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Rodriguez‐Perez M, Kennedy M, Barker ED, Kreppner J, Solerdelcoll M, Sonuga‐Barke EJ. The adult outcome of childhood quasi-autism arising following extreme institutional deprivation. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1292-1302. [PMID: 36782398 PMCID: PMC10476691 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rutter and colleagues' seminal observation that extended early life exposure to extreme institutional deprivation can result in what he termed quasi-autism (QA), informed both our understanding of the effects of adversity on development and the nature of autism. Here we provide the first detailed analysis of the adult outcomes of the group of institutionally deprived-then-adopted children identified as displaying QA. METHODS Twenty-six adult adoptees identified with QA in childhood (Childhood QA+) were compared to 75 adoptees who experienced extended institutional deprivation (>6 months) but no QA (Childhood QA-), and 116 adoptees exposed to Low/No institutional deprivation. The outcomes were child-to-adult developmental trajectories of neuro-developmental symptoms (autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), disinhibited social engagement (DSE) and cognitive impairment), adult functioning, life satisfaction and mental health. RESULTS Childhood QA+ was associated with elevated and persistent trajectories of broad-based autism-related difficulties, ADHD and DSE symptoms and low IQ, as well as adult mental health difficulties and functional impairment, including high rates of low educational attainment and unemployment. Life satisfaction and self-esteem were unaffected. Autism-related communication problems, in particular, predicted negative adult outcomes. Childhood QA+ was still associated with poor outcomes even when ADHD, DSE and IQ were controlled. CONCLUSIONS Early and time-limited institutional deprivation has a critical impact on adult functioning, in part via its association with an early established and persistent variant of autism, especially related to communication difficulties. Apparent similarities and differences to non-deprivation related autism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rodriguez‐Perez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark Kennedy
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Edward D. Barker
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jana Kreppner
- Centre for Innovation in Mental Health, School of PsychologyUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Mireia Solerdelcoll
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of MedicineUniversity of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Edmund J.S. Sonuga‐Barke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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Fu C, Ngo J, Zhang S, Lu L, Miron A, Schafer S, Gage FH, Jin F, Schumacher FR, Wynshaw-Boris A. Novel correlative analysis identifies multiple genomic variations impacting ASD with macrocephaly. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1589-1606. [PMID: 36519762 PMCID: PMC10162433 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display both phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, impeding the understanding of ASD and development of effective means of diagnosis and potential treatments. Genes affected by genomic variations for ASD converge in dozens of gene ontologies (GOs), but the relationship between the variations at the GO level have not been well elucidated. In the current study, multiple types of genomic variations were mapped to GOs and correlations among GOs were measured in ASD and control samples. Several ASD-unique GO correlations were found, suggesting the importance of co-occurrence of genomic variations in genes from different functional categories in ASD etiology. Combined with experimental data, several variations related to WNT signaling, neuron development, synapse morphology/function and organ morphogenesis were found to be important for ASD with macrocephaly, and novel co-occurrence patterns of them in ASD patients were found. Furthermore, we applied this gene ontology correlation analysis method to find genomic variations that contribute to ASD etiology in combination with changes in gene expression and transcription factor binding, providing novel insights into ASD with macrocephaly and a new methodology for the analysis of genomic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Justine Ngo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Leina Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alexander Miron
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Simon Schafer
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fulai Jin
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Wynshaw-Boris
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Science, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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SHANK3 genetic polymorphism and susceptibility to ASD: evidence from molecular, in silico, and meta-analysis approaches. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8449-8460. [PMID: 35819558 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SHANK3 gene encodes a master synaptic scaffolding protein at the excitatory synapse's postsynaptic density, which is predominantly responsible for constructing a synapse, maintaining synaptic structure, and functions. Recently, evidence from rare mutations and copy number variation provided an important clue about SHANK3 which acts as a strong candidate gene in the pathogenesis of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate potential allelic variants for the SHANK3 (rs9616915) gene as a genetic risk factor, we performed PCR-RFLP analysis and Sanger sequencing for 90 ASD and 90 healthy subjects. Moreover, to understand the functional and structural impacts of our selected non-synonymous SHANK3 SNP rs9616915, we have performed an in silico analysis. Subsequently, a meta-analysis of rs9616915 with a total of 6 eligible studies (including the present study) containing a total of 795 cases and 12,947 controls was obtained from a comprehensive online database search to evaluate the overall association with ASD. RESULTS Our retrieved data, such as Pearson's chi-square test (p = 0.081) as well as logistic regression analysis of co-dominant (p = 0.1131), dominant (p = 0.3656) and recessive models (p = 0.0569) speculated no significant association between rs9616915 and our studied sample. Interestingly, by in silico analysis, we have observed two hydrogen bonds between amino acids instead of one hydrogen bond in the protein structure of rs9616915, which indicates this mutant structure could affect the proteins' stability. The findings of the meta-analysis revealed that four genetic association models were associated with ASD susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested that targeted SHANK3 SNP of interest rs9616915 might not be associated with ASD in the southern part of the Bangladeshi population.
