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Kalkhoven JT. Athletic Injury Research: Frameworks, Models and the Need for Causal Knowledge. Sports Med 2024; 54:1121-1137. [PMID: 38507193 PMCID: PMC11127898 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Within applied sports science and medicine research, many challenges hinder the establishment and detailed understanding of athletic injury causality as well as the development and implementation of appropriate athletic injury prevention strategies. Applied research efforts are faced with a lack of variable control, while the capacity to compensate for this lack of control through the application of randomised controlled trials is often confronted by a number of obstacles relating to ethical or practical constraints. Such difficulties have led to a large reliance upon observational research to guide applied practice in this area. However, the reliance upon observational research, in conjunction with the general absence of supporting causal inference tools and structures, has hindered both the acquisition of causal knowledge in relation to athletic injury and the development of appropriate injury prevention strategies. Indeed, much of athletic injury research functions on a (causal) model-blind observational approach primarily driven by the existence and availability of various technologies and data, with little regard for how these technologies and their associated metrics can conceptually relate to athletic injury causality and mechanisms. In this article, a potential solution to these issues is proposed and a new model for investigating athletic injury aetiology and mechanisms, and for developing and evaluating injury prevention strategies, is presented. This solution is centred on the construction and utilisation of various causal diagrams, such as frameworks, models and causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), to help guide athletic injury research and prevention efforts. This approach will alleviate many of the challenges facing athletic injury research by facilitating the investigation of specific causal links, mechanisms and assumptions with appropriate scientific methods, aiding the translation of lab-based research into the applied sporting world, and guiding causal inferences from applied research efforts by establishing appropriate supporting causal structures. Further, this approach will also help guide the development and adoption of both relevant metrics (and technologies) and injury prevention strategies, as well as encourage the construction of appropriate theoretical and conceptual foundations prior to the commencement of applied injury research studies. This will help minimise the risk of resource wastage, data fishing, p-hacking and hypothesising after the results are known (HARK-ing) in athletic injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judd T Kalkhoven
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
- Human Performance Research Centre, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Fields JB, Kuhlman NM, Jagim AR, Dulak-Sigler C, Jones MT. Analysis of Accumulated Workloads and Performance Testing Across a Collegiate Women's Lacrosse Season. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2213-2221. [PMID: 37639657 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fields, JB, Kuhlman, NM, Jagim, AR, Dulak-Sigler, C, and Jones, MT. Analysis of accumulated workloads and performance testing across a collegiate women's lacrosse season. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2213-2221, 2023-Monitoring accumulated workloads, acute:chronic workload ratios (ACWR), and training monotony (TM) are practical methods for monitoring athlete physical stress. Performance testing provides useful information about the changing nature of physical abilities. Therefore, the purpose was to examine differences in accumulated workloads based on session type, explore seasonal trends in ACWR and TM, and assess changes in performance assessments in collegiate women's lacrosse athletes. Athletes, who were identified as starters ( n = 12), wore positional monitoring technology during training sessions ( n = 61) and games ( n = 17) and completed preseason and postseason assessments of speed, agility, power (jump tests), strength, aerobic capacity, and body composition. Separate 1-way analyses of variance were used to determine differences in accumulated workloads for session type and differences in performance assessments from preseason to postseason ( p < 0.05). When compared with games, practice sessions elicited greater ( p < 0.001) accumulated total distance, player load, repeated high-intensity efforts, accelerations, change of direction, explosive efforts, high-speed efforts ( p = 0.002), and high-speed distance ( p = 0.002). Throughout the season, ACWR and TM ranged from 0.16 to 1.40 AU and 0.68-1.69 AU, respectively. The 40-yd sprint ( p < 0.001) and pro-agility ( p < 0.001) improved from preseason to postseason, whereas no changes in aerobic capacity, lower-body power, or strength were observed ( p > 0.05). The monitoring of accumulated loads, ACWR and TM, and performance tests revealed novel information about the seasonal demands of collegiate women's lacrosse. Women lacrosse players are able to improve speed and agility throughout the season, while maintaining strength, power, and endurance, with minimal reductions in fat-free mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Fields
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Nicholas M Kuhlman
- Exercise Science and Athletic Training, Springfield College, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sports Medicine Department, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, Wisconsin; and
| | - Corey Dulak-Sigler
