age = 15.5 ± 2 years) were classified according to their genotypes for 1976 C > T ADORA2A (TT homozygous or CADORA2A allele carriers) and 163 C > A CYP1A2 (AA homozygous or CCYP1A2 allele carriers). Participants were further divided in four groups (1-TTADORA2A + AACYP1A2; 2-TTADORA2A + AC/CCCYP1A2; 3-AACYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A;4-AC/CCCYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A). Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design, participants ingested CAF (6 mg kg-1) or a placebo (PLA, 300 mg of cellulose) one hour before performing a sequence of physical tests: handgrip strength, agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), Spike Jump (SJ), sit-ups, push-ups, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). RESULTS CAF enhanced handgrip strength (CAF: 35.0 ± 9.2 kg force; PLA: 33.5 ± 8.9 kg force; p = 0.050), CMJ height (CAF: 49.6 ± 12.3 cm; PLA: 48.3 ± 13.6 cm; p = 0.013), SJ height (CAF: 54.7 ± 13.3 cm; PLA: 53.1 ± 14.8 cm; p = 0.013), number of sit-ups (CAF: 37 ± 8; PLA: 35 ± 8; p = 0.001), and distance covered on the Yoyo IR1 test (CAF: 991.6 ± 371.0 m; PLA: 896.0 ± 311.0 m; p = 0.001), This CAF-induced improvement on exercise performance was, however, independent of genotypes groups (all p > 0.05). CAF had no effect on agility (CAF: 15.8 ± 1.2 s; PLA: 15.9 ± 1.3 s; p = 0.070) and push-up (CAF: 26.6 ± 12.0; PLA: 25.0 ± 11.0; p = 0.280) tests. CONCLUSION The acute caffeine intake of 6.0 mg.kg-1 improves several aspects of physical performance, which seems to be independent of ADORA2A genotypes, alone or in combination with CYP1A2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryssa P Pinto Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Higor Spineli
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Estácio-FAL, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel L G Gitaí
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living. School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VU, Australia
| | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió, AL, CEP: 57072-900, Brazil.
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8
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Berjisian E, Naderi A, Mojtahedi S, Grgic J, Ghahramani MH, Karayigit R, Forbes JL, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Forbes SC. Are Caffeine's Effects on Resistance Exercise and Jumping Performance Moderated by Training Status? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224840. [PMID: 36432526 PMCID: PMC9692585 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore if the effects of caffeine intake on resistance exercise and jumping performance are moderated by training status. We included ten resistance-trained and ten recreationally active males in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants were categorized into groups according to their resistance to training experience and muscular strength levels. Exercise performance outcomes included weight lifted and mean velocity during a one-repetition maximum (1RM) bench press and squat; repetitions were performed to muscular failure in the same exercises with 70% of 1RM and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Exercise performance was evaluated on three occasions, following no substance ingestion (control), caffeine (6 mg/kg), and placebo. There was a main effect on the condition for all the performance outcomes (all p ≤ 0.02), except for the 1RM squat mean velocity (p = 0.157) and 1RM bench press mean velocity (p = 0.719). For weight lifted in the 1RM bench press, there was a significant difference when comparing the caffeine vs. control, caffeine vs. placebo, and placebo vs. control. For weight lifted in the 1RM squat, a significant difference was found when comparing the caffeine vs. control. For muscular endurance outcomes and jump height, a significant difference was found when caffeine was compared to the control or placebo. Effect sizes were trivial for muscular strength (Hedges' g: 0.04-0.12), small for the jump height (Hedges' g: 0.43-0.46), and large for muscular endurance (Hedges' g: 0.89-1.41). Despite these ergogenic effects, there was no significant training status × caffeine interaction in any of the analyzed outcomes. In summary, caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for muscular strength, endurance, and jump height. These effects are likely to be of a similar magnitude in resistance-trained and recreationally active men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Berjisian
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
| | - Alireza Naderi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Borujerd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Borujerd 6915136111, Iran
| | - Shima Mojtahedi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran 1417935840, Iran
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.C.F.)
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahramani
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 1411713116, Iran
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| | - Jennifer L. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (S.C.F.)
