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Bege M, Singh V, Sharma N, Debreczeni N, Bereczki I, Poonam, Herczegh P, Rathi B, Singh S, Borbás A. In vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial evaluation of sugar-modified nucleoside analogues. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12228. [PMID: 37507429 PMCID: PMC10382589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) infections are a major burden on the population and the healthcare system. The establishment of Pf resistance to most existing antimalarial therapies has complicated the problem, and the emergence of resistance to artemisinin derivatives is even more concerning. It is increasingly difficult to cure malaria patients due to the limited availability of effective antimalarial drugs, resulting in an urgent need for more efficacious and affordable treatments to eradicate this disease. Herein, new nucleoside analogues including morpholino-nucleoside hybrids and thio-substituted nucleoside derivatives were prepared and evaluated for in vitro and in vivo antiparasitic activity that led a few hits especially nucleoside-thiopyranoside conjugates, which are highly effective against Pf3D7 and PfRKL-9 strains in submicromolar concentration. One adenosine derivative and four pyrimidine nucleoside analogues significantly reduced the parasite burden in mouse models infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA. Importantly, no significant hemolysis and cytotoxicity towards human cell line (RAW) was observed for the hits, suggesting their safety profile. Preliminary research suggested that these thiosugar-nucleoside conjugates could be used to accelerate the antimalarial drug development pipeline and thus deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Bege
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Institute of Healthcare Industry, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei Körút 98, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Molecular Recognition and Interaction Research Group, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Neha Sharma
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nóra Debreczeni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ilona Bereczki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary
| | - Poonam
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence (IoE), University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Pál Herczegh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Brijesh Rathi
- Laboratory for Translational Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Hansraj College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
- Delhi School of Public Health, Institution of Eminence (IoE), University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
- National Laboratory of Virology, University of Pécs, Ifjúság Útja 20, Pécs, 7624, Hungary.
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An In Silico Analysis of Malaria Pre-Erythrocytic-Stage Antigens Interpreting Worldwide Genetic Data to Suggest Vaccine Candidate Variants and Epitopes. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061090. [PMID: 35744609 PMCID: PMC9231253 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to account for genetic diversity of antigens during vaccine design may lead to vaccine escape. To evaluate the vaccine escape potential of antigens used in vaccines currently in development or clinical testing, we surveyed the genetic diversity, measured population differentiation, and performed in silico prediction and analysis of T-cell epitopes of ten such Plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocytic-stage antigens using whole-genome sequence data from 1010 field isolates. Of these, 699 were collected in Africa (Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Guinea, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, and Tanzania), 69 in South America (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, and Peru), 59 in Oceania (Papua New Guinea), and 183 in Asia (Cambodia, Myanmar, and Thailand). Antigens surveyed include cell-traversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites, circumsporozoite protein, liver-stage antigens 1 and 3, sporozoite surface proteins P36 and P52, sporozoite asparagine-rich protein-1, sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell traversal-2, and upregulated-in-infectious-sporozoite 3 and 4 proteins. The analyses showed that a limited number of these protein variants, when combined, would be representative of worldwide parasite populations. Moreover, predicted T-cell epitopes were identified that could be further explored for immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Findings can inform the rational design of a multivalent malaria vaccine.