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Patriot Performance Laboratory, Frank Pettrone Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Sport, Recreation, and Tourism Management, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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Weisman A, Lin E, Yona T, Gottlieb U, Impellizzeri FM, Masharawi Y. Healthcare providers have insufficient up-to-date knowledge of lower limb sports injuries, and their knowledge is similar to that of athletes. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2023; 65:102750. [PMID: 37003161 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2023.102750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being up-to-date with evidence-based knowledge of lower limb sports injuries is essential for Healthcare professionals (HCPs). PURPOSE To assess whether HCPs possess up-to-date knowledge of lower limb sports injuries by comparing their knowledge to that of athletes. METHODS With an expert panel, we developed an online quiz of 10 multiple-choice questions on various topics related to lower-limb sports injuries. Maximal score was 100. We used social media to invite HCPs (5 groups: Physiotherapists, Chiropractors, Medical Doctors, Trainers, and Other therapists) and athletes of all levels (amateur, semi-pro, and pro) to participate. We drafted the questions according to conclusions from the latest systematic reviews and meta-analyses. RESULTS 1526 participants completed the study. Final quiz scores ranged from zero (n = 28, 1.8%) to 100 (n = 2, 0.1%) and were distributed normally with a mean score of 45.4 ± 20.6. None of the 6 groups' means surpassed the set threshold of 60 points. Multiple linear regressions of covariates indicated that age, gender, engagement in physical activity, learning hours per week, reading scientific journals, reading popular magazines and blogs, trainers, and other therapists' groups explained 19% of the variances (-5.914<β < 15.082, 0.000<p < 0.038). CONCLUSIONS HCPs have insufficient up-to-date knowledge of lower limb sports injuries, and their knowledge is similar to that of athletes of all levels. HCPs probably do not possess the proper tools to assess scientific literature Academic and sports medicine societies should look into ways to improve the scientific knowledge integration of HCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asaf Weisman
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eshed Lin
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Tomer Yona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Uri Gottlieb
- Neuromuscular and Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Ariel University, Israel
| | - Franco M Impellizzeri
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Youssef Masharawi
- Spinal Research Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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Towner R, Larson A, Gao Y, Ransdell LB. Longitudinal monitoring of workloads in women's division I (DI) collegiate basketball across four training periods. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1108965. [PMID: 37113986 PMCID: PMC10127672 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Women's collegiate basketball is a fast-growing, dynamic sport that spans 8 or more months, with athletes competing in 30 + games in a season. The aim of this study was to quantify and profile the external load of practices and games during a Power-5 DI Women's Collegiate Basketball season. Specifically, Average PlayerLoad (PL), PlayerLoad per minute (PL*min-1), High Inertial Movement Analysis (High-IMA), and Jumps were quantified using Catapult Openfield software during four distinct training periods of the year: 8-hour preseason, 20-hour preseason, non-conference, and conference game play. Weekly variations and acute to chronic workload ratios (ACWR) were also examined. Eleven subjects participated in daily external load monitoring during practice and games via Catapult's ClearSky T6 inertial measurement units (IMU). Averages, standard deviations, and confidence intervals were calculated for training period comparisons, and Cohen's d was calculated as a measure of effect size. Findings include normative values to provide context for the demands experienced across an entire season. PL was significantly higher during non-conference play than during any of the other three training periods (p < 0.05). Descriptive data enumerate percent change and ACRW variations throughout the season. These data can be used to describe the physical demands across a season and provide physical profile guidelines for coaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Towner
- Women’s Basketball Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Abigail Larson
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, UT, United States
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
| | - Lynda B. Ransdell
- Department of Kinesiology, Boise State University, Boise, ID, United States
- Correspondence: Lynda Ransdell
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Seshadri DR, Harlow ER, Thom ML, Emery MS, Phelan DM, Hsu JJ, Düking P, De Mey K, Sheehan J, Geletka B, Flannery R, Calcei JG, Karns M, Salata MJ, Gabbett TJ, Voos JE. Wearable technology in the sports medicine clinic to guide the return-to-play and performance protocols of athletes following a COVID-19 diagnosis. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231177498. [PMID: 37434736 PMCID: PMC10331194 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231177498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has enabled the adoption of digital health platforms for self-monitoring and diagnosis. Notably, the pandemic has had profound effects on athletes and their ability to train and compete. Sporting organizations worldwide have reported a significant increase in injuries manifesting from changes in training regimens and match schedules resulting from extended quarantines. While current literature focuses on the use of wearable technology to monitor athlete workloads to guide training, there is a lack of literature suggesting how such technology can mediate the return to sport processes of athletes infected with COVID-19. This paper bridges this gap by providing recommendations to guide team physicians and athletic trainers on the utility of wearable technology for improving the well-being of athletes who may be asymptomatic, symptomatic, or tested negative but have had to quarantine due to a close exposure. We start by describing the physiologic changes that occur in athletes infected with COVID-19 with extended deconditioning from a musculoskeletal, psychological, cardiopulmonary, and thermoregulatory standpoint and review the evidence on how these athletes may safely return to play. We highlight opportunities for wearable technology to aid in the return-to-play process by offering a list of key parameters pertinent to the athlete affected by COVID-19. This paper provides the athletic community with a greater understanding of how wearable technology can be implemented in the rehabilitation process of these athletes and spurs opportunities for further innovations in wearables, digital health, and sports medicine to reduce injury burden in athletes of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R Seshadri