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Zhang W, Ren S, Zheng X. Effect of 3 min whole-body and lower limb cold water immersion on subsequent performance of agility, sprint, and intermittent endurance exercise. Front Physiol 2022; 13:981773. [PMID: 36299255 PMCID: PMC9589280 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.981773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whole-body cold-water immersion (WCWI) and lower-limb cold-water immersion (LCWI) employed during a 15-min recovery period on the subsequent exercise performance as well as to determine the physiological and perceptual parameters in the heat (39°C). Eleven males performed team-sports-specific tests outdoors. The exercise program consisted of two identical exercise protocols (1 and 2) separated by a 15-min recovery period. The participants completed the same tests in each exercise protocol, in the following order: agility t test (t-test), 20-m sprint test (20M-ST), and Yo-Yo Intermittent Endurance Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo). During the recovery period, a 3-min recovery intervention of a passively seated rest (control, CON), WCWI, or LCWI was performed. The t-test and 20M-ST for the CON group were significantly longer during exercise protocol 2, but they were not significantly different between the two exercise protocols for the WCWI and LCWI groups. The completed Yo-Yo distance for the CON and LCWI groups was shorter during exercise protocol 2, but it was not significantly different between the two exercise protocols for the WCWI group. The chest temperature (Tchest), upper arm temperature (Tarm), thigh temperature (Tthigh), mean skin temperature (Tskin), and thermal sensation (TS) values were lower for the WCWI group than for the CON group; but only the Tthigh, Tskin, and TS values were lower for the LCWI group compared to the CON group. The Tchest, Tarm, Tskin, and TS values after the intervention were lower for the WCWI group than for the LCWI group. None of the three intervention conditions affected the core temperature (Tcore), heart rate (HR), or rating of perceived exertion (RPE). These results suggest that WCWI at 15°C for 3 min during the 15-min recovery period attenuates the impairment of agility, sprint, and intermittent-endurance performance during exercise protocol 2, but LCWI only ameliorates the reduction of agility and sprint performance. Furthermore, the ergogenic effects of WCWI and LCWI in the heat are due, at least in part, to a decrease of the Tskin and improvement of perceived strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Sports Training, Shenyang Sport University, Shengyang, China
| | - Shoupeng Ren
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyan Zheng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyan Zheng,
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10
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Goods PSR, McKay AK, Appleby B, Veli D, Peeling P, Jennings D. A repeated shuttle sprint test with female and male international field hockey players is reliable and associated with single sprint but not intermittent endurance performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271244. [PMID: 35830427 PMCID: PMC9278775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Field hockey is a high-intensity intermittent team sport that has recently undergone a series of rule changes that have resulted in a greater demand for repeated high-intensity movements. Coaches and practitioners now require a reliable assessment of repeated accelerations, decelerations and changes of direction to assess these important match qualities. This investigation assessed the test-retest reliability of a novel 6x40m repeated shuttle sprint test (20m + 20m with a 180° turn) and its association with 40m straight line sprint and YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test performance in 28 International field hockey players (n = 14 females and n = 14 males). The sum of 6 sprint times (SUM) demonstrated ‘excellent’ (ICC = 0.94 and CV = 0.59%) and ‘good’ (ICC = 0.84 and CV = 0.75%) reliability in females and males, respectively. Best sprint time during the repeated shuttle sprint test also demonstrated suitable reliability to evaluate field hockey physical performance (ICC = 0.92 & 0.76, CV = 0.76% & 1.00% in females and males, respectively). SUM was significantly associated with 40 m straight line sprint performance in females (r = 0.90; p<0.001) and males (r = 0.92; p<0.001), but only a weak association was found with YoYo Intermittent Recovery Test performance for either group (r = 0.20; p = 0.495 & r = -0.19; p = 0.525 in females and males, respectively). In summary, field hockey testing batteries that include a repeated shuttle sprint test should consider including a test of intermittent endurance. Further, changes in SUM greater than 1.0% can be confidently interpreted by coaches and practitioners as a real change for both female and male elite field hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. R. Goods
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Alannah K. McKay
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brendyn Appleby
- Hockey Australia High Performance Program, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David Veli
- Hockey Australia High Performance Program, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, WA, Australia
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Denise Jennings
- Hockey Australia High Performance Program, Perth, WA, Australia
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11