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Cha SJ, Kim MS, Na CH, Jacobs-Lorena M. Plasmodium sporozoite phospholipid scramblase interacts with mammalian carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 to infect hepatocytes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6773. [PMID: 34799567 PMCID: PMC8604956 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27109-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After inoculation by the bite of an infected mosquito, Plasmodium sporozoites enter the blood stream and infect the liver, where each infected cell produces thousands of merozoites. These in turn, infect red blood cells and cause malaria symptoms. To initiate a productive infection, sporozoites must exit the circulation by traversing the blood lining of the liver vessels after which they infect hepatocytes with unique specificity. We screened a phage display library for peptides that structurally mimic (mimotope) a sporozoite ligand for hepatocyte recognition. We identified HP1 (hepatocyte-binding peptide 1) that mimics a ~50 kDa sporozoite ligand (identified as phospholipid scramblase). Further, we show that HP1 interacts with a ~160 kDa hepatocyte membrane putative receptor (identified as carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1). Importantly, immunization of mice with the HP1 peptide partially protects them from infection by the rodent parasite P. berghei. Moreover, an antibody to the HP1 mimotope inhibits human parasite P. falciparum infection of human hepatocytes in culture. The sporozoite ligand for hepatocyte invasion is a potential novel pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate. After transmission of Plasmodium sporozoites from infected mosquitoes, parasites first infect hepatocytes. Here, Cha et al. identify a sporozoite ligand (phospholipid scramblase) and the hepatocytic receptor (carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1) as relevant for hepatocyte invasion and show that an antibody to hepatocyte-binding peptide 1 (HP1), which structurally mimics the sporozoite ligand, partially protects mice from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Cha
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, 615N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hyun Na
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and Malaria Research Institute, 615N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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4
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Pirahmadi S, Afzali S, Zargar M, Zakeri S, Mehrizi AA. How can we develop an effective subunit vaccine to achieve successful malaria eradication? Microb Pathog 2021; 160:105203. [PMID: 34547408 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, a mosquito-borne infection, is the most widespread parasitic disease. Despite numerous efforts to eradicate malaria, this disease is still a health concern worldwide. Owing to insecticide-resistant vectors and drug-resistant parasites, available controlling measures are insufficient to achieve a malaria-free world. Thus, there is an urgent need for new intervention tools such as efficient malaria vaccines. Subunit vaccines are the most promising malaria vaccines under development. However, one of the major drawbacks of subunit vaccines is the lack of efficient and durable immune responses including antigen-specific antibody, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cell responses, long-lived plasma cells, memory cells, and functional antibodies for parasite neutralization or inhibition of parasite invasion. These types of responses could be induced by whole organism vaccines, but eliciting these responses with subunit vaccines has been proven to be more challenging. Consequently, subunit vaccines require several policies to overcome these challenges. In this review, we address common approaches that can improve the efficacy of subunit vaccines against malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Afzali
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zargar
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Collins KA, Brod F, Snaith R, Ulaszewska M, Longley RJ, Salman AM, Gilbert SC, Spencer AJ, Franco D, Ballou WR, Hill AVS. Ultra-low dose immunization and multi-component vaccination strategies enhance protection against malaria in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10792. [PMID: 34031479 PMCID: PMC8144388 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine would be a valuable tool for malaria control and elimination; however, the leading malaria vaccine in development, RTS,S/AS01, provided only partial protection in a Phase 3 trial. R21 is a next-generation RTS,S-like vaccine. We have previously shown in mice that R21 administered in Matrix-M is highly immunogenic, able to elicit complete protection against sporozoite challenge, and can be successfully administered with TRAP based viral-vectors resulting in enhanced protection. In this study, we developed a novel, GMP-compatible purification process for R21, and evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of ultra-low doses of both R21 and RTS,S when formulated in AS01. We demonstrated that both vaccines are highly immunogenic and also elicit comparable high levels of protection against transgenic parasites in BALB/c mice. By lowering the vaccine dose there was a trend for increased immunogenicity and sterile protection, with the highest dose vaccine groups achieving the lowest efficacy (50% sterile protection). We also evaluated the ability to combine RTS,S/AS01 with TRAP based viral-vectors and observed concurrent induction of immune responses to both antigens with minimal interference when mixing the vaccines prior to administration. These studies suggest that R21 or RTS,S could be combined with viral-vectors for a multi-component vaccination approach and indicate that low dose vaccination should be fully explored in humans to maximize potential efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A Collins