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ethan R Harlow
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mitchell L Thom
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael S Emery
- Sports Cardiology Center, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Dermot M Phelan
- Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Düking
- Integrative and Experimental Exercise Science, Department of Sport Science, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Benjamin Geletka
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- University Hospitals Rehabilitation Services and Sports Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Robert Flannery
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jacob G Calcei
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Karns
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Salata
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Tim J Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Australia
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - James E Voos
- University Hospitals Sports Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Return to Play in Long-Standing Adductor-Related Groin Pain: A Delphi Study Among Experts. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:11. [PMID: 35043267 PMCID: PMC8766680 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00400-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Groin pain is a very common injury in multidirectional sports such as soccer, ice hockey, rugby and Australian football. Long-standing adductor-related groin pain is a persistent clinical condition and a frequent complaint in athletes involved in sports that require multiplanar movement patterns (change of direction, high-speed sprinting and kicking). To date, the lack of rehabilitation guidelines and return-to-play criteria makes this clinical entity difficult to manage. The aim of the present Delphi was to suggest, based on opinion and practical experience of a panel of experts, potential criteria that could be taken into consideration by clinicians in the RTP decision-making process in athletes suffering from long-standing adductor-related groin pain. Methods Thirty two out of 40 experts participated to a 3-Round Delphi questionnaire. In round 1, open-ended and closed questions about 9 different sections (palpation, flexibility, strength, patient-reported outcome measures, imaging, intersegmental control, performance tests, sport-specific skills, training load) were proposed to investigate return to play evaluation criteria used by each expert. Responses were analysed and coded to produce round 2 questionnaire that investigated only the sections and the items that reached the cut-off value (≥ 70%). Round 3 questionnaire was based on sections and items that reached cut-off value in previous rounds and experts rated their agreement for return to play criteria with a 5-point Likert Scale. Descriptive statistics enabled interpretation of consensus. Results High participation rate (80%) and response rate across the 3 rounds (100%) were recorded. 6 sections reached positive consensus in round 1, 1 section reached negative consensus. In round 2 positive consensus was confirmed only for 3 sections and negative consensus for 1 section. In round 3, positive agreement was established for strength (3 items), performance tests (3 items) and sport-specific skills (2 items) sections. Negative consensus was confirmed for imaging section. Conclusion Experts agreed that strength, performance tests and sport-specific skills can be used to support RTP decision, while imaging cannot be used. These findings could be useful in assisting clinicians in the RTP decision making. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00400-z.
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Hintz C, Colón D, Honnette D, Denning N, Porras E, Willard J, Diamond A. Individualizing the Throwing Progression Following Injury in Baseball Pitchers: the Past, Present, and Future. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2022; 15:561-569. [PMID: 36301515 PMCID: PMC9789277 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-022-09799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A critical component of any rehabilitation program following injury is a graduated exposure of pathologic or vulnerable tissue to sport-specific stressors. A foundational aspect in the return to sport process following an injury in baseball athletes is the development of an interval throwing program. A shift has occurred in recent years from generic programs to individualized progressions. The current review explores the evolution of interval throwing program construction and discusses the possibilities of the future with advancements in technology and understanding. RECENT FINDINGS Early interval throwing programs relied primarily on pre-determined throwing distance and volume to estimate total training load while following a fixed throwing schedule. Currently, clinicians have begun to utilize available technology in attempts to determine training prescription and obtain more accurate estimates of stresses placed upon the body. Thus, interval throwing programs have become more individualized and flexible to account for each athlete's individual differences and biological response to training. Future development may be able to predict specific internal response to stressors and proactively adjust training load to maximize positive adaptations while minimizing any maladaptive events. As with all concepts and principles within the realm of athlete rehabilitation, clinicians must continue to adapt how they conceptualize and develop individualized interval throwing programs for the overhead throwing athlete. We will continue to see a shift away from a responsive approach to a proactive one, where clinicians can utilize modern technologies to precisely prescribe a throwing dosage based upon expected tissue response within the athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hintz
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Dennis Colón
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Danielle Honnette
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Nathan Denning
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Edwin Porras
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Justin Willard
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA
| | - Adam Diamond
- Minnesota Twins Baseball Club, One Twins Way, Minneapolis, MN, 55403, USA.