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Leppänen M, Uotila A, Tokola K, Forsman-Lampinen H, Kujala UM, Parkkari J, Kannus P, Pasanen K, Vasankari T. Players with high physical fitness are at greater risk of injury in youth football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1625-1638. [PMID: 35621388 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate physical fitness, football-specific skills, and their association with injury risk in youth football. Altogether 447 male and female players aged 9-14 years (median 12 years) participated in performance tests and prospective follow-up. The physical fitness tests included five-jump test for distance, 30-m sprint, football-specific figure of eight agility, countermovement jump, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 1. The football-specific skill tests included dribbling and passing tests. Injuries and exposure were registered during the 20-week follow-up. Our candidate risk factors were low/high level of physical fitness measured with a composite score of physical fitness tests and low/high level of football-specific skills measured with a composite score of dribbling and passing tests. Secondarily, we investigated performance in individual tests and their association with injury risk. During the follow-up, players reported 565 injuries (264 acute and 301 overuse injuries). High level of physical fitness was associated with increased rate of all injuries (age-, sex-, and mean team exposure-adjusted IRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.58). The level of football-specific skills had no influence on the overall injury rate. Burden of overuse injuries, but not acute injuries was significantly higher in most fit players compared with the players in the reference group (IRR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.04-4.24). In conclusion, most fit players were at greater risk of sustaining injuries in youth competitive football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aliisa Uotila
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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12
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13
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Exploring interactions between maturity status and playing time with fluctuations in physical fitness and hormonal markers in youth soccer players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4463. [PMID: 35296744 PMCID: PMC8927162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in functional capacities and hormonal indices according to biological maturity and seasonal playing time status in young soccer players. Twenty-three male under-15 players (14.6 ± 0.2 years) were divided into two groups, based on their maturity status and seasonal playing time. They were measured for anthropometrics, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1), seven repeated sprint test (7RST), countermovement jump (CMJ), skeletal age, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level. Age at peak height velocity (APHV) was determined to estimate the maturity timing. The results revealed that players who advanced in maturation were significantly heavier (p = 0.029) and had higher values in skeletal age (p < 0.001), sitting height (p = 0.005), CMJ (p = 0.038), and IGF-1 (p = 0.013). Players given greater playing time exhibited significantly lower fatigue index (p = 0.012), but higher CMJ (p = 0.003) and IGF-1 (p = 0.001) values. The overall results highlighted that early-maturing players and players with greater playing time obtained higher values in both CMJ and IGF-1. The findings may provide an insight on the coaches’ evaluation of players and on the possible factors that may affect the future playing status of young male soccer players.
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Blair MR, Scanlan AT, Lastella M, Ramsey C, Elsworthy N. The relationships between physical fitness attributes and match demands in rugby union referees officiating the 2019 Rugby World Cup. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2022.2031527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Blair
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aaron T. Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
- Human Exercise and Training Laboratory, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Michele Lastella
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
| | - Codi Ramsey
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Nathan Elsworthy
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Australia
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Grgic J, Mikulic I, Mikulic P. Negative Effects of Mental Fatigue on Performance in the Yo-Yo Test, Loughborough Soccer Passing and Shooting Tests: A Meta-Analysis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:10. [PMID: 35076572 PMCID: PMC8788439 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to examine the effects of mental fatigue on the Yo-Yo test and Loughborough soccer passing and shooting tests performance using a meta-analysis. The search for studies was performed through eight bibliographic databases (Academic Search Elite, AUSPORT, Cochrane Library, PsycInfo, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science). The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the PEDro checklist. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed for data analysis. After reviewing 599 search results, seven studies with a total of ten groups were included in the review. All studies were classified as being of good methodological quality. Mental fatigue reduced the distance covered in the Yo-Yo test (Cohen's d: -0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.66, -0.32). In the Loughborough soccer passing test, mental fatigue increased the original time needed to complete the test (Cohen's d: -0.24; 95% CI: -0.46, -0.03), increased penalty time (Cohen's d: -0.39; 95% CI: -0.46, -0.31), and decreased performance time (Cohen's d: -0.52; 95% CI: -0.80, -0.24). In the Loughborough soccer shooting test, mental fatigue decreased points per shot (Cohen's d: -0.37; 95% CI: -0.70, -0.04) and shot speed (Cohen's d: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.64, -0.06). Overall, the findings presented in this review demonstrated that mental fatigue negatively impacts endurance-based running performance as well as soccer passing and shooting skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
| | - Ivan Mikulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Pavle Mikulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.M.); (P.M.)