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Radboud Institute for Health Science, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Florian Brod
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca Snaith
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rhea J Longley
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandra J Spencer
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Adrian V S Hill
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Brod F, Miura K, Taylor I, Li Y, Marini A, Salman AM, Spencer AJ, Long CA, Biswas S. Combination of RTS,S and Pfs25-IMX313 Induces a Functional Antibody Response Against Malaria Infection and Transmission in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2780. [PMID: 30564231 PMCID: PMC6288435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades saw a dramatic reduction in malaria incidence rates, but this decrease has been stalling recently, indicating control measures are starting to fail. An effective vaccine, particularly one with a marked effect on disease transmission, would undoubtedly be an invaluable tool for efforts to control and eliminate malaria. RTS,S/AS01, the most advanced malaria vaccine to date, targets the parasite before it invades the liver and has the potential to prevent malaria disease as well as transmission by preventing blood stage infection and therefore gametocytogenesis. Unfortunately efficacy in a phase III clinical trial was limited and it is widely believed that a malaria vaccine needed to contain multiple antigens from different life-cycle stages to have a realistic chance of success. A recent study in mice has shown that partially efficacious interventions targeting the pre-erythrocytic and the sexual lifecycle stage synergise in eliminating malaria from a population over multiple generations. Hence, the combination of RTS,S/AS01 with a transmission blocking vaccine (TBV) is highly appealing as a pragmatic and powerful way to increase vaccine efficacy. Here we demonstrate that combining Pfs25-IMX313, one of the TBV candidates currently in clinical development, with RTS,S/AS01 readily induces a functional immune response against both antigens in outbred CD1 mice. Formulation of Pfs25-IMX313 in AS01 significantly increased antibody titres when compared to formulation in Alhydrogel, resulting in improved transmission reducing activity in standard membrane feeding assays (SMFA). Upon co-formulation of Pfs25-IMX313 with RTS,S/AS01, the immunogenicity of both vaccines was maintained, and functional assessment of the induced antibody response by SMFA and inhibition of sporozoite invasion assay (ISI) showed no reduction in biological activity against parasites of both lifecycle stages. Should this findings be translatable to human vaccination this could greatly aid efforts to eliminate and eventually eradicate malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brod
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Iona Taylor
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arianna Marini
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Sumi Biswas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Cha SJ, McLean KJ, Jacobs-Lorena M. Identification of Plasmodium GAPDH epitopes for generation of antibodies that inhibit malaria infection. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1:e201800111. [PMID: 30456380 PMCID: PMC6238388 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoite liver infection is an essential step for parasite development in its mammalian host. Previously, we used a phage display library to identify mimotope peptides that bind to Kupffer cells and competitively inhibit sporozoite-Kupffer cell interaction. These peptides led to the identification of a Kupffer cell receptor-CD68-and a Plasmodium sporozoite ligand-GAPDH-that are required for sporozoite traversal of Kupffer cells and subsequent infection of hepatocytes. Here, we report that the C-terminal end of Plasmodium GAPDH interacts with the Kupffer CD68 receptor, and identify two epitopes within this region as candidate antigens for the development of antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Cha
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyle Jarrod McLean
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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8
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Dutta S, Tewari A, Balaji C, Verma R, Moitra A, Yadav M, Agrawal P, Sahal D, Jarori GK. Strain-transcending neutralization of malaria parasite by antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum enolase. Malar J 2018; 17:304. [PMID: 30126436 PMCID: PMC6102825 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium enolase is a target for the growth neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, the three invasive stages i.e. sporozoites, merozoites, and ookinetes express this protein on their cell surface. Polyclonal anti-Plasmodium falciparum enolase (Pfeno) antibodies disrupt traversal of ookinete through mosquito mid-gut wall as well as have inhibitory effect on parasite growth at erythrocytic stage. In a recent study, it was observed that immunization with a unique epitope of parasite enolase (EWGWS) could confer partial protection against mouse malaria. Further validation is needed for the protective potential of this unique epitope in otherwise highly conserved enolase. Methods In order to investigate the efficacy of growth inhibitory potential of the epitope of P falciparum enolase, a monoclonal antibody specific to EWGWS is generated. In vitro parasite growth inhibition assays and passive immunization of Plasmodium yoelii (or Plasmodium berghei) infected mice were used to assess the parasite growth neutralizing activity of the antibody. Results Screening a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against recombinant Pfeno that were specific to EWGWS resulted in isolation of H12E1. This antibody recognized only EWGWS epitope containing enolases. H12E1 strongly inhibited parasite growth in culture. This inhibition was strain