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Maupin D, Schram B, Canetti EFD, Dulla JM, Dawes JJ, Lockie RG, Orr RM. Profiling the Typical Training Load of a Law Enforcement Recruit Class. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13457. [PMID: 36294036 PMCID: PMC9603164 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Law enforcement academies, designed to prepare recruits for their prospective career, represent periods of high physical and mental stress, potentially contributing to recruits' injuries. Managing stress via monitoring training loads may mitigate injuries while ensuring adequate preparation. However, it is vital to first understand an academy's typical training load. The aim of this study was to profile the typical training load of law enforcement recruits over the course of 22 weeks. Data were prospectively collected using global positioning system (GPS) units placed on recruits during a portion of the academy training, while a desktop analysis was retrospectively applied to six other classes. A Bland-Altman plot was conducted to assess the agreement between the two methods. A linear mixed model was conducted to analyse the difference in distances covered per week, while other variables were presented graphically. Adequate agreement between the desktop analysis and GPS units was observed. Significant differences (p-value < 0.01) in distance covered (9.64 to 11.65 km) exist between weeks during early academy stages, which coincide with increases (~6 h) in physical training. Significant decreases in distances were experienced during the last five weeks of academy training. Most acute:chronic workload ratios stayed between the proposed 0.8 to 1.3 optimal range. Results from this study indicate that large increases in training occur early in the academy, potentially influencing injuries. Utilizing a desktop analysis is a pragmatic and reliable approach for instructors to measure load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Maupin
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Ben Schram
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Elisa F. D. Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Joseph M. Dulla
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - J. Jay Dawes
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
- School of Kinesiology, Oklahoma States University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Robert G. Lockie
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Robin M. Orr
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
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Jiang Z, Hao Y, Jin N, Li Y. A Systematic Review of the Relationship between Workload and Injury Risk of Professional Male Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013237. [PMID: 36293817 PMCID: PMC9602492 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of studies on the relationship between training and competition load and injury has increased exponentially in recent years, and it is also widely studied by researchers in the field of professional soccer. In order to provide practical guidance for workload management and injury prevention in professional athletes, this study provides a review of the literature on the effect of load on injury risk, injury prediction, and interpretation mechanisms. The results of the research show that: (1) It appears that short-term fixture congestion may increase the match injury incidence, while long-term fixture congestion may have no effect on both the overall injury incidence and the match injury incidence. (2) It is impossible to determine conclusively whether any global positioning system (GPS)-derived metrics (total distance, high-speed running distance, and acceleration) are associated with an increased risk of injury. (3) The acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) of the session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) may be significantly associated with the risk of non-contact injuries, but an ACWR threshold with a minimum risk of injury could not be obtained. (4) Based on the workload and fatigue recovery factors, artificial intelligence technology may possess good predictive power regarding injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Jiang
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuerong Hao
- School of Physical Education, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Naijing Jin
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Physical Department, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Correspondence:
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Nobari H, Khalili SM, Zamorano AD, Bowman TG, Granacher U. Workload is associated with the occurrence of non-contact injuries in professional male soccer players: A pilot study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:925722. [PMID: 35992483 PMCID: PMC9387591 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are caused amongst others by high training load. This cohort study describes the relationship between workload parameters and the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season. Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3 ± 3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented daily by the team's medical staff. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated. Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs. 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW (1.33 vs. 3.45, RRT) respectively, compared to low load weeks. The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The observed high OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
- Hadi Nobari ;
| | - Sara Mahmoudzadeh Khalili
- Department of Health and Sport Rehabilitation, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Thomas G. Bowman
- Department of Athletic Training, College of Health Sciences, University of Lynchburg, Lynchburg, VA, United States
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Urs Granacher
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Majumdar A, Bakirov R, Hodges D, Scott S, Rees T. Machine Learning for Understanding and Predicting Injuries in Football. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:73. [PMID: 35670925 PMCID: PMC9174408 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to better understand the relationship between training and competition load and injury in football are essential for helping to understand adaptation to training programmes, assessing fatigue and recovery, and minimising the risk of injury and illness. To this end, technological advancements have enabled the collection of multiple points of data for use in analysis and injury prediction. The full breadth of available data has, however, only recently begun to be explored using suitable statistical methods. Advances in automatic and interactive data analysis with the help of machine learning are now being used to better establish the intricacies of the player load and injury relationship. In this article, we examine this recent research, describing the analyses and algorithms used, reporting the key findings, and comparing model fit. To date, the vast array of variables used in analysis as proxy indicators of player load, alongside differences in approach to key aspects of data treatment—such as response to data imbalance, model fitting, and a lack of multi-season data—limit a systematic evaluation of findings and the drawing of a unified conclusion. If, however, the limitations of current studies can be addressed, machine learning has much to offer the field and could in future provide solutions to the training load and injury paradox through enhanced and systematic analysis of athlete data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Majumdar
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Rashid Bakirov
- Department of Computing and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Dan Hodges
- AFC Bournemouth, Vitality Stadium, Dean Court, King's Park, Bournemouth, BH7 7AF, UK.,Newcastle United Football Club, St. James' Park, Strawberry Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4ST, UK
| | - Suzanne Scott
- AFC Bournemouth, Vitality Stadium, Dean Court, King's Park, Bournemouth, BH7 7AF, UK
| | - Tim Rees
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sport Science, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Dorset House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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12
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Relationship between Variations in the Accumulated Workload and the Change of Direction Ability in Elite Young Soccer Players. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14095535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background: The main aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between training workload (WL) parameters with variations in the change of direction (COD) in under-16 soccer players. Methods: Twenty-seven under-16 elite soccer players were daily monitored for their WL across 15 weeks during the competitive soccer season. Additionally, players were assessed two times for anthropometric measures (weight, height, sitting height and leg length), COD performance (modified 505 test) and maturity offset measured using the peak height velocity (PHV). Results: A correlational analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the variation in COD performance and accumulated WL parameters. Moreover, a regression analysis was executed to explain the variations in the percentage of COD performance considering the accumulated WL parameters and PHV of the season (r = 0.93; p ≤ 0.01) and training monotony during the early-season (r = 0.53; p ≤ 0.05). There were associations between the acute workload during the start of the season and the COD during the end of the season (r = 0.47; p ≤ 0.05). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that 55% of the variation in COD performance between the early and end of season could be explained by the acute or chronic WL, training monotony or strain and the PHV. Conclusions: This information might be useful for practitioners and coaches aiming to improve the COD performance in youth soccer players during an entire competitive season.