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16
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Tallard JC, Hedt C, Lambert BS, McCulloch PC. The Role of Fatigue in Return to Sport Testing Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:1043-1051. [PMID: 34386283 PMCID: PMC8329315 DOI: 10.26603/001c.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatigue may play a role in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, but has not been incorporated into objective test batteries for return to sport decisions following ACL reconstruction (ACLR) surgery. The effect of fatigue on muscle function and performance following surgery and rehabilitation has been poorly studied. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of fatigue on performance of various hop tests used in clinical rehabilitation settings by examining LSI scores. The authors hypothesized that participants will have worse limb symmetry index scores following the fatigue protocol and that the operative limb (ACLR) will have a greater decline in function than the non-operative limb (CON). STUDY DESIGN Cross-Sectional Study. METHODS Participants (n=21 [Male = 15, Female = 6]; AGE = 24.6 ± 9.3) were at least six months post ACLR and in rehabilitation. Testing was performed over two separate sessions in either a non-fatigued (NFS) or fatigued state (FS). In the FS, individuals performed a series of exercises to exhaust muscular endurance, strength, and power systems, after which they performed as battery of seven hop tests (single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, crossover hop for distance, 6-meter timed hop, lateral rotation hop for distance, medial rotation hop for distance, and vertical jump for height). A 2(limb) x 2(time) ANOVA was used to compare limbs between each state. RESULTS Differences between limbs (CON vs ACLR) were observed for all hop tests in the NFS whereby the ACLR limb was observed to have reduced performance (↓5.4-9.1%, p <0.05). When tested in the FS, significant differences in performance between limbs remained for only the crossover (↓4.9%), medial rotation (↓7.1%), lateral rotation (↓5.5%), and vertical hop (↓10.0%)(p<0.05). When comparing the NFS and FS states, only the CON limb was observed to have significant decreases in performance of the Triple Hop (↓7.4%), Crossover (↓8.7%), and Lateral Rotation (↓5.2%)(p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Following ACL reconstruction, there appears to be a greater loss in jump performance in the CON limb in the FS. These findings suggest it may be crucial to consider and assess the endurance of both limbs rather than just the ACLR limb when determining readiness for return to play. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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17
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Grgic J, Lazinica B, Pedisic Z. Test-retest reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2021; 10:413-418. [PMID: 32422345 PMCID: PMC8343059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aimed to synthesize previous findings on the test-retest reliability of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (IFT). METHODS The literature searches were performed in 8 databases. Studies that examined the test-retest reliability of the 30-15 IFT and presented the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and/or the coefficient of variation (CV) for maximal velocity and/or peak heart rate were included. The consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) checklist was used for the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies. RESULTS Seven studies, with a total of 10 study groups, explored reliability of maximal velocity assessed by the 30-15 IFT. ICCs ranged from 0.80 to 0.99, where 70% of ICCs were ≥0.90. CVs for maximal velocity ranged from 1.5% to 6.0%. Six studies, with a total of 7 study groups, explored reliability of peak heart rate as assessed by the 30-15 IFT. ICCs ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 (i.e., all ICCs were ≥0.90). CVs ranged from 0.6% to 4.8%. All included studies were of excellent methodological quality. CONCLUSION From the results of this systematic review, it can be concluded that the 30-15 IFT has excellent test-retest reliability for both maximal velocity and peak heart rate. The test may, therefore, be used as a reliable measure of fitness in research and sports practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia.