transcending. Passive infusion of this antibody in P. yoelii or P. berghei infected mice showed significant reduction in parasitemia as compared to controls (p < 0.001). Surface Plasmon Resonance measurements indicated high affinity binding of H12E1 to P. falciparum enolase (KD ~ 7.6 × 10−9M). Conclusions A monoclonal antibody directed against EWGWS epitope of Pfeno was shown to inhibit the growth of blood stage malarial parasites. This inhibition was species/strain transcending and is likely to arise due to blockade of enolase on the surface of merozoites, functionally implicating Pfeno in invasion related events. Presence of enolase on the cell surface of merozoites and ookinetes could potentially result in inhibition of host cell invasions at erythrocytic and transmission stages in the parasite life cycle. It is suggested that antibodies against EWGWS epitope have the potential to confer dual stage, species and strain transcending protection against malaria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12936-018-2455-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Dutta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, USA
| | - Aneesha Tewari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.,Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Boston, USA
| | - Chinthapalli Balaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Reena Verma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Anasuya Moitra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India
| | - Mamta Yadav
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Prakhar Agrawal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinkar Sahal
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Gotam K Jarori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
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9
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Sherrard-Smith E, Sala KA, Betancourt M, Upton LM, Angrisano F, Morin MJ, Ghani AC, Churcher TS, Blagborough AM. Synergy in anti-malarial pre-erythrocytic and transmission-blocking antibodies is achieved by reducing parasite density. eLife 2018; 7:35213. [PMID: 29914622 PMCID: PMC6008048 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-malarial pre-erythrocytic vaccines (PEV) target transmission by inhibiting human infection but are currently partially protective. It has been posited, but never demonstrated, that co-administering transmission-blocking vaccines (TBV) would enhance malaria control. We hypothesized a mechanism that TBV could reduce parasite density in the mosquito salivary glands, thereby enhancing PEV efficacy. This was tested using a multigenerational population assay, passaging Plasmodium berghei to Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. A combined efficacy of 90.8% (86.7-94.2%) was observed in the PEV +TBV antibody group, higher than the estimated efficacy of 83.3% (95% CrI 79.1-87.0%) if the two antibodies acted independently. Higher PEV efficacy at lower mosquito parasite loads was observed, comprising the first direct evidence that co-administering anti-sporozoite and anti-transmission interventions act synergistically, enhancing PEV efficacy across a range of TBV doses and transmission intensities. Combining partially effective vaccines of differing anti-parasitic classes is a pragmatic, powerful way to accelerate malaria elimination efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna A Sala
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Leanna M Upton
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Angrisano
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas S Churcher
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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10
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Hansen DS, Obeng-Adjei N, Ly A, Ioannidis LJ, Crompton PD. Emerging concepts in T follicular helper cell responses to malaria. Int J Parasitol 2016; 47:105-110. [PMID: 27866903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses to malaria and candidate malaria vaccines are short-lived in children, leaving them susceptible to repeated malaria episodes. Because T follicular helper (TFH) cells provide critical help to B cells to generate long-lived antibody responses, they have become the focus of recent studies of Plasmodium-infected mice and humans. The emerging data converge on common themes, namely, that malaria-induced TH1 cytokines are associated with the activation of (i) T-like memory TFH cells with impaired B cell helper function, and (ii) pre-TFH cells that acquire Th1-like features (T-bet expression, IFN-γ production), which impede their differentiation into fully functional TFH cells, thus resulting in germinal center dysfunction and suboptimal antibody responses. Deeper knowledge of TFH cells in malaria could illuminate strategies to improve vaccines through modulating TFH cell responses. This review summarizes emerging concepts in TFH cell responses to malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Hansen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Nyamekye Obeng-Adjei
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ann Ly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lisa J Ioannidis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Malaria Infection Biology & Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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11