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Montull L, Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė A, Kiely J, Hristovski R, Balagué N. Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35348932 PMCID: PMC8964908 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluc Montull
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Agne Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Nursing and Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Nordstrøm A, Bahr R, Clarsen B, Talsnes O. Association Between Preseason Fitness Level and Risk of Injury or Illness in Male Elite Ice Hockey Players: A Prospective Cohort Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221076849. [PMID: 35224120 PMCID: PMC8873563 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221076849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the association between physical fitness and the risk of injury or illness in ice hockey. The least-fit players may be more prone to injury and illness. Purpose: To examine the association between preseason fitness level and injury or illness risk among elite ice hockey players during the regular season. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 133 male ice hockey players in the GET League (the premier professional league in Norway) completed 8 different exercises (40-m sprint, countermovement jump, 3000-m run, squat, bench press, chin-ups, brutal bench, and box jump) at the annual 1-day preseason testing combine. During the 2017-2018 competitive season, the players reported all health problems (acute injuries, overuse injuries, and illnesses) weekly (31 weeks) using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire on Health Problems. Results: Overall, the players reported 191 acute injuries, 82 overuse injuries, and 132 illnesses. The least-fit tercile of players did not report more health problems (mean, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.2-3.8) compared with the most-fit (mean, 3.4; 95% CI, 2.6-4.2) or the medium-fit (mean, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.5) players. The most-fit players reported more substantial health problems (mean, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.5) compared with the medium-fit (mean, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.8 -1.8) and least-fit (mean, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.3) (P = .02) players. There was no association between low physical fitness and number of health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of the players with the rest of the cohort (P > .05); however, there was an association between low physical fitness and greater severity of all health problems when comparing the least-fit tercile of players to the rest of the cohort after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age (P = .02). Conclusion: Low physical fitness was not associated with increased rate of injury or illness but was associated with greater severity of all health problems after adjusting for time on ice per game, playing position, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anine Nordstrøm
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
| | - Roald Bahr
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ben Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Disease Burden Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ove Talsnes
- Sykehuset Innlandet HF, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Elverum, Norway
- University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit to Measure External Load: A Full-Season Study in Professional Soccer Players. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe weekly acute workload (wAW), chronic workload (wCW), acute: chronic workload ratio (wACWR), training monotony (wTM), and training strain (wTS) variations over a full season across playing positions. Twenty-one professional soccer players were daily monitored during 48 consecutive weeks. Total distance, sprint total distance (STD), high-speed running distance (HSRd), maximum speed, number of the repeated sprints, and body load (BL) were obtained during training and matches using a Wearable Inertial Measurement Unit. The wAW was determined for each external load measure. The wCW, wACWR, and wTM were calculated based on BL metric. Higher values of weekly STD were observed in lateral defenders/wingers (LDW) compared to central defenders/forwards (CDF) (p = 0.009; ES = Large) and midfielders (MDF) (p = 0.034; ES = Large). Additionally, weekly HSRd was higher in LDW vs. CDF (p = 0.016; ES = Large) and MDF (p = 0.011; ES = Large). The CDF presented a lower weekly number of repeated sprints than LDW (p = 0.021; ES = Large). In conclusion, weekly external load metrics were position-dependent over the season. Moreover, LDW a presented greater weekly STD, HSRd, and number of repeated sprints compared to other positions.