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Xie X, Li L, Wu H, Hou F, Chen Y, Xue Q, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Gong J, Song R. Comprehensive Integrative Analyses Identify TIGD5 rs75547282 as a Risk Variant for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2021; 14:631-644. [PMID: 33393181 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although recent genome-wide association studies have identified risk loci that strongly associates with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), how to pinpoint the causal genes remains a challenge. We aimed to pinpoint the potential causal genes and explore the possible susceptibility and mechanism. A convergent functional genomics (CFG) method was used to prioritize the candidate genes by combining lines of evidence, including Sherlock analysis, spatio-temporal expression patterns, expression analysis, protein-protein interactions, co-expression and association with brain structure. A higher score in the CFG approach suggested that more evidence supported this gene as an ASD risk gene. We screened genes with higher CFG scores for candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). A genotyping experiment (602 ASD children and 604 healthy sex-matched children) and the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay were followed to validate the effects of SNPs. We identified three genes (MAPT, ZNF285, and TIGD5) as candidate causal genes using the CFG approach. The genotyping experiment showed that TIGD5 rs75547282 was associated with an increased risk of ASD under the dominant model (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.09-1.72, P = 0.006) though the statistical power was limited (5.2%). The T allele of rs75547282 activated the expression of TIGD5 compared with the C allele in the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our study indicates that such comprehensive integrative analyses may be an effective way to explore promising ASD susceptibility variants and needs to be further investigated in future research. Genotyping experiments should, however, be based on a larger population sample to increase statistical power. LAY SUMMARY: We set out to pinpoint the potential causal genes of ASD and explore the possible susceptibility and mechanism by combining lines of evidence from different analyses. Our results show that TIGD5 rs75547282 is associated with the risk of ASD in the Han Chinese population. In addition, a similar framework to seek promising ASD risk variants could be further investigated in future research Autism Res 2021, 14: 631-644. © 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Xie
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Hou
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Xue
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jianhua Gong
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ranran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Identification of key genes and convergent pathways disrupted in autism spectrum disorder via comprehensive bioinformatic analysis. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2021.100589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Determination of genetic changes in etiology of autism spectrum disorder in twins by whole-exome sequencing. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Underwood JFG, Kendall KM, Berrett J, Lewis C, Anney R, van den Bree MBM, Hall J. Autism spectrum disorder diagnosis in adults: phenotype and genotype findings from a clinically derived cohort. Br J Psychiatry 2019; 215:647-653. [PMID: 30806336 PMCID: PMC6949119 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2019.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The past decade has seen the development of services for adults presenting with symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the UK. Compared with children, little is known about the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of these patients. AIMS This e-cohort study aimed to examine the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of a clinically presenting sample of adults diagnosed with ASD by specialist services. METHOD Individuals diagnosed with ASD as adults were recruited by the National Centre for Mental Health and completed self-report questionnaires, interviews and provided DNA; 105 eligible individuals were matched to 76 healthy controls. We investigated demographics, social history and comorbid psychiatric and physical disorders. Samples were genotyped, copy number variants (CNVs) were called and polygenic risk scores were calculated. RESULTS Of individuals with ASD, 89.5% had at least one comorbid psychiatric diagnosis, with depression (62.9%) and anxiety (55.2%) being the most common. The ASD group experienced more neurological comorbidities than controls, particularly migraine headache. They were less likely to have married or be in work, and had more alcohol-related problems. There was a significantly higher load of autism common genetic variants in the adult ASD group compared with controls, but there was no difference in the rate of rare CNVs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important information about psychiatric comorbidity in adult ASD, which may inform clinical practice and patient counselling. It also suggests that the polygenic load of common ASD-associated variants may be important in conferring risk within the non-intellectually disabled population of adults with ASD. DECLARATION OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack F. G. Underwood