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She R, Huang Y, Xu T, Guo Y. Challenges of research and development on antimalarial medicinal products in China: a bibliometric analysis and systematic review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2016; 110:649-656. [PMID: 28158859 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advancement in any antimalarial medicinal product including vaccines, drugs and diagnostics will have a vital influence on malaria elimination in China and on the global malaria control framework. This study aimed to identify research progress and challenges in China, hoping to better facilitate domestic elimination and for China to be more effectively involved in global malaria research and development. Methods A systematic search was conducted for research articles published from 2005 to 2014 in PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang using terms including malaria, diagnosis, drugs and vaccines. In total, 4259 articles from PubMed and 561 references from Chinese databases were included and categorized by topic. Results The literature from PubMed was clustered and seven antimalarial medicinal product research hotspots were identified; including drug resistance, diagnostic tests and vaccine antigen screening. The reports related to drugs accounted for the largest proportion in PubMed (57%) and Chinese studies (51%) while references associated with diagnostics accounted for the lowest proportion, 10% in PubMed and 14% in Chinese studies. Conclusions Despite continuous effort in malaria research and development, there exist gaps in progressive discoveries on malaria diagnostics and drugs in China. Successive focus on antimalarial medicinal products is essential to facilitate malaria control in China and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui She
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yangmu Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yan Guo
- School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
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12
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Hart GT, Akkaya M, Chida AS, Wei C, Jenks SA, Tipton C, He C, Wendel BS, Skinner J, Arora G, Kayentao K, Ongoiba A, Doumbo O, Traore B, Narum DL, Jiang N, Crompton PD, Sanz I, Pierce SK. The Regulation of Inherently Autoreactive VH4-34-Expressing B Cells in Individuals Living in a Malaria-Endemic Area of West Africa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3841-3849. [PMID: 27798155 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a deadly infectious disease in which Abs play a critical role in naturally acquired immunity. However, the specificity and nature of Abs elicited in response to malaria are only partially understood. Autoreactivity and polyreactivity are common features of Ab responses in several infections and were suggested to contribute to effective pathogen-specific Ab responses. In this article, we report on the regulation of B cells expressing the inherently autoreactive VH4-34 H chain (identified by the 9G4 mAb) and 9G4+ plasma IgG in adults and children living in a P. falciparum malaria-endemic area in West Africa. The frequency of 9G4+ peripheral blood CD19+ B cells was similar in United States adults and African adults and children; however, more 9G4+ B cells appeared in classical and atypical memory B cell compartments in African children and adults compared with United States adults. The levels of 9G4+ IgG increased following acute febrile malaria but did not increase with age as humoral immunity is acquired or correlate with protection from acute disease. This was the case, even though a portion of 9G4+ B cells acquired phenotypes of atypical and classical memory B cells and 9G4+ IgG contained equivalent numbers of somatic hypermutations compared with all other VHs, a characteristic of secondary Ab repertoire diversification in response to Ag stimulation. Determining the origin and function of 9G4+ B cells and 9G4+ IgG in malaria may contribute to a better understanding of the varied roles of autoreactivity in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Hart
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Munir Akkaya
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Asiya S Chida
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Chungwen Wei
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Scott A Jenks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Ben S Wendel
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Jeff Skinner
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Gunjan Arora
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Kassoum Kayentao
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Aissata Ongoiba
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Ogobara Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - Boubacar Traore
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, International Center of Excellence in Research, University of Sciences, Technique, and Technology of Bamako, Bamako, Mali; and
| | - David L Narum
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - Peter D Crompton
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Susan K Pierce
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852;
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13
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Yagi M, Palacpac NMQ, Ito K, Oishi Y, Itagaki S, Balikagala B, Ntege EH, Yeka A, Kanoi BN, Katuro O, Shirai H, Fukushima W, Hirota Y, Egwang TG, Horii T. Antibody titres and boosting after natural malaria infection in BK-SE36 vaccine responders during a follow-up study in Uganda. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34363. [PMID: 27703240 PMCID: PMC5050508 DOI: 10.1038/srep34363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria vaccine BK-SE36 is a recombinant protein (SE36) based on the Honduras 1 serine repeat antigen-5 of Plasmodium falciparum, adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel. The phase Ib trial in Uganda demonstrated the safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36. Ancillary analysis in the follow-up study of 6–20 year-old volunteers suggest significant differences in time to first episodes of clinical malaria in vaccinees compared to placebo/control group. Here, we aimed to get further insights into the association of anti-SE36 antibody titres and natural P. falciparum infection. Children who received BK-SE36 and whose antibody titres against SE36 increased by ≥1.92-fold after vaccination were categorised as responders. Most responders did not have or only had a single episode of natural P. falciparum infection. Notably, responders who did not experience infection had relatively high anti-SE36 antibody titres post-second vaccination compared to those who were infected. The anti-SE36 antibody titres of the responders who experienced malaria were boosted after infection and they had lower risk of reinfection. These findings show that anti-SE36 antibody titres induced by BK-SE36 vaccination offered protection against malaria. The vaccine is now being evaluated in a phase Ib trial in children less than 5 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Yagi