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16
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Dekkers T, O'Sullivan K, Blake C, McVeigh JG, Collins K. Epidemiology and moderators of injury in Gaelic football: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:222-229. [PMID: 34742626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the incidence, location and severity of injuries in Gaelic football and to identify potential moderators of those injuries. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A comprehensive search strategy of six electronic databases was undertaken independently by two researchers in March 2020. Studies must have prospectively investigated injuries sustained by Gaelic footballers over a minimum duration of six months. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. Studies were combined in a pooled analysis using an inverse variance method. RESULTS Twelve prospective cohort studies were eligible. The total injury incidence was 10.7 injuries/1000 h of exposure. Match incidence (55.9 injuries/1000 h) was much higher than training (4.6 injuries/1000 h). The lower limb accounted for over 70% of all injuries, with hamstring injuries ranging from 22 to 24% of all injuries. Non-contact injuries were the most common injury mechanism. Players aged >30 were at greatest risk of injury with incidence risk ratios ranging from 1.2 to 2.3. High aerobic fitness and chronic workloads were associated with reduced risk of injury in elite Gaelic footballers. CONCLUSIONS Elite Gaelic football athletes are twelve times more likely to get injured during match play compared to training. The lower limb is the most affected body region, and most injuries occur by non-contact mechanisms. Athlete age of greater than 30, poor aerobic fitness and sudden increments in training workload all increase the likelihood of injury. By understanding the incidence and nature of injuries in Gaelic football, targeted injury prevention strategies can be developed and implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dekkers
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Ireland; Evolve Health, Skibbereen, Cork, Ireland.
| | | | - Catherine Blake
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin, Ireland
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17
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Football de haut-niveau : analyses physique et physiologique – blessures et prévention. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Oliveira R, Palucci Vieira LH, Martins A, Brito JP, Nalha M, Mendes B, Clemente FM. In-Season Internal and External Workload Variations between Starters and Non-Starters-A Case Study of a Top Elite European Soccer Team. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:645. [PMID: 34201642 PMCID: PMC8306595 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Interpretation of the load variations across a period seems important to control the weekly progression or variation of the load, or to identify in-micro- and mesocycle variations. Thus, the aims of this study were twofold: (a) to describe the in-season variations of training monotony, training strain and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) through session ratings of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance and high-speed running (HSR); and (b) to compare those variations between starters and non-starters. Materials and Methods: Seventeen professional players from a European First League team participated in this study. They were divided in two groups: starters (n = 9) and non-starters (n = 8). The players were monitored daily over a 41-week period of competition where 52 matches occurred during the 2015-2016 in-season. Through the collection of s-RPE, total distance and HSR, training monotony, training strain and ACWR were calculated for each measure, respectively. Data were analyzed across ten mesocycles (M: 1 to 10). Repeated measures ANOVA was used with the Bonferroni post hoc test to compare M and player status. Results: The results revealed no differences between starters vs. non-starters (p > 0.05). M6 had a greater number of matches and displayed higher values for monotony (s-RPE, total distance and HSR), strain (only for total distance) and ACWR (s-RPE, TD and HSR). However, the variation patterns for all indexes displayed some differences. Conclusions: The values of both starters and non-starters showed small differences, thus suggesting that the adjustments of training workloads that had been applied over the season helped to reduce differences according to the player status. Even so, there were some variations over the season (microcycles and mesocycles) for the whole team. This study could be used as a reference for future coaches, staff and scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luiz H. Palucci Vieira
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, MOVI-LAB Human Movement Research Laboratory, Physical Education Department, School of Sciences, UNESP São Paulo State University, 17033-360 Bauru, Brazil;
| | - Alexandre Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Brito
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Quinta de Prados, Edifício Ciências de Desporto, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Matilde Nalha
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior–Polytechnic, Institute of Santarém, 2140-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (A.M.); (J.P.B.); (M.N.)
| | - Bruno Mendes
- Falculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisboa, 1649-002 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal;
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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19
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Dalen-Lorentsen T, Ranvik A, Bjørneboe J, Clarsen B, Andersen TE. Facilitators and barriers for implementation of a load management intervention in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001046. [PMID: 34249374 PMCID: PMC8220530 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a recent randomised controlled trial, we found that a commonly used training load management approach was not effective in preventing injuries and illnesses in Norwegian elite youth footballers. Aim To investigate players’ and coaches’ barriers and facilitators to a load management approach to prevent injuries and illnesses and their attitudes and beliefs of load management and injuries and illnesses in general. Methods We asked players and coaches about their views on injury risk in football, the benefits and limitations of load management in general and implementation of load management in football. The questionnaires used were based on similar studies using the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance framework. Results We recorded answers from 250 players and 17 coaches. Most players (88%) reported that scientific evidence showing improved performance from the intervention measures is a key facilitator to completing the intervention. Similarly, coaches reported that the most important facilitator was scientific evidence that the preventive measures were effective (100%). Players reported that the coach’s attitude to preventive measures was important (86%), and similarly, 88% of coaches reported that the player’s attitude was important. Conclusions By having a mutual positive attitude towards the intervention, players and coaches can positively contribute to each other’s motivation and compliance. Both players and coaches reported scientific evidence for load management having injury-preventive and performance-enhancing effect and being time efficient as important facilitators. Trial registration number Trial registration number