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- Faculty of Education, Department of Kinesiology, J.J. Strossmayer University, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011, Australia
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18
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Grgic J. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on Yo-Yo test performance: A meta-analysis. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 43:158-162. [PMID: 34024507 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to explore the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on Yo-Yo test performance. METHODS Nine databases were searched to find relevant studies. A random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) was performed for data analysis. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted to explore the effects of beta-alanine supplementation duration on Yo-Yo test performance, and the effects of beta-alanine supplementation on performance only in Yo-Yo level 2 test variants. RESULTS Ten study groups were included in the meta-analysis. All studies included athletes as study participants. When considering all available studies, there was no significant difference between the placebo/control and beta-alanine groups (SMD: 0.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.30, 1.67). When considering only the studies that used supplementation protocols lasting between 6 and 12 weeks, there was a significant ergogenic effect of beta-alanine (SMD: 1.02; 95% CI: 0.01, 2.05). When considering only the studies that used the level 2 variants of the Yo-Yo test, there was a significant ergogenic effect of beta-alanine (SMD: 1.41; 95% CI: 0.35, 2.48). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis found that beta-alanine is ergogenic for Yo-Yo test performance in athletes when the supplementation protocol lasts between 6 and 12 weeks and when using the level 2 variants of the Yo-Yo test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Metabolic Profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test and the Corresponding Continuous Version in Team-Sport Athletes-Elucidating the Role of Inter-Effort Recovery. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1634-1639. [PMID: 33848977 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the role of inter-effort recovery in shuttle running by comparing the metabolic profiles of the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15IFT) and the corresponding continuous version (30-15IFT-CONT). METHODS Sixteen state-level handball players (age = 23 [3] y, height = 185 [7] cm, weight = 85 [14] kg) completed the 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT, and speed at the last completed stage (in kilometers per hour) and time to exhaustion (in seconds) were assessed. Furthermore, oxygen uptake (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) and blood lactate were obtained preexercise, during exercise, and until 15 minutes postexercise. Metabolic energy (in kilojoules), metabolic power (in Watts per kilogram), and relative (in percentage) energy contribution of the aerobic (WAER, WAERint), anaerobic lactic (WBLC, WBLCint), and anaerobic alactic (WPCr, WPCrint) systems were calculated by PCr-La-O2 method for 30-15IFT-CONT and 30-15IFT. RESULTS No difference in peak oxygen uptake was found between 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT (60.6 [6.6] vs 60.5 [5.1] mL·kg-1·min-1, P = .165, d = 0.20), whereas speed at the last completed stage was higher in 30-15IFT (18.3 [1.4] vs 16.1 [1.0] km·h-1, P < .001, d = 1.17). Metabolic energy was also higher in 30-15IFT (1224.2 [269.6] vs 772.8 [63.1] kJ, P < .001, d = 5.60), and metabolic profiles differed substantially for aerobic (30-15IFT = 67.2 [5.2] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 85.2% [2.5%], P < .001, d = -4.01), anaerobic lactic (30-15IFT = 4.4 [1.4] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 6.2% [1.8%], P < .001, d = -1.04), and anaerobic alactic (30-15IFT = 28.4 [4.7] vs 30-15IFT-CONT = 8.6% [2.1%], P < .001, d = 5.43) components. CONCLUSIONS Both 30-15IFT and 30-15IFT-CONT are mainly fueled by aerobic energy, but their metabolic profiles differ substantially in both aerobic and anaerobic alactic energy contribution. Due to the presence of inter-effort recovery, intermittent shuttle runs rely to a higher extent on anaerobic alactic energy and a fast, aerobic replenishment of PCr during the short breaks between shuttles.