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Nirianne M Q Palacpac
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuya Ito
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.,Sumida Hospital, Medical Co. Living Together Association (LTA) Clinical Pharmacology Center, Tokyo 130-0021 Japan
| | - Yuko Oishi
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sawako Itagaki
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Betty Balikagala
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edward H Ntege
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Adoke Yeka
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard N Kanoi
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Osbert Katuro
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hiroki Shirai
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, 2-9-41 Yahata-cho, Kanonji, Kagawa 768-0061 Japan
| | - Wakaba Fukushima
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshio Hirota
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Thomas G Egwang
- Med Biotech Laboratories, Plot 4-6 Bell Close, Port Bell Road Luzira, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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14
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Cha SJ, Kim MS, Pandey A, Jacobs-Lorena M. Identification of GAPDH on the surface of Plasmodium sporozoites as a new candidate for targeting malaria liver invasion. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2099-112. [PMID: 27551151 PMCID: PMC5030802 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cha et al. show that Plasmodium GAPDH on the sporozoite surface acts as a ligand for binding Kupffer cell CD68, an interaction that is critical for parasite liver invasion. Thus, Plasmodium GAPDH is a candidate antigen for a prehepatic malaria vaccine. Malaria transmission begins when an infected mosquito delivers Plasmodium sporozoites into the skin. The sporozoite subsequently enters the circulation and infects the liver by preferentially traversing Kupffer cells, a macrophage-like component of the liver sinusoidal lining. By screening a phage display library, we previously identified a peptide designated P39 that binds to CD68 on the surface of Kupffer cells and blocks sporozoite traversal. In this study, we show that the P39 peptide is a structural mimic of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) on the sporozoite surface and that GAPDH directly interacts with CD68 on the Kupffer cell surface. Importantly, an anti-P39 antibody significantly inhibits sporozoite liver invasion without cross-reacting with mammalian GAPDH. Therefore, Plasmodium-specific GAPDH epitopes may provide novel antigens for the development of a prehepatic vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Cha
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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15
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Hemingway J, Shretta R, Wells TNC, Bell D, Djimdé AA, Achee N, Qi G. Tools and Strategies for Malaria Control and Elimination: What Do We Need to Achieve a Grand Convergence in Malaria? PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002380. [PMID: 26934361 PMCID: PMC4774904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress made in malaria control during the past decade has prompted increasing global dialogue on malaria elimination and eradication. The product development pipeline for malaria has never been stronger, with promising new tools to detect, treat, and prevent malaria, including innovative diagnostics, medicines, vaccines, vector control products, and improved mechanisms for surveillance and response. There are at least 25 projects in the global malaria vaccine pipeline, as well as 47 medicines and 13 vector control products. In addition, there are several next-generation diagnostic tools and reference methods currently in development, with many expected to be introduced in the next decade. The development and adoption of these tools, bolstered by strategies that ensure rapid uptake in target populations, intensified mechanisms for information management, surveillance, and response, and continued financial and political commitment are all essential to achieving global eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hemingway
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rima Shretta
- Malaria Elimination Initiative, Global Health Group, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - David Bell
- Global Good Fund and Intellectual Ventures Laboratory, Bellevue, Washington, United States of America
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimdé
- Department of Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases, Malaria Research and Training Center, University of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Nicole Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gao Qi