- Clinical Research Fellow, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Kimberley M. Kendall
- Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Fellow, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jennifer Berrett
- Trainee Clinical Psychologist, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Catrin Lewis
- Research Associate, National Centre for Mental Health, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Richard Anney
- Senior Lecturer (Bioinformatics), MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Marianne B. M. van den Bree
- Professor of Psychological Medicine, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- Director and Research Theme Lead, Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, UK
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Alonso-Gonzalez A, Calaza M, Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Carracedo A. Novel Gene-Based Analysis of ASD GWAS: Insight Into the Biological Role of Associated Genes. Front Genet 2019; 10:733. [PMID: 31447886 PMCID: PMC6696953 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by its significant social impact and high heritability. The latest meta-analysis of ASD GWAS (genome-wide association studies) has revealed the association of several SNPs that were replicated in additional sets of independent samples. However, summary statistics from GWAS can be used to perform a gene-based analysis (GBA). GBA allows to combine all genetic information across the gene to create a single statistic (p-value for each gene). Thus, PASCAL (Pathway scoring algorithm), a novel GBA tool, has been applied to the summary statistics from the latest meta-analysis of ASD. GBA approach (testing the gene as a unit) provides an advantage to perform an accurate insight into the biological ASD mechanisms. Therefore, a gene-network analysis and an enrichment analysis for KEGG and GO terms were carried out. GENE2FUNC was used to create gene expression heatmaps and to carry out differential expression analysis (DEA) across GTEx v7 tissues and Brainspan data. dbMDEGA was employed to perform a DEG analysis between ASD and brain control samples for the associated genes and interactors. Results: PASCAL has identified the following loci associated with ASD: XRN2, NKX2-4, PLK1S1, KCNN2, NKX2-2, CRHR1-IT1, C8orf74 and LOC644172. While some of these genes were previously reported by MAGMA (XRN2, PLK1S1, and KCNN2), PASCAL has been useful to highlight additional genes. The biological characterization of the ASD-associated genes and their interactors have demonstrated the association of several GO and KEGG terms. Moreover, DEA analysis has revealed several up- and down-regulated clusters. In addition, many of the ASD-associated genes and their interactors have shown association with ASD expression datasets. Conclusions: This study identifies several associations at a gene level in ASD. Most of them were previously reported by MAGMA. This fact proves that PASCAL is an efficient GBA tool to extract additional information from previous GWAS. In addition, this study has characterized for the first time the biological role of the ASD-associated genes across brain regions, neurodevelopmental stages, and ASD gene-expression datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitana Alonso-Gonzalez
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Calaza
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodriguez-Fontenla
- Grupo de Medicina Genómica, CIBERER, CIMUS (Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Carracedo
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (FIDIS), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Grupo de Medicina Genómica, CIBERER, CIMUS (Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Alterations in the MicroRNA of the Blood of Autism Spectrum Disorder Patients: Effects on Epigenetic Regulation and Potential Biomarkers. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8080075. [PMID: 30111726 PMCID: PMC6115946 DOI: 10.3390/bs8080075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a group of heterogeneous brain-based neurodevelopmental disorders with different levels of symptom severity. Given the challenges, the clinical diagnosis of ASD is based on information gained from interviews with patients’ parents. The heterogeneous pathogenesis of this disorder appears to be driven by genetic and environmental interactions, which also plays a vital role in predisposing individuals to ASD with different commitment levels. In recent years, it has been proposed that epigenetic modifications directly contribute to the pathogenesis of several neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD. The microRNAs (miRNAs) comprises a species of short noncoding RNA that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally and have an essential functional role in the brain, particularly in