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Affiliation(s)
- Torstein Dalen-Lorentsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Ranvik
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Bjørneboe
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benjamin Clarsen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thor Einar Andersen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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20
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Pollen TR, Ebaugh D, Warren M, Milner CE, Taylor JA, Silfies SP. The Relationship Between Workload and Non-Contact Musculoskeletal Injury in College Swimmers: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Athl Train 2021; 57:470-477. [PMID: 35696600 PMCID: PMC9205558 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0135.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Swimmers are known for high training loads and overuse injuries, but few studies have investigated the relationship between the two at the college level. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between workload and non-contact musculoskeletal injury in college swimmers. We hypothesized (1) higher overall workload (kilometers swum throughout the season) would be associated with increased odds of injury and (2) the ratio of the current week's (acute) workload divided by the current month's (chronic) workload (i.e., the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR)) would be more strongly associated with odds of injury than acute or chronic workloads alone. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING College natatorium. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Thirty-seven Division III college swimmers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Logistic regression using generalized estimating equations was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for injury relative to high workloads and high ACWRs. Injury rates for several ranges of workloads and ACWRs were also calculated. RESULTS Eleven participants (29.7%) sustained 12 injuries, with seven injuries occurring during the participants' winter training trip. Injury was associated with high acute workloads (OR = 27.1 [95% CI = 8.2, 89.8]) and high ACWRs (OR = 25.1 [95% CI = 7.7, 81.4]) but not high chronic workloads (OR = 2.6 [95% CI = 0.3, 20.0]) or overall workloads (OR = 1.00 [95% CI = 0.99, 1.01]). High acute workloads (>37.2 km/week) and high ACWRs (>1.56) increased injury rate from ≤1% to 15% and 14%, respectively, compared to all lower acute workloads and ACWRs. CONCLUSIONS College swimmers can tolerate high workloads spread out over the season. However, caution should be used when prescribing high acute workloads and high ACWRs (e.g., winter training trip) due to increased odds of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis R Pollen
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, , @trpollen (Twitter)
| | - David Ebaugh
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA,
| | - Meghan Warren
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA,
| | - Clare E Milner
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, , @ClareEMilner (Twitter)
| | - Jennifer A Taylor
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,
| | - Sheri P Silfies
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC,
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21
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Afonso J, Nakamura FY, Canário-Lemos R, Peixoto R, Fernandes C, Mota T, Ferreira M, Silva R, Teixeira A, Clemente FM. A Novel Approach to Training Monotony and Acute-Chronic Workload Index: A Comparative Study in Soccer. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:661200. [PMID: 34136806 PMCID: PMC8200417 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.661200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Load is a multifactorial construct, but usually reduced to parameters of volume and intensity. In the last decades, other constructs have been proposed for assessing load, but also relying on relationships between volume and intensity. For example, Foster's Training Monotony has been used in athletes' load management simply by computing mean weekly load divided by its standard deviation, often multiplied by session rate of perceived exertion. Meanwhile, the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR) has been debated by the sport scientists as a useful monitoring metric and related to so-called injury prevention. None of these models includes parameters that are representative of training specificity, namely load orientation. The aim of this study is to present broader conceptual approaches translated by new indices for assessing Intraweek Training Monotony (ITM) and Acute to Chronic Workload Index (ACWI) while incorporating load orientation, session duration and weekly density (frequency normalized) in addition to parameters related to proxies of external and/or internal load. Our ITM and Foster's Training Monotony were similar in terms of average values, but very different for individualized analysis, illustrating how average values may be deceiving. While Foster's model provided clusters of values, ITM provided more scattered, individualized data. ACWI and ACWR provided very distinct qualitative information, and the two models were uncorrelated. Therefore, the models incorporating training load orientation presented in this study provide distinct and not redundant information when compared to previous models. More importantly, ITM and ACWI are metrics that are compatible to each other and might fit to coaches' monitoring targets in the short and medium terms, respectively. Because our models include several parameters, including load orientation, we contend that might provide a more complete monitoring tool. However, we suggest they are used for intraindividual comparisons and not so strongly for interindividual comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.,Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Universidade de Pernambuco/Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Rui Canário-Lemos
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise, and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rafael Peixoto
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise, and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Research Group in Strength Training and Fitness Activities, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cátia Fernandes
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise, and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tomás Mota
- Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, Independent Researcher, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rafaela Silva
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armando Teixeira
- Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Covilhã, Portugal
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22
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Zouhal H, Boullosa D, Ramirez-Campillo R, Ali A, Granacher U. Editorial: Acute: Chronic Workload Ratio: Is There Scientific Evidence? Front Physiol 2021; 12:669687. [PMID: 34025457 PMCID: PMC8138569 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.669687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Zouhal