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Intensified Training Supersedes the Impact of Heat and/or Altitude for Increasing Performance in Elite Rugby Union Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1416-1423. [PMID: 33668015 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether including heat and altitude exposures during an elite team-sport training camp induces similar or greater performance benefits. METHODS The study assessed 56 elite male rugby players for maximal oxygen uptake, repeated-sprint cycling, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 (Yo-Yo) before and after a 2-week training camp, which included 5 endurance and 5 repeated-sprint cycling sessions in addition to daily rugby training. Players were separated into 4 groups: (1) control (all sessions in temperate conditions at sea level), (2) heat training (endurance sessions in the heat), (3) altitude (repeated-sprint sessions and sleeping in hypoxia), and (4) combined heat and altitude (endurance in the heat, repeated sprints, and sleeping in hypoxia). RESULTS Training increased maximal oxygen uptake (4% [10%], P = .017), maximal aerobic power (9% [8%], P < .001), and repeated-sprint peak (5% [10%], P = .004) and average power (12% [14%], P < .001) independent of training conditions. Yo-Yo distance increased (16% [17%], P < .001) but not in the altitude group (P = .562). Training in heat lowered core temperature and increased sweat rate during a heat-response test (P < .05). CONCLUSION A 2-week intensified training camp improved maximal oxygen uptake, repeated-sprint ability, and aerobic performance in elite rugby players. Adding heat and/or altitude did not further enhance physical performance, and altitude appears to have been detrimental to improving Yo-Yo.
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Performance Analysis in Football-Specific Tests by Para-Footballers With Cerebral Palsy: Implications for Evidence-Based Classification. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1328-1334. [PMID: 33662930 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to analyze whether there were differences among para-footballers with different types and degrees of brain impairment (ie, bilateral spasticity, athetosis/ataxia, unilateral spasticity, minimum impairment criteria, or no impairment) in performing 3 football-specific tests requiring ball dribbling, to analyze whether there was an association among the results obtained in the 3 tests, and to determine whether the performance in the tests was associated with competitive level, level of training, or years' experience in para-footballers with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS A total of 123 footballers took part in the study, 87 of whom were footballers with CP and 36 who were without impairment. Both groups were assessed in 3 football-specific tests (Stop and Go, Turning and Dribbling, and the Illinois Agility Test). RESULTS The results showed that the footballers without impairment recorded a better performance in all tests (P < .01) in comparison with the CP players. No significant differences in test performance were observed among the CP players from different competitive levels. However, significant differences (P < .01) were observed between players with diplegia or athetosis/ataxia compared with players with hemiplegia or minimum impairment level. Performance in the tests did not correlate with years of football experience, weekly strength training sessions, or specific football training in the footballers with CP (P = .12-.95). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest the possible inclusion of these tests in the classification process for footballers with CP because they discriminate among functional classes and are resistant to training and competitive level.
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Ishida A, Travis SK, Stone MH. Associations of Body Composition, Maximum Strength, Power Characteristics with Sprinting, Jumping, and Intermittent Endurance Performance in Male Intercollegiate Soccer Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6010007. [PMID: 33462168 PMCID: PMC7838787 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the relationships between body composition, strength, power characteristics, sprinting, jumping, and intermittent endurance performance in collegiate male players. Twenty-three players participated (19.7 ± 1.6 yrs; 71.8 ± 7.1 kg; 176.5 ± 5.1 cm). Measurements of interest in body composition included body fat percentage (BF%), lean body mass (LBM), and body mass (BM). Power characteristics were measured with an unloaded squat jump (SJ0) and loaded SJ at 20 kg (SJ20) and 40 kg (SJ40), and unloaded countermovement jump (CMJ0). Power assessments included peak power (PP) and PP allometrically scaled (PPa). Strength characteristics were assessed using isometric mid-thigh pull. Strength assessment included isometric peak force (IPF) and IPF allometrically scaled (IPFa). Performance measures included 10m and 20 m sprint time, CMJ0 jump-height, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 1 distance. Significant correlations ranging from moderate to very large were found for LBM and CMJ jump height (CM0 JH) (p = 0.01, r = 0.50); BF% and sprint times at 10 m (p = 0.03, r = 0.44) and 20 m (p = 0.02, r = 0.50). PP and PPa from SJ0 and CMJ0 were significantly correlated to 10m sprint time (p < 0.05, r = -0.45 to -0.53) and 20 m sprint time (p < 0.05, r = -0.40 to -0.49). Our findings agree with previous literature in that body composition and power characteristics are directly related to soccer-related performance.