neuronal plasticity and neuronal development, and could be involved in ASD pathophysiology. The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of blood miRNA in correlation with clinical findings in patients with ASD, and to find possible biomarkers for the disorder. Results: From a total of 26 miRNA studied, seven were significantly altered in ASD patients, when compared to the control group: miR34c-5p, miR92a-2-5p, miR-145-5p and miR199a-5p were up-regulated and miR27a-3p, miR19-b-1-5p and miR193a-5p were down-regulated in ASD patients. Discussion: The main targets of these miRNAs are involved in immunological developmental, immune response and protein synthesis at transcriptional and translational levels. The up-regulation of both miR-199a-5p and miR92a-2a and down-regulation of miR-193a and miR-27a was observed in AD patients, and may in turn affect the SIRT1, HDAC2, and PI3K/Akt-TSC:mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, MeCP2 is a target of miR-199a-5p, and is involved in Rett Syndrome (RTT), which possibly explains the autistic phenotype in male patients with this syndrome.
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Ocakoğlu FT, Köse S, Özbaran B, Onay H. The oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism -rs237902- is associated with the severity of autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Asian J Psychiatr 2018; 31:142-149. [PMID: 29428512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies showed the association of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene. We aimed to explore the OXTR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the ASD severity categories based on DSM-5. METHOD The whole encoding regions of the human OXTR gene were sequenced to identify the SNPs in 100 Turkish children with ASD. Genotypes of detected SNPs were also compared with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) scores. RESULTS Disease severity of the patients carrying GA and AA genotypes (GA/AA) of rs237902 were found more severe compared to those carrying GG genotype (χ2 = 6.456, df = 2, p = .040). This finding was more powerful in boys (χ2 = 9.288, df = 2, p = .010). Similarly, GA/AA genotypes of rs237902 were found associated with higher CARS scores in boys (U = 650.5, r = 0.24, p = .021). CONCLUSION Significant relationship between the ASD severity categories of DSM-5 and rs237902 was shown for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fevzi Tuna Ocakoğlu
- Batman District State Hospital, Child Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, MA: 72070, Batman, Turkey.
| | - Sezen Köse
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Özbaran
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Hüseyin Onay
- Department of Medical Genetic, Ege University School of Medicine, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
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Hamedani SY, Gharesouran J, Noroozi R, Sayad A, Omrani MD, Mir A, Afjeh SSA, Toghi M, Manoochehrabadi S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M. Ras-like without CAAX 2 (RIT2): a susceptibility gene for autism spectrum disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:751-755. [PMID: 28190241 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-9969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ras-like without CAAX2 (RIT2) which encodes a GTP-binding protein has recently been reported as a new susceptibility gene for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in a genome-wide association study. Since the gene is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of different neurological diseases, we investigated the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) rs16976358 and rs4130047 of this gene with ASD in Iranian patients. A total of 1004 individuals, comprising 532 ASD cases and 472 healthy subjects participated in this study. Allele frequency analyses showed significant over-presentation of rs16976358-C allele in cases versus controls (P < 0.0001). In addition, rs16976358 CC genotype (OR (95% CI) =3.57(1.72-7.69) and P < 0.0001) and rs4130047 CC genotype (OR (95% CI) =0.64(0.43-0.97) and P = 0.035) were associated with ASD in recessive inheritance model. Besides, haplotype analysis demonstrated an association between the C/T haplotype block (rs16976358/rs4130047) and ASD (OR (95%CI) = 0.44 (0.31-0.62), P < 0.0001). Altogether, our findings provided additional confirmation for the RIT2 gene participation in ASD risk and suggested the rs16976358 variant as a possible genetic risk factor for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jalal Gharesouran
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Arezou Sayad
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Mir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sistan and Balouchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Sarah Sadat Aghabozrg Afjeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mehdi Toghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Saba Manoochehrabadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 8th Floor, SBUMS Bldg., Next to Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital, Evin, Tehran, 198396-3113, Iran.