- University of Rennes, Department of Sport Sciences. M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) - EA 1274, Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ajmol Ali
- School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Seshadri DR, Thom ML, Harlow ER, Gabbett TJ, Geletka BJ, Hsu JJ, Drummond CK, Phelan DM, Voos JE. Wearable Technology and Analytics as a Complementary Toolkit to Optimize Workload and to Reduce Injury Burden. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 2:630576. [PMID: 33554111 PMCID: PMC7859639 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.630576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable sensors enable the real-time and non-invasive monitoring of biomechanical, physiological, or biochemical parameters pertinent to the performance of athletes. Sports medicine researchers compile datasets involving a multitude of parameters that can often be time consuming to analyze in order to create value in an expeditious and accurate manner. Machine learning and artificial intelligence models may aid in the clinical decision-making process for sports scientists, team physicians, and athletic trainers in translating the data acquired from wearable sensors to accurately and efficiently make decisions regarding the health, safety, and performance of athletes. This narrative review discusses the application of commercial sensors utilized by sports teams today and the emergence of descriptive analytics to monitor the internal and external workload, hydration status, sleep, cardiovascular health, and return-to-sport status of athletes. This review is written for those who are interested in the application of wearable sensor data and data science to enhance performance and reduce injury burden in athletes of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv R. Seshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Mitchell L. Thom
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ethan R. Harlow
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Geletka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Hsu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Colin K. Drummond
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dermot M. Phelan
- Sports Cardiology, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Program, Sanger Heart and Vascular Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, United States
| | - James E. Voos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Sports Medicine Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Abstract
Causal pathways between training loads and the mechanisms of tissue damage and athletic injury are poorly understood. Here, the relation between specific training load measures and metrics, and causal pathways of gradual onset and traumatic injury are examined. Currently, a wide variety of internal and external training load measures and metrics exist, with many of these being commonly utilized to evaluate injury risk. These measures and metrics can conceptually be related to athletic injury through the mechanical load-response pathway, the psycho-physiological load-response pathway, or both. However, the contributions of these pathways to injury vary. Importantly, tissue fatigue damage and trauma through the mechanical load-response pathway is poorly understood. Furthermore, considerable challenges in quantifying this pathway exist within applied settings, evidenced by a notable absence of validation between current training load measures and tissue-level mechanical loads. Within this context, the accurate quantification of mechanical loads holds considerable importance for the estimation of tissue damage and the development of more thorough understandings of injury risk. Despite internal load measures of psycho-physiological load speculatively being conceptually linked to athletic injury through training intensity and the effects of psycho-physiological fatigue, these measures are likely too far removed from injury causation to provide meaningful, reliable relationships with injury. Finally, we used a common training load metric as a case study to show how the absence of a sound conceptual rationale and spurious links to causal mechanisms can disclose the weaknesses of candidate measures as tools for altering the likelihood of injuries, aiding the future development of more refined injury risk assessment methods.
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Suarez-Arrones L, De Alba B, Röll M, Torreno I, Strütt S, Freyler K, Ritzmann R. Player Monitoring in Professional Soccer: Spikes in Acute:Chronic Workload Are Dissociated From Injury Occurrence. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:75. [PMID: 33345066 PMCID: PMC7739681 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether spikes in acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) are associated with injury incidence, and to examine the differences in external load due to greater or lesser exposure to matches and the long-term effects of the load during a chronic seasonal period. Fifteen professional soccer players belonging to the squad of a European Champions League club were enrolled in this study. External training and match load were assessed from all athletes using a global positioning system (GPS). We calculated the uncoupled ACWR for 10 consecutive competitive microcycles. Injuries were identified and determined by the days of absence. The differences in external load were determined using a linear mixed-model approach. In addition to the null hypothesis testing, the effect size was calculated. Thirteen athletes who did not suffer an injury exceeded several times the critical threshold of an ACWR > 1.5. This is equivalent to 1 player exceeding the critical threshold for ACWR in total distance (TD), 2 players for ACWR at distance covered above moderate speed (MSD), 2 players for ACWR at distance covered above high speed (HSD), 2 players for ACWR at distance covered above very high speed (VHSD), and 2 players for ACWR in DC at sprint per week. One athlete experienced a non-contact muscle strain injury and another a contact -injury manifested as a concussion; both athletes document an ACWR <1.5 within the 4 weeks prior to the injury event. Players with lesser participation in official games covered lower TD (-19.6%, very-large ES), MSD (-24.8%, very-large ES), HSD (-25.1%, moderate ES), VHSD (-25.5%, moderate ES), and DC at sprint (-30.6%, moderate ES) over the course of the 10-weeks period in comparison with the players with greater participation in official games. The present study demonstrated that spikes in the ACWR were not related to a subsequent injury occurrence in professional soccer players. Differences in participation in official games caused significant imbalances in the chronic external loads between players in a squad, which should be minimized in training sessions in order to prevent substantial changes in workload for those who usually do not play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Section of Physical Education and Sports, Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- FC Basel 1893, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mareike Röll
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Kathrin Freyler
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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