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Grgic J, Lazinica B, Schoenfeld BJ, Pedisic Z. Test-Retest Reliability of the One-Repetition Maximum (1RM) Strength Assessment: a Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2020; 6:31. [PMID: 32681399 PMCID: PMC7367986 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00260-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The test–retest reliability of the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test varies across different studies. Given the inconsistent findings, it is unclear what the true reliability of the 1RM test is, and to what extent it is affected by measurement-related factors, such as exercise selection for the test, the number of familiarization trials and resistance training experience. Objectives The aim of this paper was to review studies that investigated the reliability of the 1RM test of muscular strength and summarize their findings. Methods The PRISMA guidelines were followed for this systematic review. Searches for studies were conducted through eight databases. Studies that investigated test–retest reliability of the 1RM test and presented intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) and/or coefficient of variation (CV) were included. The COSMIN checklist was used for the assessment of the methodological quality of the included studies. Results After reviewing 1024 search records, 32 studies (pooled n = 1595) on test–retest reliability of 1RM assessment were found. All the studies were of moderate or excellent methodological quality. Test–retest ICCs ranged from 0.64 to 0.99 (median ICC = 0.97), where 92% of ICCs were ≥ 0.90, and 97% of ICCs were ≥ 0.80. The CVs ranged from 0.5 to 12.1% (median CV = 4.2%). ICCs were generally high (≥ 0.90), and most CVs were low (< 10%) for 1RM tests: (1) among those without and for those with some resistance training experience, (2) conducted with or without familiarization sessions, (3) with single-joint or multi-joint exercises, (4) for upper- and lower-body strength assessment, (5) among females and males, and (6) among young to middle-aged adults and among older adults. Most studies did not find systematic changes in test results between the trials. Conclusions Based on the results of this review, it can be concluded that the 1RM test generally has good to excellent test–retest reliability, regardless of resistance training experience, number of familiarization sessions, exercise selection, part of the body assessed (upper vs. lower body), and sex or age of participants. Researchers and practitioners, therefore, can use the 1RM test as a reliable test of muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bruno Lazinica
- Faculty of Education, Department of Kinesiology, J.J. Strossmayer University, Osijek, Croatia
| | | | - Zeljko Pedisic
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Rey E, Carballo-Fazanes A, Varela-Casal C, Abelairas-Gómez C. Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236070. [PMID: 32673358 PMCID: PMC7365594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify, synthesise and evaluate studies that investigated the reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) variants. METHODS A systematic search was employed to identify studies that have investigated internal consistency, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the TGMD variants through Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sport Discus and Web of Science databases. RESULTS Of the 265 studies identified, 23 were included. Internal consistency, evaluated in 14 studies, confirming good-to-excellent consistency for the overall score and general motor quotient (GMQ), and acceptable-to-excellent levels in both subscales (locomotor and ball skills). Inter-rater reliability, evaluated in 19 studies, showing good-to-excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values in locomotor skills score, ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ. Intra-rater reliability, evaluated in 13 studies, displaying excellent ICC values in overall score and GMQ, and good-to-excellent ICC values in locomotor skills score and ball skills score. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 studies with 100% of the statistics reported above the threshold of acceptable reliability when ICC was not used. Studies with ICC statistic showed good-to-excellent values in ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ; and moderate-to-excellent values in locomotor skills score. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results of this systematic review indicate that, regardless of the variant of the test, the TMGD has moderate-to-excellent internal consistency, good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability, good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, and moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability. Considering the few high-quality studies in terms of internal consistency, it would be recommend to carry out further studies in this field to improve their quality. Since there is no gold standard for assessing FMS, TGMD variants could be appropriate when opting for a psychometrical robust test. However, standardized training protocols for coding TGMD variants seem to be necessary both for researchers and practitioners in order to ensure acceptable reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Rey
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Aida Carballo-Fazanes
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CLINURSID Research Group, Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine Department, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Varela-Casal
- Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail: (CVC); (CAG)
| | - Cristian Abelairas-Gómez