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Meiyuan, Wuxi, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Du F, Wang S, Zhao C, Cao YM, Luo EJ. Immunogenicity and immunizing protection effect of GAMA gene DNA vaccine on Plasmodium berghei. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2016; 9:158-63. [PMID: 26919947 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of immunogenicity and immunizing protection of GAMA gene DNA vaccine, which was related with merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite invasion. METHODS Gene fragments were obtained using PCR technique and eukaryotic expression vector (containing immunostimulatory sequence) was built. BALB/c mice were divided into PBS control group, empty vector control group and study group and were immunized at week 0, 3 and 6 respectively. Blood was collected 2 weeks after each immunization and serum was separated to detect the IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a levels. Spleen of mice was obtained for preparation of splenic mononuclear cell and the cytokine IL-4 and IFN-γ levels were detected. Indirect immunofluorescence and western blot were employed to verify the specificity of antiserum. Sporozoite and merozoite invasion were used respectively to detect the immune protective effect 2 weeks after the third immunization. Ookinete conversion rate in vitro and oocyst numbers of mosquito stomach were observed to evaluate the transmission-blocking levels. RESULTS In GAMA DNA vaccine group: antiserum could be combined with recombinant protein specifically and green fluorescence signals of merozoite, ookinete and sporozoite were observable, while specific fragments and fluorescence signals were not observable in empty vector group. Compared with control group, specific IgG in DNA vaccine immunity group significantly increased (P < 0.01), and IgG1 and IgG2a all increased (P < 0.01). IL-4, IFN-γ content in study group significantly increased, compared with control group (P < 0.01). GAMA DNA vaccine immunity could not obviously block the erythrocyte-stage infection (caused by sporozoite invasion); compared with control group, liver worm load was slightly reduced (P < 0.05), and antiserum ookinete numbers (cultured in vitro) had no significant difference with oocyst numbers of mosquito stomach in DNA vaccine group. CONCLUSIONS GAMA has good antigenicity, which could stimulate the body to produce specific immune responses; while DNA vaccine immunity could not play a good protective effect, the effect of which is only limited to the slight reduction of liver worm load, and has no obvious erythrocyte-stage protective effect and transmission-blocking effect. Therefore, trying other immunization strategies for further research on the value of GAMA (as multi-stage antigen vaccine and multi-stage combined vaccine components of the life-cycle of plasmodium) is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Du
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - Si Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Inspection Institute of Jilin Medical College, China
| | - Ya-Ming Cao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China
| | - En-Jie Luo
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical College of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning, China.
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17
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González-Cerón L, Cerritos R, Corzo-Mancilla J, Santillán F. Diversity and evolutionary genetics of the three major Plasmodium vivax merozoite genes participating in reticulocyte invasion in southern Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:651. [PMID: 26691669 PMCID: PMC4687067 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reported malaria cases in the Americas had been reduced to about one-half million by 2012. To advance towards elimination of this disease, it is necessary to gain insights into how the malaria parasite is evolving, including the emergence, spread and persistence of new haplotypes in affected regions. In here, the genetic diversity of the three major P. vivax merozoite genes was analyzed. Methods From P. vivax-infected blood samples obtained in southern Mexico (SMX) during 2006–2007, nucleotide sequences were achieved for: the 42 kDa carboxyl fragment of the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp142), domains I-II of the apical membrane antigen-1 (ama1I-II), and domain II of the Duffy binding protein (dbpII). Gene polymorphism was examined and haplotype networks were developed to depict parasite relationships in SMX. Then genetic diversity, recombination and natural selection were analyzed and the degree of differentiation was determined as FST values. Results The diversity of P. vivax merozoite genes in SMX was less than that of parasites from other geographic origins, with dbpII < ama1I-II < msp142. Ama1I-II and msp142 exposed the more numerous haplotypes exclusive to SMX. While, all dbpII haplotypes from SMX were separated from one to three mutational steps, the networks of ama1I-II and msp142 were more complex; loops and numerous mutational steps were evidenced, likely due to recombination. Sings of local diversification were more evident for msp142. Sixteen combined haplotypes were determined; one of these haplotypes not detected in 2006 was highly frequent in 2007. The Rm value was higher for msp142than for ama1I-II, being insignificant for dbpII. The dN-dS value was highly significant for ama1I-II and lesser so for dbpII. The FST values were higher for dbpII than msp142, and very low for ama1I-II. Conclusions In SMX, P. vivax ama1I-II, dbpII and msp142 demonstrated limited diversity, and exhibited a differentiated parasite population. The results suggest that differential intensities of selective forces are operating on these gene fragments, and probably related to their timing, length of exposure and function during reticulocyte adhesion and invasion. Therefore, these finding are essential for mono and multivalent vaccine development and for epidemiological surveillance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1266-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia González-Cerón
- Regional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico.
| | - Rene Cerritos
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, DF, 04510, México.
| | - Jordán Corzo-Mancilla
- Regional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico.
| | - Frida Santillán
- Regional Centre for Research in Public Health, National Institute for Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico.
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