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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An interspecies heart-to-heart: Using Xenopus to uncover the genetic basis of congenital heart disease. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2017; 5:187-196. [PMID: 29082114 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-017-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the enormous impact congenital heart disease has on child health, it is imperative that we improve our understanding of the disease mechanisms that underlie patient phenotypes and clinical outcomes. This review will outline the merits of using the frog model, Xenopus, as a tool to study human cardiac development and left-right patterning mechanisms associated with congenital heart disease. RECENT FINDINGS Patient-driven gene discovery continues to provide new insight into the mechanisms of congenital heart disease, and by extension, patient phenotypes and outcomes. By identifying gene variants in CHD patients, studies in Xenopus have elucidated the molecular mechanisms of how these candidate genes affect cardiac development, both cardiogenesis as well as left-right patterning, which can have a major impact on cardiac morphogenesis. Xenopus has also proved to be a useful screening tool for the biological relevance of identified patient-mutations, and ongoing investigations continue to illuminate disease mechanisms. SUMMARY Analyses in model organisms can help to elucidate the disease mechanisms underlying CHD patient phenotypes. Using Xenopus to disentangle the genotype-phenotype relationships of well-known and novel disease genes could enhance the ability of physicians to efficaciously treat patients and predict clinical outcomes, ultimately improving quality of life and survival rates of patients born with congenital heart disease.
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Polygenic risk for five psychiatric disorders and cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity in two independent populations. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 14:441-449. [PMID: 28275544 PMCID: PMC5328751 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism (AUT), bipolar disorder (BD), major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia (SZ), are highly heritable and polygenic. Evidence suggests that these five disorders have both shared and distinct genetic risks and neural connectivity abnormalities. To measure aggregate genetic risks, the polygenic risk score (PGRS) was computed. Two independent general populations (N = 360 and N = 323) were separately examined to investigate whether the cross-disorder PGRS and PGRS for a specific disorder were associated with individual variability in functional connectivity. Consistent altered functional connectivity was found with the bilateral insula: for the left supplementary motor area and the left superior temporal gyrus with the cross-disorder PGRS, for the left insula and right middle and superior temporal lobe associated with the PGRS for autism, for the bilateral midbrain, posterior cingulate, cuneus, and precuneus associated with the PGRS for BD, and for the left angular gyrus and the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex associated with the PGRS for schizophrenia. No significant functional connectivity was found associated with the PGRS for ADHD and MDD. Our findings indicated that genetic effects on the cross-disorder and disorder-specific neural connectivity of common genetic risk loci are detectable in the general population. Our findings also indicated that polygenic risk contributes to the main neurobiological phenotypes of psychiatric disorders and that identifying cross-disorder and specific functional connectivity related to polygenic risks may elucidate the neural pathways for these disorders. Altered cross-disorder functional connectivity related to PGRSs is detected. Altered disorder-specific functional connectivity related to PGRSs is detected. Altered functional connectivity related to PGRSs is involved in brain networks. Polygenic risk contributes to neurobiological phenotypes of psychiatric disorders.
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Sivanesan S, Tan A, Jeyaraj R, Lam J, Gole M, Hardan A, Ashkan K, Rajadas J. Pharmaceuticals and Stem Cells in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Wishful Thinking? World Neurosurg 2017; 98:659-672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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