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CLINURSID Research Group, Psychiatry, Radiology, Public Health, Nursing and Medicine Department, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail: (CVC); (CAG)
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Post-Exercise Recovery of Ultra-Short-Term Heart Rate Variability after Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test and Repeated Sprint Ability Test. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17114070. [PMID: 32517382 PMCID: PMC7312126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the agreement and acceptance of ultra-short-term heart rate (HR) variability (HRVUST) measures during post-exercise recovery in college football players. Twenty-five male college football players (age: 19.80 ± 1.08 years) from the first division of national university championship voluntarily participated in the study. The participants completed both a repeated sprint ability test (RSA) and a Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1) in a randomized order and separated by 7 days. Electrocardiographic signals (ECG) were recorded in a supine position 10 min before and 30 min after the exercise protocols. The HR and HRV data were analyzed in the time segments of baseline 5~10 min (Baseline), post-exercise 0~5 min (Post 1), post-exercise 5~10 min (Post 2), and post-exercise 25~30 min (Post 3). The natural logarithm of the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (LnSDNN), root mean square of successive normal-to-normal interval differences (LnRMSSD), and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was compared in the 1st min HRVUST and 5-min criterion (HRVcriterion) of each time segment. The correlation of time-domain HRV variables to 5-min natural logarithm of low frequency power (LnLF) and high frequency power (LnHF), and LF:HF ratio were calculated. The results showed that the HRVUST of LnSDNN, LnRMSSD, and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio showed trivial to small effect sizes (ES) (−0.00~0.49), very large and nearly perfect interclass correlation coefficients (ICC) (0.74~0.95), and relatively small values of bias (RSA: 0.01~−0.12; YYIR1: −0.01~−0.16) to the HRVcriterion in both exercise protocols. In addition, the HRVUST of LnLF, LnHF, and LnLF:LnHF showed trivial to small ES (−0.04~−0.54), small to large ICC (−0.02~0.68), and relatively small values of bias (RSA: −0.02~0.65; YYIR1: 0.03~−0.23) to the HRVcriterion in both exercise protocols. Lastly, the 1-min LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was significantly correlated to the 5-min LnLF:LnHF ratio with moderate~high level (r = 0.43~0.72; p < 0.05) during 30-min post-exercise recovery. The post-exercise 1-min HRV assessment in LnSDNN, LnRMSSD, and LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio was acceptable and accurate in the RSA and YYIR1 tests, compared to the 5-min time segment of measurement. The moderate to high correlation coefficient of the HRVUST LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio to the HRVcriterion LnLF:LnHF ratio indicated the capacity to facilitate the post-exercise shortening duration of HRV measurement after maximal anaerobic or aerobic shuttle running. Using ultra-short-term record of LnSDNN:LnRMSSD ratio as a surrogate for standard measure of LnLF:LnHF ratio after short-term bouts of maximal intensity field-based shuttle running is warranted.
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Henriques-Neto D, Minderico C, Peralta M, Marques A, Sardinha LB. Test-retest reliability of physical fitness tests among young athletes: The FITescola ® battery. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2020; 40:173-182. [PMID: 32056351 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring physical fitness in young athletes is essential to improve physical performance, identify talents and develop injury prevention programs. The aim of this investigation was to analyse the reliability of the physical fitness tests from the FITescola® battery in young athletes with different sports backgrounds and competition levels. Participants comprised of 138 young athletes (boys n = 92) aged 9 and 18 years old. Eight physical fitness tests assessing six components of physical fitness were performed: cardiorespiratory fitness (PACER); upper body muscular fitness (push-up); flexibility (sit and reach); lower-body muscular fitness (horizontal and vertical jump); agility (4 × 10 shuttle run); and speed (sprint at 20 m and 40 m). Each test was performed twice, with a one-week interval (7 days) between duplicate tests. No differences between duplicate tests were found (p > .05), except for the speed at 20 m in boys (p < .001) and speed at 40 m in girls (p = .006). The battery of tests had good or excellent reliability and concordance of the ICC between the two trials (ICC ≥ 0.75) with exception for the 20 m speed run in girls that presented moderate reliability (ICC = 0.57). The Bland-Altman plots showed high reliability for all the fitness tests for both sexes. Hence, The FITescola® battery may be a novel tool to assess the physical fitness of large groups of young athletes from different sports backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte Henriques-Neto
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Comité Olímpico de Portugal, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Minderico
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Miguel Peralta
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,ISAMB, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
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Grgic J, Garofolini A, Pickering C, Duncan MJ, Tinsley GM, Del Coso J. Isolated effects of caffeine and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance in the Yo-Yo test: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:41-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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